Strolling through the east gate of the city is as beautiful as a cloud. Although it is like a cloud, it is not my thought.
Zheng Feng. Out of the east gate
I am in Liang, and the fish is embarrassed. Qi Zigui followed like a cloud.
Qi Feng Wochang
White clouds in the sky, dewdrops. Life is hard, but my son is not alive.
Bai Hua, an official of the viceroy.
The word "cloud" in The Book of Songs mostly means "many". Due to the limitation of understanding, seeing the long clouds in the sky is actually for many people to see, so I think there are many. There are also sighs caused by floating clouds, such as "Ying Ying Baiyun". Seeing the white clouds floating leisurely, I think of the hardship of fortune, which is somewhat melancholy and symbolic.
There are also many "clouds" in Chu Ci, such as:
The clouds are drifting away, and the handsome clouds are near the Imperial Palace.
Qu Yuan's Li Sao
Clouds meet, just like relatives and friends, which shows that the poet has given "clouds" any freedom and romance.
Create the world, I want to use the mysterious cloud.
Qu Yuan's Priestess of Death
This kind of cloud can "multiply" and can be said to pave the way for travel. Can the cloud do it? Poets think and act!
When you are far away, you feel sorry for the floating clouds.
Qu yuan's sad homecoming
Stop alone in this bleak, Yang forever floating clouds and sigh.
Song Yu's nine debates. four
"Floating clouds" are floating in the sky, which seems to be the ideal of Gao Zhi, but it is inevitably "floating" and uncertain. Which one? Clouds are inevitably uncontrollable because of "floating", so it is inevitable that intellectual intelligence is suspected. This "floating cloud" is really an emotional cloud in the poet's heart.
If the "cloud" in The Book of Songs is still a kind of collective consciousness, then the "cloud" in The Songs of the South has become more personalized. The "cloud" in The Book of Songs is still mostly in the real thing and its original meaning, while the "cloud" in The Songs of the South pays more attention to the poet's emotional experience and color. For example, "Yun Ni" became the object of personification and welcomed poets; It is a "cloud" used by poets to cover the sun; "Yun Xuan" is a dark cloud with great potential to ride the wind and waves; With "Qingyun" as the dress and "Bai Ni" as the dress, the poet's spirit is relaxed and strong; Sometimes, "Yunfei" permeates the sky, as if the poet's joy is covered. "Cloud" means the dark forces; The "floating clouds" in the poet's mind contain a sense of drifting away from uncertainty, which seems to be his will, thus giving out a sigh; "Cloudy" obviously means that I hope the sun (the forces of light) will shine in the sky, and I hate the dark clouds (the forces of darkness). In a word, the image of "cloud" in Chu Ci has a strong personality color, and it contains more symbolic meaning than its original meaning.
As an image, cloud is endowed with different connotations in different poems. For example, in "Join the Army" by Lu Sidao, the phrase "Meet the Yellow River in Maling and look forward to Yun Qi in the evening" was borrowed to create a fierce and long battle scene. The "cloud" here is based on the similarity between the dense and heavy image form of the cloud and the dignified and tense battle. Through the sustenance of this image, the battle scene is more vivid and highlights its heaviness; It is also a kind of war-weariness euphemistically expressed. The "cloud" written on the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao is "Yellow Crane will never come again, and Baiyun will never take him to fly." . The "Baiyun" here focuses on comparing its long and unchanging scene with the reality that cranes are gone, the ancients are gone and the years are gone, giving the world a deep sigh.
Wang Wei likes writing clouds best in his poems. "According to preliminary statistics, among the 489 existing poems of Wang Wei (according to Zhao Diancheng's Notes on Wang Youcheng Collection), there are 83 poems with' cloud' as the image, which shows that' cloud' is a central image in Wang Wei's poems."
As we all know, "emptiness" is a central concept in Wang Wei's poems. But "emptiness" is also one of the highest categories of Buddhism, and it is the abstract speculation of Buddhist philosophy on the universe and life. The "emptiness" of Buddhism does not mean that there is nothing. There are always various "existences" in the world, and Buddhists emphasize the realization of "emptiness" from "existences". Wang Wei's most admired Diamond Sutra, Diamond Sutra and Shurangama Sutra all advocate this view that "all laws are illusory and have no definite phase". Wang Wei accepted the illusion view, and he tried his best to look at the world with illusion. This illusion view had a great influence on Wang Wei's art, which was manifested in his poems, that is, when describing natural scenery, he not only paid attention to the description of outstanding features, but also explored the meaning contained in external forms. Buddhists say that reality is not reality. Wang Wei's poems always try to highlight the illusory nature of real things, so there is a transcendental, ethereal and implicit beauty. ③
At the same time, among all things in nature, clouds seem to be the most unpredictable thing. It is changeable, changeable, just like all kinds of uncertain things; It changes at such an instant, and the entities of the cluster suddenly turn into rain and disappear without a trace, so it can best symbolize the same illusory illusion. This may be the reason why Wang Wei often writes "clouds" in his poems. Because my heart is full of "illusion", what I feel most is naturally similar to illusion. Moreover, Wang Wei lived an official and secluded life for a long time. The simplicity and loneliness of life give the poet a lot of time to get close to nature: "Come and go alone, in beauty, it's all for me." Sometimes go to the end of the water to seek the source, or sit and watch the ever-changing clouds rise. One day I met an old woodcutter and still had no time to talk and laugh. " "I am in the retreat of Zhongnanshan", thus reaching the realm of "God and things walk together". As a part of the sky, "cloud" can be seen everywhere. It may be the most loyal listener of poets who often look up at the sky, think about infinite philosophical implications and feel life. In addition, the literati in the Tang Dynasty prevailed in studying in the mountains and forests, with broad vision and lofty ideals, and their contact with nature was longer. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a large population movement, and there were frequent exchanges between people at home and abroad. Trade, travel, immigration, service and being an official all make people walk out of the narrow family space and into nature. In the Tang Dynasty poets around Wang Wei, there are also many images of "clouds", such as:
"When will the wanderer return in the mountains and rivers?" (Wang Bo's "A Yin Wall of Pu 'an Building")
"Guizi falls in the moon, and the sky is floating outside." (Song Wenzhi Lingyin Temple)
"The Yellow River is far away from the white clouds and is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain." (Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci)
Only the "cloud" in Wang Wei's poems has its own personality. Although there are differences, it is in line with the overall style of his poems. All these are attributed to Wang Wei's personal talent (proficient in music and painting; Widely dabbled in Buddhism and China traditional culture dominated by Confucianism and Taoism) and complex personality structure (wandering between being an official and retiring for a long time).
When Mr. Zhang Haisha discussed the "cloud" image in Wang Wei's poems in the book "Zen Buddhism and Poetry Research in the Early Tang Dynasty", he proposed that the "cloud" image in Wang Wei's poems mainly has four meanings: the obvious one is to compare the changes of the world and personnel and emptiness to floating clouds; The second layer is to use the cloud to pin the yearning for the ideal realm; The third level is to express a difficult Zen situation; The fourth layer is the symbol of Buddhism and the deepest meaning.
(1) compare the changes and emptiness of the world and personnel to floating clouds;
"I bury white clouds for a long time, and idle water flows around the world." ("Crying Yin Demon")
"It's better to lie high and eat more." (Drinking and Pei Di)
"The mountains are heavy and there are clouds, and the world is mixed." ("Two Folk Songs to Send Friends Home")
⑵ Entrust the yearning for the ideal realm to the cloud;
"No one in the cave knows about foreign affairs, and outsiders only look at the thick mountains and clouds." ("Taoyuan Hang")
"No one in the cave knows about foreign affairs, and the county has an empty view of Yunshan." ("Worship Brahma Monk")
"See Nanshan poplar, white clouds are long." ("Looking at Huanghuachuan from Huangniuling in forty or fifty miles, bypassing the bamboo pedal road deep in the jungle")
"Long and distant mountains, alone in white clouds." ("Back to Wangchuan Work")
(3) expressing a difficult Zen state;
You answer: "I'm not satisfied", and then rest at the foot of Nanshan .. but don't ask questions, white clouds pass there without end. "(farewell)
"Ask Zhong Nanshan in June, and you will know the white clouds." ("Answering Pei Di's Memories of Zhong Nanshan in the Rain")
"There are many couples in the mountains, and Zen is a ball. Although the castle is far away, you should see white clouds. " ("Send my sister-in-law in the mountains")
"I will keep walking until the river blocks my way and sit and watch the white clouds rise." (I am in the retreat of Zhongnanshan)
"I don't know if it's rain in the clouds." ("Wang Chuan Ji Wen Xing Ge")
"I don't know the way to xiangji temple, but I wander under the mountains and clouds for miles." (Ji Xiang Temple)
(4) the symbol of Buddhism;
"Bamboo path from the beginning, lotus peak out of the city. Three Chu in the window, Jiujiang in the forest. Soft grass meditation, long pine ring Sanskrit. Living outside the Fayun, there is no life in the world. " There are many puns in this poem. "Fa Yun" is like a cloud, and everything in the world and Buddhism are as ethereal and illusory as a cloud.
"The day before yesterday, I burned incense and smoked bamboo. The cold air is overcast, and autumn scenery is clear in the sky. Follow the method of karma, and have two Zen thoughts. Don't worry about the sun, it will burn as soon as it is boarded. " The "cloud" here refers to the tall, quiet and holy Buddhism.
"Birds suddenly come to the stream, return to the clouds, and hold the peak." ("Wei Shanju")
"When the moon returns to the Pearl River, the clouds disappear in the crimson river." (Autumn Night with Cui Yuanwai)
"Looking back on the lake, the mountains are green and the white clouds are rolling." (Biography of Wang)
"Birds fly in the mountains and the sun hides." ("reward the public. Officials are in Wangchuan Village ")
5. Express interest in appreciating nature;
"Birds suddenly come to the stream, return to the clouds, and hold the peak." ("Wei Shanju")
"When the moon returns to the Pearl River, the clouds disappear in the crimson river." (Autumn Night with Cui Yuanwai)
"Looking back on the lake, the mountains are green and the white clouds are rolling." (Biography of Wang)
"Birds fly in the mountains and the sun hides." ("reward the public. Officials are in Wangchuan Village ")