How to understand Fu Bixing in The Book of Songs?

Fu Bi's descendants who promoted the law once summarized the artistic expression of The Book of Songs as Fu, Bi and Xing, which is indeed the most basic artistic technique of The Book of Songs. There are always different opinions about the meaning of Fu Bixing, and Zhu's explanation in Song Dynasty is more representative. He said, "The inheritor of memory should tell the truth about Chen Qi"; "compare, compare this thing with another thing"; If you are excited, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting. Fu is one of the most basic expressions in The Book of Songs, and there are countless examples of such direct narration. Wind in July focuses on the use of fu, and describes the life of farmers all year round in the order of seasonal phenology. Others, such as the unfortunate experience of abandoning his wife in Meng, the scene of the farm yard at dusk in Shi Zhongjun, the deep yearning for his hometown wife in Drumming, and the joy of men and women meeting for a spring outing in Qin Yan, are all directly described by the way of fu. "Xing" is usually used at the beginning of a poem. The images in the folk songs of The Book of Songs are mostly natural flowers and trees, birds, animals, insects and fish, mountains and rivers, the sun, the moon and stars, such as the brilliant peach blossom, the crisp pheasant dove, and the majestic bamboo. The beauty of Xing lies in that there is a distant relationship between things, or a foil or metaphor, which provides readers with a broad imagination space. In the rough and martial Qin Feng, there is a soul-stirring love song "Jiaxu": Jiaxu is gray and Bailu cream. The so-called Iraqis are on the water side. Tracing back and forth, the road is blocked and long. Swim back from it, in the middle of the water Sadly, the Millennium is still there. The so-called Iraqis are in the water. Tracing back and forth from it, the road is blocked and broken. Swim back from the inside and swim in the water. Jia Cai, peace and prosperity have not passed. The so-called Iraqis are in the water. Go back and follow, the road is blocked and turn right. Swim back from the inside and swim in the water. This poem sings three sighs, expressing the yearning for the elusive "Iraqi people". The gray dew used to cheer up the spirit is in harmony with the protagonist's sad and disappointed mood, which makes the whole poem contain a touch of sadness. Wang Guowei once praised it as "the most popular", which is due to the wonderful use of "Xing". "Bi" can be seen everywhere in folk songs, and its use makes the language of poetry more vivid. For example, Shuo Ren uses six metaphors to praise the beauty of women: softness, skin solidification, collar like a fly, teeth like a rhinoceros, and moths falling eyebrows. Smile and expect. These metaphors vividly describe the beauty of women, which makes people feel that they are almost heard and seen, and these metaphors are constantly used by future generations and become idioms describing the beauty of women. Others, such as using toads to compare dissolute and lewd Wei Zhuanggong (New Taiwan) and beautiful flowers to compare women's faces (Lesbians in the Car), are equally appropriate and realistic. Folk songs in "National Wind" often use metaphors to visualize abstract artistic conception and even morality, such as the following sentence: I have a heart full of bandits, so I can't turn around. I'm full of bandits. I can't get involved. ..... Worry in my heart is like a robber washing clothes. (Ty Baifeng Zhou didn't see a gentleman, he was hungry. "Nan Zhou is like powder") There are bandits and gentlemen, such as sharpening. ..... bandits, such as gold, such as tin, jade. (Feng Weiqiao) His son is as beautiful as England. ..... His son is as beautiful as jade. These novel and vivid metaphors greatly enhance the expressive force of language. The folk songs in the Book of Songs are generally composed of several chapters, and only one or two sentences are often changed between each chapter, such as "Picking Gege": picking Gege will not be seen for a day, such as March. He took care of him, but he didn't see him all day, just like him. I haven't seen you for a day, and I'm three years old. Only six words have been changed between three chapters of this poem, and all other languages are the same. This is the structural form of loop and stack. This form is unique in folk songs. Folk songs are mostly improvisational lyric works, and their whole purpose is only to express feelings. However, the language of the ballads in The Book of Songs is rehearsed, and often a few words can show the questioning theme: Do you want to analyze "Jia Jian" or "Guan Ju" in detail? Answer: Look at the interpretation of it by Han Confucianism. "Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Guan Ju, the virtue of empresses, the beginning of the wind, so the wind is all over the world, and the couple are right." "It's a happy lady of Guanluo, and it's not her color that deserves a gentleman's attention. Sorrow, thinking about talent, without hurting the heart of goodness. " The so-called queen here refers to Zhou Wenwang's consorts. According to Preface to Poems of Mao Zedong, the theme of Guan Ju is to praise the beauty of Empress Dowager Cixi. Seeing a gentle and lovely lady, she yearned for it. In order to be worthy of the above king, she never indulged herself. So, this is a beautiful poem. Shen Pei's interpretation of Lu is just the opposite. He said, "My late wife and Yu Pei went to your place. Without Zhou Kang, the poet sighed and hurt it. " I think this poem satirizes Kang Hou's lack of etiquette, so that Kang Wang got up late and missed the court affairs. Han Xue's "Zhang Sentence" also believes that "the poet's words are related to chastity and prudence, and he must ask for it with his voice, and he must be in Jiangzhou and hidden in no man's land. ..... Today's adults are partial to color, and the sages see that they are cute, so they praise Guan Yu and say that a lady is upright to stab the world. " Although Mao, Lu and Han have different interpretations of this poem, they all think that it is related to Wang and Fei, and it is a work related to political education. Of course, this interpretation has been inherited in Confucius' Mao Shi Zheng Yi in the Tang Dynasty and Zhu Xi's Shi Zhuan in the Song Dynasty. "Biography of Poems" said: "Zhou Zhiwen's king's voice is of great virtue, and it is also worthy of the home of Notre Dame. People in the palace, from beginning to end, saw that they had the virtue of leisure and chastity, pretending to be poetry. If you talk about it, it will sound like harmony on the river continent. Isn't this my fair lady a gentleman? It is different to say that harmony and happiness are respect and affection. " Zhu called Princess Wen Wang's wife, and thought that Guan Ju was a harmonious and respectful relationship between the palace people and Wen Wang, which was similar to Mao's poems and still came down in one continuous line. There are great disadvantages in the interpretation of poetry by Chinese and Confucianism. Subjectively, they think that the Book of Songs was written for the noble deeds of Tao, and it was used by the former king to "be filial to husband and wife, be considerate, educate people to be beautiful, and change customs." Therefore, the interpretation of poetry is often attached to the big topic of political education, so many works have been misinterpreted. Now people have seen the faults of Han Confucianism and read the Book of Songs in a different way, so many new discoveries have been made. The poem Guanju is no longer regarded as a tribute to the beauty of the queens, but a folk love song. For example, Wen Yiduo's "Feng Shi Chao" said: "Women pick flowers by the river, and gentlemen are happy when they see them." Yu Guanying said in The Book of Songs: "A girl picking leeks by the river has aroused a man's longing, and the slim image of' picking from left to right' has made him think about trouble sleeping all day long; If only I could go home with all the excitement! " Peking University's Literature History of Pre-Qin Dynasty, compiled by Chinese Department, also said: "This is a folk love song about men pursuing women." Obviously, this explanation is more practical than that of Han Confucianism and Song Confucianism. However, Guan Ju's style is different from other folk love songs in The Book of Songs, such as Papaya, Naughty Boy and Qin Gui. Even though different styles can be explained by regional characteristics, the identity of "gentleman" in Guanju is an unavoidable problem after all. "Gentleman" can be interpreted as a gentleman or a noble person. If released as a monarch, this is in line with the interpretation of Han Confucianism. If interpreted as a noble person, this poem is a playboy who misses a country girl, which may not be appropriate. Fortunately, "gentleman" has another meaning, that is, talented and virtuous people. For example, the Analects of Confucius says, "I don't know and I don't care, aren't I a gentleman?" The Analects of Confucius: "I don't see saints, but I see gentlemen." "The Analects of Confucius Lutz": "Therefore, a gentleman's name must be said and his words must be done." "Xunzi's exhortation to learn": "Therefore, the gentleman is one." "Book of Rites Quli": "Knowing and letting go, being kind but not lazy, is a gentleman." I think the "gentleman" in Guan Ju refers to this kind of person. That my fair lady is worthy of a gentleman, who is thinking of such a girl. To marry such a girl, there must be a grand ceremony, playing the piano to show love (friends of harps and harps), and ringing bells and drums to make you happy (the joy of bells and drums). How can I get her easily? So, what kind of woman is "My Fair Lady"? Mao Chuan: "Gentle and graceful, carefree." That means silence and elegance. Dialect Volume II: "Between Qin Jin, the beauty of the heart is also beautiful." Qin Jin and Nan Zhou are geographically incompatible. Dialect was written in the Han Dynasty, and "gentle and graceful" is a continuous word, so it seems inappropriate to open it to explain, so this statement can be omitted. "Shu" and "Mao Zhuan": "Good." It shows that she is a good girl; "Gentle and graceful" is a good word to describe her. She is not frivolous and dissolute, but she has noble character. "Lady" and "gentleman" are just right, so it is said that "my fair lady, a gentleman is good." So, is this "lady" picking leeks? I don't think this is the original intention of poetry. This is different from what Cai Ge said, "It's like March if you don't see it for a day". Obviously, I used the word "there" to point out that I missed the girl who picked Ge. There is no similar hint in Guanju. In my opinion, it is not so much a lady as a gentleman, or just a metaphor. Let's not ignore the word "uneven", which means uneven length. Don't ignore the word "left and right", it means to look around. The word "flow" is interpreted as "seeking", which seems to imply that it is not easy to get. Both the word "talent" and the word "Yan" have the meaning of choice. Pick is to pick the best from those uneven ones; To want a woman is to get that "My Fair Lady" from all women. This is like "picking alfalfa, picking it with fine words." Choosing alfalfa is different, but here are some choices. At this point, Guan Ju was close at hand, leaving its east gate: "Out of its east gate, there are women like clouds. Although there are many clouds, I think of people. In the clothes, talk about my staff. " The average woman is not worth sleeping and tossing and turning for her. Finally, there is another problem that needs to be explained, that is, the two sentences at the beginning of the poem: "The pigeons that are closed are in Hezhou." "Guan Zi" and "Mao Zhuan": "Harmony." "crested pigeon", the name of waterfowl, commonly known as osprey, is said to have a fixed spouse. However, the "off" here is the voice of male and female courtship. These two sentences have both the meaning of "comparison" and the meaning of "xing" The punch line is natural and should not be modified. Now the whole poem can be interpreted. According to Zheng Xuan, this poem is divided into five chapters with four sentences in each chapter. In the first chapter, a good girl, a gentleman's suitable spouse, is produced by the comparison between pigeons and singers. In the second chapter, taking picking as a metaphor, it is not easy to pick the desired leek and get a "My Fair Lady". Whether I am awake or asleep, I am pursuing her. Three chapters, then two chapters step by step. If you can't get it, you will miss her more. Whether you are awake or asleep ("clothes" or pregnant), you are thinking about her. This longing is so long that I can't sleep. There are four chapters and five sections, and the metaphor of choice is used. Imagine that once you get her, you will greet her with beautiful music and make her happy. The theme of the whole poem is pursuit and missing, which shows a man's infatuation. There is an irresistible passion in peace, which represents the overall style of The Book of Songs.