The Eastern Han Dynasty continued to set up Yuefu and collect folk poems. It is generally believed that most of the existing Yuefu folk songs in the Han Dynasty were collected by Yuefu institutions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. These works are basically included in Yuefu poems compiled by Guo Maoqian in the Song Dynasty. There are more and more neat five-character poems in Yuefu folk songs in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and their artistry is getting higher and higher. In Yuefu poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the appearance of five-character poems such as Lin Yulang by Xin Yannian, Dong Jiaorao by Song Zihou and A Journey to the Great Wall by Cai Yong shows the influence of Yuefu folk songs on literati's creation, and the transformation and improvement of literati on the basis of folk songs, which shows that the creation of Yuefu poems has begun to be valued by literati.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chu Ci gradually withdrew from the poetry stage, but there are still some works worthy of attention, such as the five poems written by Hongliang. Since then, represented by Ban Gu's poem "Ode to History", it marks that the five-character poem officially entered the literary world and began to replace the position of Chu Ci, which is of great significance in the history of literature. The content of literati poems in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, on the one hand, has the spirit of criticism and anti-tradition, on the other hand, attaches great importance to lyricism, and the trend of respecting the sun has subsided. In terms of lyricism, the literati poems in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty widely sang the lovesickness, friendship and homesickness of lovers, especially the sadness and longing for a short life, which opened up the theme of China's classical poems. Especially the theme of feeling life has become the central theme of poetry in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Represented by Nineteen Ancient Poems, the five-character poems of literati in the late Eastern Han Dynasty reached a high level. Although the literati poetry in this period was not enough to replace the mainstream position of Ci and Fu, it at least showed such a trend, which laid a certain foundation for the high prosperity of literati poetry with five-character poems as the main body in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
"Shang Mo Sang" and "Peacock Flying Southeast" are masterpieces of folk songs in Han Yuefu, as well as representative works of ancient narrative poems in China. These two poems have exerted great influence on the history of China literature in both content and skill. Peacock Flying Southeast is a long narrative poem with 353 sentences and 1765 words, which is rare in Chinese poetry. Later generations called Peacock Flying Southeast together with Mulan Ci in the Northern Dynasty and Fu Qin Yin by Wei Zhuang in the Tang Dynasty? Three musts of Yuefu? .
Nineteen Ancient Poems represents the highest achievement of literati's five-character poems in Han Dynasty, and marks a new stage of the development of literati's five-character poems in Han Dynasty. Judging from the language skills, the living conditions reflected and the thoughts and feelings expressed, the author of this poem should be a scholar with a certain social status and a better accomplishment in Gao Wenxue. In the era of the collapse of ruling ideology and social unrest in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the literati who always aimed at poverty and serving the country lost their spiritual support, and they faced great pain and confusion in life. Since the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the sadness of short-lived impermanence in poetry has become the central theme of poetry at that time. Nineteen Ancient Poems describes in my heart forever, friendship, homesickness, official travel and service based on sentimentality and sadness. Nineteen Ancient Poems, as a masterpiece of five-character poems in Han Dynasty, had a far-reaching influence on later poems. China's ancient poetry was dominated by folk songs in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and it was dominated by the poet's personal creation after Wei and Jin Dynasties. Literati poems represented by Nineteen Ancient Poems are just the transition between the two.
Hongliang (about 25? About 104), born in Ping Ling (now Xianyang, Shaanxi), was a hermit in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. His Five Songs is an excellent work that boldly criticizes reality. This poem directly criticizes the emperor through the sharp contrast between Cui Xie's imperial city in the palace and the people who are not in the labor center. There are five exclamations in this poem? Hey? Sentence, showing strong indignation. At that time, in the praise of literati, the courage to write such a poem showed the courage of the poet. This poem is handed down to later generations with its unique form and profound content.
Ban Gu (32? 92) Meng Jian, a native of Fufeng Anling (now Xianyang, Shaanxi), was a famous historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. ? At the age of nine, I was able to recite poems with flying literary grace, and I grew longer, so I learned a lot and a lot of words. What you learn is not for chapters and sentences, but for the meaning. Broad-minded, tolerant of many people, not superior to others by talent, is respected by Confucianism. ? ("once"? "Biography of Ban Biao" shows that Ban Gu received a good poetry education from an early age. His "Fu on Two Cities" is elegant and beautiful, and it is a famous work in the history of literature. He has a five-character poem "Ode to an Epic", which sings the story of a young girl Ti Ying who wrote a letter to save her father during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty. The language is simple and the narrative is concise. The poet showed calm and rational elements in his narration, which embodied the characteristics of literati poetry and had a certain influence on the development of later poetry. Popular in later generations? History? Theme, also as a starting point. Although there were mature five-character poems in the past, due to its special authorship, such as Yu Ji, the author of Song of the King of Hexiang, is Xiang Yu's favorite concubine, and Ban Jieyu, the concubine of Emperor Han Chengdi, the author of Elegy, Ban Gu's Poem of Ode to History is the first existing five-character poem written by a scholar. Ban Gu's Zhutong Fan Fu, contained in Guwenyuan, consists of twelve seven-character poems, two of which have a rhyme, which can actually be regarded as a complete quasi-seven-character poem.
Zhang Heng (78? Ping Zi (139), a native of Xi 'e, Nanyang (now Nanyang, Henan), was a famous writer and scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was famous for his profound knowledge. His poems include Si Xuan Fu, Er Jing Fu, Du Nan Fu, Gui Tian Fu and so on, especially Er Jing Fu. His "Returning to Tianfu" is the first work in the history of Ci and Fu that reflects the joy of pastoral seclusion. As the most outstanding poet in the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng wrote the first independent and complete seven-character poem "Four Sorrow Poems" in the history of China's poetry. Influenced by the repeated singing of folk songs in The Book of Songs, four sentences in Four Sorrow Poems are slightly changed, and the language is relatively simple, with a strong folk song style. Although some of its sentences were born out of Chu Ci, its significance in the development history of seven-character poems is very important. For example, its first section:? My thoughts are in Mount Tai, and I want to follow, but my father is hard. I looked sideways and cried. The beauty gave me Jin Cuodao, so why should I report to Qiong Yao in England? It's a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, so why worry and worry? ? In the poem, the hero looks for his love in all directions, but he encounters setbacks again and again, so he is sad and shows his deep yearning for beautiful love. What is the difference between this and the Book of Songs? Jia Jian is similar, and his style is tactfully moving. This is the first time to write a seven-character poem with love as the theme, and there are traces of Sao style. The euphemistic tone of the seven-character sentence pattern has been fully expressed in this poem, which has had a great influence on the creation of literati poems in the future. Selected Works was selected for this poem. Zhang Heng also played an important role in the development of five-character poems. His simultaneous song is another completely preserved five-character poem of literati since Ban Gu, and its language skills are more mature. The whole poem is as follows: If you meet the Ji Cheng Society, you will have to fill your back room. Love is so new, fear is like exploring soup. Being a concubine is my job. Prepare for the Lord's feedback and offer gifts to help you taste. Think of it as a garden mat and cover it on the bed. I am willing to defend the wind and frost in the world. Sweep the pillow mat and make it fragrant. Enter the house with gold and compete with the lamp. The clothes are stripped of powder and the pictures are displayed. Motome is my teacher. She is very polite. What many people want to see is the Emperor Tianjiao. Le Mos night music, toothless forget! ? This poem boldly tells the happiness of newly married life in the tone of newly married women, which can be said to be the first five-character poem that positively reflects the love between men and women. Among them? Think of it as a garden seat The following four sentences are imaginative and have always been loved by people. This poem is a famous work in ancient love works, which has always been valued by poets and scholars. Although there are not many poems by Zhang Heng, the characteristics of describing the love between men and women are outstanding. In addition to the above examples, the four-character poems or Chu Ci attached to Si, Five Blessingg and Ding Qingbin all have the characteristics of fresh and elegant language, lyrical euphemism and touching feelings. Zhang Heng introduced the love between men and women into all kinds of poems, which caused great changes in literati's poetic style after the Eastern Han Dynasty, promoted the maturity of five-character and seven-character poems, and was of great significance to the development of ancient poetry.
Cai Yong (139? 192) was born in Hechen (now Qixian County, Henan Province). Zeng Shi is a left corps commander, so it is also called? Cai zhonglang? . He is one of the representative writers of prose in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and also the most outstanding writer of ci and fu in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The article is beautiful and elegant, creating a generation of styles. His Kingfisher Poetry, symbolized by Kingfisher, expresses gratitude for being sheltered by friends after persecution, and is also a masterpiece of five-character poems written by scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His poems are well preserved up to now, including Narrative Poems and Qingyi Poems, and there are more than ten existing poems. The subject matter is quite extensive, and the length does not seem to be very long. His Shu Xing Fu was written in the second year of Emperor Yan Xi. Cai Yong was twenty-seven years old and was forced to enter Beijing, but he didn't come back. In this paper, we not only associate what we saw and heard along the way, but also sharply criticize the social reality from the front. Lu Xun said in Untitled Draft that to understand Cai Yong, we must read Narration of Lines? Not only an old pedant, but also a bloody person, who knew the situation at that time and knew that he did have a way to die. ? This attitude of facing reality had a certain influence on the later Jian 'an literature. RoyceWong, a famous writer in Jian 'an period, was a disciple of Cai Yong, and Cai Yan was his daughter. They all wrote poems that profoundly reflected the cruel situation of society at that time, which should have a lot to do with Cai Yong's educational influence. His "Green Yi Fu" shows the emotions in daily life. In Fu, the beauty of the maid and her yearning for her are unprecedented literary themes, which have had a certain impact on the literary creation of later generations. At the end of the poem, I described my yearning for my lover in the form of a four-character poem, which was beautiful and outstanding. When the bright moon is in the sky, I am the household, and the wind is blowing on the bed curtain. Happiness is on the river, and migration depends on the court. Looking south at the well willow, looking up at the bucket machine. If it is not a cow, it is across the river. Thinking of you, you are anxious and hungry. ? Yue Ming and Jiao Jiao in Nineteen Ancient Poems and Shang Ge Xing in Yuefu Ancient Ci all have similar descriptions, from which we can see the traces of the mutual influence between Ci and Poetry in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. His only remaining prose collections, Sheikh's Marriage Fu and Jane's Fu, boldly and directly describe the love between men and women. What is the former? Is the makeup loose and messy? In the latter, for example? Love during the day and dream of making friends with you at night? The boldness of sentences is unprecedented in previous ci-fu, which can be compared with Zhang Heng's same songs and has a certain influence on the emergence of court literature in the Six Dynasties. As a famous scholar and writer at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Yong's poetry creation had a great influence on later generations.
When Emperor Huan appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the poetry exchange between Qin Jia and his wife revealed the situation of women's poetry education at that time. It's never happened before that lovers give each other poems and they can still be handed down. Qin Jia wrote three five-character poems in sequence. Jia Wei, the king of the county, went to court, and his wife, Xu Shu, came home from bed, but she was not met. She presented a poem to Yuner. ? Xu Shu's Answer to Qin Jia's Poems says:? My body won't allow it, and my baby will come back sick. It takes a long time to go home. Dereliction of duty and serving the hajj is a violation of respect and respect. ? It is unthinkable to write such a poem without a certain literary accomplishment.
Chae Yeon (about 177-? Wenxi was the most outstanding poetess in the Eastern Han Dynasty. She is the daughter of Cai Yong, a famous writer in the late Han Dynasty. She has received a good artistic influence since she was a child, and she has a high accomplishment in literature and music. "Once"? Woman biography? Is there a biography of Dongsi's wife? Knowledgeable, eloquent, and better than temperament. ? She leads a hard life. She married the Wei family for the first time, and her husband died in the province. She was captured by the rebels in the war, lived in the southern Xiongnu, and was later redeemed by Cao Cao. There are three works in this biography: One is Wuyan's Sorrow Poems and the other is Hu Jia's Eighteen Poems. Five-character Poem of Sorrow and Anger is the first autobiographical narrative poem in the history of China's poetry, which describes her experience from exile to redemption, just like a historical picture painted with blood and tears. This poem is rigorous in structure, accurate in tailoring and strong in language expression, which is enough to represent the development level of five-character poetry at that time.
From Mrs Qi, Ban Jieyu, Sara and Wang Zhaojun to Xu Shu and Cai Yan, it seems not surprising that women in Han Dynasty wrote poems. These examples show that in the Han Dynasty, at least in the middle and upper classes, women were able to receive a good family education, so they were able to write poems and poems with brilliant literary talent and beautiful language. Praise Liu Lanzhi in the long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast? Thirteen can weave vegetarian food and sixteen can recite poetry books? It truly reflects the popularity of poetry education in Han Dynasty.
The development of Confucianism and literature in the Eastern Han Dynasty was closely related to the initial prosperity of education. As a continuation of the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty inherited the educational system of the Western Han Dynasty, but the scale of running schools was larger and the number of educated people was wider. In the fifth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 29), Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, built the imperial academy in Luoyang. Liu Zhuang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, personally went to imperial academy to salute and give lectures. In the first year of Shun Di Yongjian (A.D. 126), imperial academy was rebuilt and expanded. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were as many as 30,000 students in Luoyang. Many private disciples of Confucian scholars are more than 1000. For example, Cai Xianxue, who is familiar with the Five Classics, often has thousands of disciples and records tens of thousands of disciples. This further illustrates the popularization of culture and education in the Han Dynasty and the growth of the scholar class.
With what? Five classics? Confucian classics, which are the main ones, are still compulsory courses in official and private schools. Because of the underdeveloped printing industry in ancient times, reading must be copied by hand, and copying mistakes is inevitable. Because students come from different places and have different teachers, it is inevitable that there are mistakes in the classics received, and there is even a phenomenon of bribing the school's book institutions to increase the classic texts. Therefore, in the fourth year of Emperor Gaozu's Xi Ping, Cai Yong, Yang Ci, Ma Ridi and other famous scholars suggested that Confucian classics should be carved into stone classics for academic officials to collate and serve as standard teaching materials for teachers. Later generations called it? Xi Shi Pingjing? . Xiping Stone Scripture is engraved with seven classics, including Lushi, Shangshu, Zhouyi, Chunqiu, Biography of the Ram, Yili and The Analects of Confucius, with a total of 64 stones and a total of 2009 10 words. It lasted nine years from the fourth year of Xiping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (175) to the sixth year of Guanghe (183), and stood in front of Luoyang Imperial College. "Once"? Biography of Cai Yong:? After studying in Xiping for four years, he worked with Tang Dian, Dr. Guanglu, Zhang Xun, Taishi Lingshan successively. , to clarify the text of the Six Classics. Lingdi agreed, only to learn from the book that Dan was on the tablet, which made the work engraved outside the business school. Therefore, after Confucianism, it was late to learn, and salt was right. As soon as the monument was erected, more than 1000 cars crowded the streets one day. ? Shortly after this stone sutra was carved, Dong Zhuo destroyed Luoyang Palace Temple and imperial academy abandoned it. The Book of Stone was repeatedly destroyed, and the beginning of Tang Zhenguan was almost destroyed. Xiping Shijing is the earliest official Confucian classic stone carving in the history of China. Xiping Shijing, Zhengshi Shijing carved in the period of Wei Zhengshi in the Three Kingdoms and Kaicheng Shijing carved in the second year of Kaicheng in Tang Wenzong are three famous Shijing in ancient China.
Zheng Xuan (127? 200) Zi Kangcheng, a native of Gaomi, Beihai (now Gaomi, Shandong), was the most accomplished Confucian scholar in the Han Dynasty and a master of exegetics in the Han Dynasty. Zheng Xue? . He has never been an official in his life, but he devoted his life to the study of Confucian classics and educational activities. It is rare for ancient scholars to learn from Zheng Xuan. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Biography of Zheng Xuan He was eager to learn when he was young, and went to imperial academy to study Han Shi and other Confucian classics. After studying under Ma Rong, he specialized in China's ancient classics. After three years of study, Zheng Xuan studied abroad for nearly twenty years, and returned to his hometown to gather his disciples to give lectures, with as many as a thousand disciples. He inherited the theory of his teacher Ma Rong, was eclectic, had his own opinions, and tried to adopt the strengths of various schools in his notes. Zheng Xuan abandoned the chapter and sentence form of word-for-word explanation when commenting on Confucian classics, and the annotation was concise and easy to learn and master. Therefore, Zheng Xuan's Confucian Classics overwhelmed other Confucian Classics for a period of time, and soon gained the respect of the society, especially those Confucian scholars who suffered from voluminous and profound opinions converted to Zheng.
When Zheng Xuanxue studied The Book of Songs, he studied Korean poems first, and then Ma Rong's Mao poems. He thought that Mao's poems were superior to Korean poems, so he basically abandoned the theory of Korean poems based on Mao's poems. When Zheng Xuan annotated The Book of Songs, he was not limited to his personal opinions. Although he thought it was the basic point, he often adopted the theories of Qi, Lu and Han in modern texts. His Notes on Mao Shi and Mao Shi are important teaching materials for later generations to study the Book of Songs. "The Newspeak? Literature 4:? Zheng Xuan's handmaiden is in the study. Taste the maid. If you don't say the message, blame it. Fang said that anger is mysterious and makes people fall into the mire. A little later, a maid came back and asked, Is Hu Wei in the mud? Answer:? A thin sentence will make you angry. ? The questions and answers of the two handmaids quoted sentences from the Book of Songs respectively. Hu Weiwei in the mud? A sentence from the Book of Songs? Hurricane? Decline? Say bad things and get angry with each other? From the Book of Songs? Hurricane? White boat. As can be seen from this account, Zheng Xuan's handmaid is very familiar with the Book of Songs, and she can say it without thinking, and her answer is very clever. Scholars are amazed at his high poetic accomplishment, so he has been handed down as an elegant thing. The remarkable achievements of Zheng Xuan's poetry education can be seen.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty recorded some information related to poetry education. Such as the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Deng Kouchuan, Deng Yu? He was able to recite poems at the age of thirteen and was educated in Chang 'an. ? "Once"? Biography of Ma Yuan? Ma Yan, Ma Yan's son, Ma Xu? At the age of seven, I can master The Analects of Confucius, thirteen history books and sixteen poems. ? It can be seen that the children of bureaucrats in the upper class at that time were often well educated. Deng Yu? Can you recite poems at the age of thirteen? Ma Xu? Sixteen governance "Poetry"? It embodies the effectiveness of poetry education in Han Dynasty.
Scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty also wrote new literacy textbooks in the form of verse, such as Thirteen Chapters by Ban Gu, Gu Xi Chapters by Jia Fu, and Persuasion Chapters by Cai Yong. Ban Gu's "Thirteen Chapters" has 60 words in each chapter and * * 780 words. Ban Gu in Hanshu? It is recorded in the Records of Arts and Literature:? Yang Xiong, based on its Useful Man, follows the words that are easy to repeat in Cang Xie and Cang Xie, with a total of 89 chapters. I returned to Yang Xiong and wrote thirteen chapters, all of which were 120 chapters. There were no compound words, and I was slightly prepared in the book of Six Arts Group. ? Always thought this sentence? Minister? Ban Gu claimed that his Thirteen Chapters was a sequel to Xun Zengpian. Jia Fu's Gu Xi Pian was collectively called Sanzang by Jin scholars, called Cang Xie Pian, and Yang Xiong called Xun Zengpian. The fifty-fifth volume of Cang Xie is the first volume, the thirty-fourth volume of Xun Cong is the middle volume, and the thirty-fourth volume of Gu Xi is the second volume. Sanzang is the earliest series in China, but it has been lost. Cai Yong's "exhortation to learn" is mostly four sentences, which focus on ideological education such as learning attitude. Like what? There is no distinction between high and low, and Tao is respected. ? This book had a great influence on later generations, and it was a popular children's textbook in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, folk songs were very popular, which often reflected people's dissatisfaction with social reality. "Once"? Know one or five lines? Folk songs contain:? At the end of Shun Di, Kyoto nursery rhymes say: Straight as a string, dead end; Bending like a hook, the seal is upside down. At the beginning of Emperor Huan, the nursery rhyme in the world said:? The wheat is green and the barley is withered. Who will be the wife menstruation? Why do husbands attack Hu in the west, officials buy horses, and you have a car? Please wave the flag and shout for Hu. At the beginning of Xian Di's practice, Kyoto nursery rhymes said: Senecio, He Qingqing. Ten days, no life. ? These ballads often sharply satirize ugly social phenomena and become an effective means for people to reveal the essence of society and educate themselves. Another irony? Recommended? Systematic ballads:? For a scholar, I don't know books; If you have a dutiful son, you will not live with your father. Cold element is as naive as mud, and high soldiers are as timid as chickens. ? ("Bao Puzi? Zhang Jiao, the leader of the Yellow Scarf Army at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, used folk songs to publicize the people. Heaven is dead, and yellow sky stands; Years old in Jiazi, the world is good? . This ballad was widely circulated among the people at that time and became the slogan of his uprising. It can be seen that the influence of folk songs is very strong and the educational role is very significant.