Explanatory text mainly examines the ability of candidates to obtain information accurately from the text, and the questions are mainly considered around quasi-confirmation reading, accurate understanding and accurate screening.
Interference factors are often set in the test questions: (1) increase or decrease and amplification, that is, changing the sentences of the original text, and expanding or narrowing the scope of explanation by adding some words or reducing some words. (2) To confuse the false with the true is to replace the correct with specious words or sentences, resulting in different meanings.
(3) Upset-down refers to intentionally disrupting the sentence relationship of the original text when setting options, making it difficult to understand, such as reversing the causal relationship and disrupting the order. (4) out of nothing, that is, using the thinking inertia of candidates, inducing candidates to take it for granted rather than sober rational thinking.
In the process of solving problems, there is a jingle: "read the original text first, get the general idea, then read the stem as a mark, find out the corresponding sentences in the range, compare the options and see the differences." Read the original text first and complete three tasks: (1) Understand the general idea of the article, that is, the object of explanation, the relationship between paragraphs, the author's point of view and related materials.
(2) Number the paragraphs. (3) Mark important sentences and keywords.
Secondly, it is very important to read the stem, and we should mark the important words. For example, the title 1 of the volume 1999 can be marked as follows: "The first paragraph of this article puts forward a hypothesis, and the incorrect understanding is" 3.
The first is the position of the proposition point, the second is the content of the test question, and the third is the standard for choosing the answer. Third, finding out the scope of the answer and the corresponding sentence is the essential stage of the answer.
Generally speaking, the search interval of the answer should be near the propositional point, for example, the answer to question 1 is in paragraph 1 or paragraph 2. It is more important to find the corresponding sentence. It can be said that if you find the corresponding sentence, you will basically find the answer.
Comparing options to find differences is the last step, which is to complete the answer. For example, 1 item b says: "Compared with humans, hibernating mammals have changed in a wider range."
The word "supervision" is omitted, which is inconsistent with the original intention of the article. Explanatory reading questions are multiple-choice questions, and there are three ways to choose the right options: direct election, exclusion and analogy.
Direct election means choosing the right answer directly. This method is suitable for obvious questions, and some answers can be determined at once.
It also applies to "choosing non-topics", such as "incorrect" and "not in line with the text". Exclusion can be applied to all types of multiple-choice questions.
It reveals the correct answer and improves the accuracy of the answer by excluding the options that do not meet the requirements of the topic. In order to find the "first knowledge point", that is, the basis for excluding the first option, the exclusion method must have two characteristics: one is the most accurate judgment, and the other is the most valuable. After determining this knowledge point, you can rule out more options.
Analogy applies to some multiple-choice questions. According to reasonable inference, quickly exclude some options, or infer unknown situations according to known situations, and quickly determine the answer.
I. Classification 1. From the object of explanation: descriptive words of things and descriptive words of things. 2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing.
Second, the order of interpretation, chronological order, spatial order, the specific scores of logical order: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part. Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role? Standardized answer format: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )
Third, the interpretation method 1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, column number, column diagram, and quotation. 2. Functions of common explanation methods: ①. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, so as to make the explanation more specific and convincing.
(2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. ③ Comparison: Compare the differences between _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand. ⑤. For example: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and so on.
6. Imitation: Give a vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, so as to make the explanation more specific. ⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing. ⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.
Attending, citation: citation has the following forms-a, citing specific cases; (The function is the same as the example) B. Cite specific data; C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing. D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc.
The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation. (The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )
Fourth, the language analysis of the explanatory text 1, the analysis of the whole language, generally from two angles: a, accuracy; B, vivid or concise. This is also the characteristic of general expository writing.
B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.
The standard answer format is as follows: This article fully embodies the accurate/vivid/concise characteristics of Chinese, such as the sentence "……", which accurately/vividly/concisely explains the characteristics/facts of things. There are many other examples like this. 2. Comments on specific articles/sentences/words are basically the same as above.
The function of words can be examined in the following ways: a. What is the function of adding words? B, you can exchange it for another one.
2. Stylistic knowledge of explanatory writing
Original publisher: sapling
Stylistic knowledge of explanatory writing
First, the concept of expository writing: expository writing is an article with explanation as the main expression, and it is a style that objectively explains things. Explaining the nature, state and function of things and giving people knowledge, knowledge and science are the main characteristics of explanatory writing.
Second, the classification of explanatory text:
According to different standards, explanatory texts can be divided into different categories.
1. Generally, according to the different objects and purposes of interpretation, interpretation can be divided into two categories: thing explanation and thing explanation. The object of explanation is concrete things, and the purpose of explanation is to let readers know and understand the characteristics of this or this kind of things, which we call expository articles, such as squirrels and Chinese stone arch bridges. The object of explanation is abstract, and the purpose of explanation is to make readers understand this thing. We call it material explanation, such as the undead in the dead sea, marching in the desert and so on. In fact, in an expository article, introducing things and explaining things are often used interchangeably.
2. According to the different characteristics of the language and the different usage of the expression, we also divide the expository into simple expository and vivid expository. Vivid exposition is also called literary exposition.
Third, explain the characteristics that things should grasp:
The so-called characteristics are the signs that distinguish this thing from other things. Only by grasping the characteristics can we understand the uniqueness of this thing or thing.
Fourth, the method of interpretation:
In order to clarify the characteristics of things, or to explain things clearly, we must use appropriate interpretation methods. There are 10 commonly used interpretation methods.
1. Example: In order to explain things or events, people don't quite understand the truth, so we should give some examples that are both easy to understand and representative. For example, 10
3. What stylistic knowledge does the explanatory text have?
First of all, explain the three elements of the text: scientific content, orderly interpretation and accuracy of language.
1. scientific content: truthfully reflect objective things, grasp the characteristics, essence and laws of things, and give readers a correct understanding.
2. The order of explanation: writing in chronological order is similar to narrative; According to spatial order's writing, pay attention to the observation point, pay attention to the position and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest; When writing in logical order, we should pay attention to finding out the internal relations of each part, from the surface to the inside, from the shallow to the deep, from the phenomenon to the essence.
3. Accuracy of language: it requires accurate expression of time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature and procedures. The language is concise and the instructions are strict.
Second, the order of the text:
1. chronological order: arrange articles in chronological order. Explain the change, development and growth process of things, explain the production procedures and use procedures of things, and introduce biographies in chronological order.
2. spatial order: Generally, articles about still life such as architecture are arranged in the order of spatial orientation. First of all, we should determine the observation point, or look down, or overlook, or look closely, and explain things from a certain position, from front, back, left and right, up and down, left and right, inside and outside the center.
3. Logical order: Arrange the articles according to the internal relations of things. This order is often used for general explanatory text. Such as causality, hierarchical relationship from phenomenon to essence, primary and secondary relationship, total score relationship, juxtaposition relationship, correlation relationship, etc.
Third, the explanatory structure: generally there are two types: total score and progressive. The former is mostly used to explain things, while the latter is mostly used to explain things.
Four, the common writing methods of expository articles:
1, clearly explain the object and grasp its characteristics.
2, according to the characteristics of the object, determine the order of description.
(1) spatial order is used as the explanatory text mainly explaining the structure of things.
(2) Descriptive texts that mainly describe the occurrence and development of things are in chronological order.
(3) The overall order of the total score, which is the whole article. If there are many things to explain, you can explain them in this way.
(4) Descriptive words that mainly explain logic,
3. Interpretation: the main means to support the article.
(1) Example: Give a factual example to illustrate a certain truth.
(2) Definition: The commonly used explanation methods in expository texts can be used not only when writing expository texts, but also independently investigated.
(3) column number.
(4) Give an example.
(5) comparison.
(6) interpretation.
(7) Column chart: it is an intuitive interpretation method.
8. Classification
4. Seeking knowledge of expository writing style
First, conceptual exposition is a style with explanation as the main expression, or introduces the state, nature and function of things; Or make things clear in order to give people knowledge.
2. Classification 1. According to the different objects and purposes of interpretation, it can be divided into objects (such as "Chinese stone arch bridge") and objects (such as "natural language"). 2. According to the different characteristics of the explanation language and the different use of expression, it can be divided into easy-to-understand explanation and vivid explanation. 3. Explain that things should grasp the characteristics: the so-called characteristics are the signs that this thing is different from other things. Only by grasping the characteristics can we understand the uniqueness of this thing or thing.
Four. Description sequence 1, time sequence (e.g. from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to microfilm) 2. Spatial order (such as the Palace Museum) 3. Logical order (such as natural language) 5. Description text structure (commonly used) 1, total score: including "total-minute" and "minute". 2. Progressive: The descriptive articles of things adopt a progressive structure and analyze things layer by layer.
Sixth, the accuracy of explaining language is the premise of explaining language. On this premise, some explanatory languages are famous for their conciseness and others for their vividness. Special attention should be paid to the terms and restrictive words used in the explanatory text, which often reflect the accuracy of the explanatory language; The use of rhetorical methods and the description and embellishment of decorative words reflect the vividness of understanding and speaking language.
The accuracy and conciseness of language are reflected in the following aspects: ① We should truthfully reflect objective things, express knowledge scientifically and rigorously, and express time, space, scope, degree, characteristics, nature and procedures clearly and correctly. Pay attention to the use of words that indicate the restrictive effect of modification, such as "basically", "about", "comparison", "average", "rarely" and "most".
7. Description (in order to better explain the characteristics of things) 1. Example: Make the explanation specific, easy to understand and convincing. 2. Enumerate figures (exact figures and approximate figures): make the explanation accurate, scientific and convincing. 3. For example, make the explanation more vivid, vivid and easy to understand. 4. Definition: Reveal the essential characteristics of things. 5. Compare. Subject reveals characteristics, essence+object central sentence Example: Meteorites are burning meteor fragments that fall to the ground. 7. Citation: Make the explanation more credible and convincing (quoting ancient poems can also increase the artistic appeal of the article) 8. Drawing a chart: concise and intuitive 9. Imitation: Make things vivid and easy to understand 10. Interpretation: Introduce and explain the characteristics of things to make them more specific and easy to understand. Note: When analyzing and explaining methods, apart from distinguishing types and functions,
Note: the explanation method is generally expressed in three words, not to be confused with rhetorical methods and expressions, and the expression should be standardized. Eight, the idea of the topic (a) the overall perception clearly explains the object and content-the explanatory object refers to the specific object (something or phenomenon) introduced in the explanatory text; Explanatory content refers to all aspects of the explanatory text when it introduces the explanatory object, such as explaining the characteristics of things or explaining the truth.
Therefore, when answering questions, the answer to "explain the object" should be a specific word or phrase, and the answer to "explain the content" should be a general narrative sentence. Analysis: On the one hand, it is often the answer to the question to try to answer in the original text and find out the central paragraph of the full text or the central sentence of a paragraph.
On the other hand, when there is no suitable original text, summarize the meaning of each paragraph → merge and summarize → organize expression. Description Center = Description Object+Features Note: If a description text divides the description object into several parts to illustrate or enumerate the features of an object, it is not allowed to generalize by partiality.
(2) Local query 1. Explaining methods and their functions Investigation questions: Explaining methods and functions of underlined sentences/paragraphs? What is the function of underlined sentences/paragraphs? Thinking of answering questions: answer from two aspects: "yourself" and "Duan Zili". 2. Investigation on the accuracy of explanatory language problems: Can a word be deleted? Why? (Delete) Replace a word with a word, will you? Why? What is the function of adding words? Thinking of answering questions: (1) delete method to judge (can't delete) → analyze words (word explanation ...) → counterattack (if there is a problem with deletion) (2) replace method to judge (can't change) → analyze words (distinguish the subtle differences of synonyms, such as meaning, collocation, scope, * * color sense, etc. ) → counterattack (if there is anything wrong with the change) (3) State the meaning/function of a certain point-surface-deep 3. Investigate the use of rhetoric in explaining the vividness of language (1) (2) the function of starting with a story (examples) A. indicative words such as "old problems", "new problems" and "to sum up".
When answering such questions, we should especially study the context of the sentence where the word is located and find the corresponding word or sentence. The most effective scoring method is to replace the found reference content and reference words, and the correct answer is in line with the text.
5. Explain the knowledge of style (just keep it simple)
The general structure of the explanatory text and the general structure of the thinking explanatory text are as follows: first, make a general introduction to the object of explanation, and then introduce the specific explanation.
I. General introduction method 1. The general introduction begins with a brief introduction of things, giving people an overall image. For example, the Palace Museum started like this: in the center of Beijing, there is a city within a city, which is the Forbidden City.
Now people call it the Forbidden City, also known as the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
It is the largest and most complete ancient palace complex in China with a history of more than 500 years. The beginning introduces the geographical location, name, nature and age of the Palace Museum.
Through the general introduction, we can have a general understanding of the Palace Museum. 2. Descriptive beginning describes the characteristics or state of things, so that readers have an intuitive overall understanding.
For example, it is described at the beginning of China Stone Arch Bridge that the bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. According to ancient mythology, the rainbow is a "bridge connecting heaven and earth" after rain, and you can go to heaven through the rainbow.
Chinese poets compare the arch bridge to a rainbow, saying that the arch bridge is "lying rainbow" and "flying rainbow", and describing the water arch bridge as "Changhong lying wave". Firstly, the state characteristics of the bridge hole, an important part of the stone arch bridge, are described, and then this feature is supplemented by myths and legends and poets' descriptions of the stone arch bridge.
3. Asking questions at the beginning can stimulate readers' thirst for knowledge and interest, and they are eager to know things or things. For example, the first paragraph of Why Flowers Are So Red.
By describing the brightness and beauty of safflower, it is natural to ask the question "Why are flowers so red", so that people can understand the reasons and explore the knowledge under the author's specific explanation. 4. Definition begins to define things, prompting the connotation (essential characteristics) and extension (included scope) of things, so that people can understand the essence of things.
For example, the beginning of "Overall Planning Law" defines things like this: "Overall Planning Law is a mathematical method for arranging work processes, and its practical scope is extremely wide." Second, the structure of concrete explanation is determined by the nature of things. Generally speaking, its structure can be determined from the following two aspects: 1. Arrange the structure according to the self-organization of the object to be explained. Everything has its own organizational rules. Grasping this law and arranging the structure accordingly can make the content of the explanation orderly and clear.
Generally speaking, the organization of movement, change and development of things is expressed in chronological order, and different times have different forms, so the structure can be arranged in chronological order when explaining. For example, books from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to microfilm are arranged in chronological order. First write the embryonic form of the book, then write the formal book, and finally write the modern book, thus the evolution and development process of the manual.
Things at rest, such as buildings, places of interest, objects, etc. , often reflect its order from the spatial position. To explain this kind of things, we should press spatial order, first table, then inside, first table, then inside.
For example, the Palace Museum describes an ancient architectural complex, which is in a certain spatial orientation and arranged in an orderly manner. The internal building has two main buildings. According to the spatial position, the article first writes the external city gate, then the buildings in the city, and when writing the interior, it writes the lords first, then the times.
The whole article is well organized. 2. According to people's understanding of the object of interpretation, the object of interpretation of the structure that readers are unfamiliar with and difficult to understand is often from concrete to abstract, from superficial phenomena to internal reasons.
From the individual to the universal. In the concrete explanation, it is advisable to write the state first, then the function or reason, and finally reveal the nature and characteristics.
For example, the Dead Sea is a rational exposition, and the specific explanation part begins with a phenomenon: it is said that about two thousand years ago, the Roman commander-in-chief Imperial City threw the captive slaves into the Dead Sea, but the slaves were safe and sound. Then explain the reason, this is because the salinity of the dead sea water is very high.
Then the cause of the Dead Sea is further explained, indicating that it is the result of natural changes in the first place. This explanation is easy for readers to understand.
For things or things familiar to readers, we can give a general explanation first, and then describe individual phenomena. This kind of writing should first write the nature and characteristics, and then write the state, so that people can have an overall understanding of things or things, and then understand them in detail.
For example, Suzhou gardens, most readers know gardens, but Suzhou gardens are different from other gardens. Therefore, when writing, we should first state its different nature and characteristics, and then specifically say its form. This structural arrangement helps readers to understand things as soon as possible.
The end of an expository article usually ends naturally. Explain clearly, and the article will be over. Some discourses sum up their characteristics at the end, which helps readers distinguish things.
For example, the Palace Museum finally wrote: "Standing on the height of Jingshan Mountain, overlooking the Forbidden City, there are many halls, pavilions and walls, which are scattered and orderly. Such a magnificent building complex and such a harmonious and unified layout are amazing. "
The end directly points out the characteristics of the Forbidden City complex: grandeur, harmony and unity. Some explanatory articles make some supplementary explanations at the end, or broaden readers' horizons, or enhance the accuracy and rigor of explanations.
For example, the end of "Looking at the Weather from the Clouds" reads: "In some cases, understanding the weather from the clouds is often limited, so it is still necessary to rely on the weather forecast." This supplement fully explains the function of "knowing the weather by observing the clouds" and enhances the scientific nature of the explanation.
6. What is the genre of the article?
Stylistic knowledge includes four aspects of common sense: narrative, argumentative, explanatory and practical. (1) Narrative is a style with narrative and description as its main forms of expression, and people, narrative, scenery and things as its main contents. 1 0000.0000000000103 Narrative (1) can be classified into content and forms of expression: ① simple narrative ② complex. (2) Narration based on scenery; (4) Narrative based on material writing (2); Descriptive text based on description. A style used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process, cause of events, advantages and disadvantages. 1, the classification of discussion is divided into description object (content), physical event description, event explanation, scientific essay and language expression. The characteristics of explanatory writing (1) are highly scientific in content (2) clear in structure (3) rigorous and accurate in language (3) practical writing meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study. With a certain format, short space, concise, popular and practical style. 1, practical writing type (1) letter, general letter, special letter (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, letter of introduction, * * *, confirmation letter, application, proposal, proposal, invitation letter), telegram, remittance (. Scientific reports), requests for instructions, plans, summaries and meeting minutes (4) advertisements, speeches, blackboard newspapers, news, newsletters and product manuals (5) notices, posters (6) etiquette invitations, congratulatory letters (congratulatory letters, telegrams) and condolence letters (7) deeds (receipts, telegrams) and family history (school history, village history) (. (1) Argumentative essays are classified according to their contents and purposes: ① general political articles; 2 comments; 3 essays (essays, rambles, notes); ④ Post-reading feelings are divided into the following ways: ① establishing essays; 2 refuting essays; 2 literary genre (also known as literary style); It refers to poetry, prose, drama and novel. (1) Poetry is the earliest literary style in human society. (2) Prose refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, drama and novel (1). The types of prose ① Narrative: Narrative-oriented prose ② Lyrical prose: Essay expressing the author's feelings ③ Argumentative prose ③ Argumentative prose; ③ Novel is a literature that focuses on portraying characters and reflects social life through a complete story and a specific environment description.
7. Who knows the stylistic knowledge of expository writing?
1. Three elements of description text: description method (description order) of description object. 2. The sequence of explanatory words: time sequence, spatial order, logical sequence and program sequence.
-chronological order: similar to the chronological order of narration. -Spatial order: Pay special attention to the position of space and the position and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, east and west, north and south, etc.
-Logical order is often manifested in the process of reasoning, generally including from cause to effect, from main to secondary, from whole to part, from general theory to general theory, from phenomenon to essence, from feature to use and so on. -Program sequence: it is specially used to clarify some operation procedures.
Such as: product instructions, experimental steps, etc. 3. Structure of explanatory text:-Total score formula: total score; Divide by the total; Total-subtotal, things are mostly total-score-progressive: things are mostly progressive, and things are analyzed layer by layer. 4. Common explanation writing methods include: giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, analogy, imitating appearances, etc.
The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing.
8. Briefly describe the stylistic knowledge of expository writing
Just for you, the team will answer your questions. If we are dissatisfied with anything in the process of answering, please bring it up and we will definitely correct it! I hope you can be happy every day and have fewer troubles and problems. Explanatory writing is to introduce things by explaining this expression to explain things and clarify the style of things.
Explain the characteristics, essence and laws of things in a conceptual way. Generally speaking, the introduction includes category, structure, shape, relationship, function, characteristics, principle, significance and changing trend.
Explanatory articles are very practical and have a wide range of contents, including advertisements, manuals, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on. According to the different object and purpose of explanation, the explanation text is divided into two parts: the thing explanation text and the matter explanation text. According to the different characteristics of language and the different uses of expression, expository texts can be divided into simple expository texts and vivid expository texts.
The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. Wholeheartedly, complete the answer for your satisfaction. If you have any questions, please keep asking questions and we will try our best to solve them.