Ming Chongzhen was born in Huating (now Songjiang, Shanghai) in the fourth year (1631), and lived in Garden Bang in the west of the county. He was the youngest Chinese martyr in China's 5,-year history. Xia Yunyi, the father of Wan Chun, is a celebrity in the south of the Yangtze River. He founded several societies with Chen Zilong, the teacher of Wan Chun (corresponding to the complex society). Influenced by his father, Xia Wanchun was determined to be loyal and respected honor. Gifted, early-witted, 5-year-old reading history. At the age of 7, he was able to write poetry, and at the age of 9, he wrote "Dairu Collection". Yun Yi travels far away, often taking Wan Chun with him, so that he can experience mountains and rivers and get in touch with heroes all over the world. Zhang Pu, the leader of Fu She Society, was first introduced to him. Since he was twelve years old, he studied under Chen Zilong, and was deeply influenced by them in terms of article integrity.
in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen (1643), he and Du Dengchun, a friend from the same county, organized a "Friends' Meeting in Southwest China" (later changed to "Seeking a Club"), which became the successor of "Several Clubs". In the spring of the following year, peasant rebels swept across the north. Wan Chun called himself "Jiangzuo Youth" and wrote to 4 hometown Kun, asking for volunteers to contribute to the emperor. In the first year of Hong Guang (1645, the second year of Qing Shunzhi), the Qing soldiers went down to the south of the Yangtze River, and after the fifteenth year of Chun, they rebelled against Qing with their father and teachers in Songjiang. After the failure, Xia Yunyi drowned himself. However, he followed Chen Zilong to contact Taihu Rebel, advised Wu Yi, the leader of the Rebel, and continued to engage in anti-Qing activities. Soon, Taihu Rebel Army was surrounded and destroyed. Get out of danger after swimming in the spring. The will to regain sight is unshakable. Because of the distress of state affairs, he wrote "Great Mourning Fu", which was rich in literary talent and sorrowful in love words. Everyone who saw it sighed and was surprised.
in the spring of the first year of yongli (in 1647, in the second year of Lu Jianguo and the fourth year of Shunzhi), the king of Ming Lu bestowed Xia Yunyi as a "Wen Zhong" and granted Wan Chun as a Chinese calligrapher. After Chun wrote a thank-you list, together with a list of dozens of people who fought against the Qing Dynasty and regained their sight, they handed it over to Xie Yaowen, a scholar who specializes in correspondence at sea, and sent him to Zhoushan to present it to King Lu. Xie was waiting for the boat at the Que, but was captured by the Qing soldiers and sent to the prison of the prefect Wu Shengzhao. After the defeat of Wu Shengzhao's anti-Qing campaign, the Qing authorities got all the books written by Chun, and so on, so Hong Chengchou, the governor of military affairs in Nanjing, followed the will of the Qing Regent, and strictly arrested Xia Wanchun and so on according to the roster, and made sure to catch the gang.
Wan Chun took refuge in Jiashan's father-in-law's house, but was secretly blocked from going west. He returned to Songjiang and decided to cross the sea to Lu Wang's place, and then made a big plan. Unfortunately, he was arrested by the Qing authorities at the end of June and was taken to Nanjing for trial. When the boat passed Xilin Mountain (Chenshan Mountain), I remembered my teacher Chen Zilong and wrote a poem "Crying at Night in Xilin" to express my condolences. The boat crossed Wujiang and wrote a poem "Wujiang Crying at Night" in memory of Wu Yi.
When he was taken to Nanking, Hong Chengchou personally questioned him and persuaded him to surrender, saying, "What does a lad know? How can you call a soldier a traitor? Fall into the thief's middle ear by mistake! When you surrender, you will not lose your official position. " Wan Chun stood upright and didn't kneel, pretending that he didn't know that the interrogation official was Hong Chengchou, and replied loudly: "I heard that Mr. Heng Jiu (Hong Chengchou) was an outstanding person in this dynasty, and the battle between Songshan and Xingshan was bloody. The first emperor mourned and praised the T-shirt and moved Hua Yi. I always admire his loyalty. Although he is young, how can he let him die and serve the country? " When the left and right officers told him that the "adult" in the class was Hong Chengchou, Wan Chun said even more quietly: "Mr. Heng Jiu has been dead for a long time, and the world has heard of it. He once offered sacrifices to seven altars, and the son of heaven came in person, full of tears, and the ministers sobbed. How inverse acts you are, how dare you pretend to be his name and be loyal to you! " Hong Chengchou, frustrated, was speechless. At that time, Qian Chang was also arrested and depressed. Wan Chun encouraged him by saying, "If you are generous with your husband, wouldn't it be a great husband to see Chen Gong in the ground?" Make money all night. Laughing and laughing in prison. Poems written from arrest to prison, named "Southern Crown Grass", are all works devoted to the world, hurting people, caring for friends and mourning for the dead, which are generous and sad, and are passed down through the ages. Following his father's collection of political essays "Continued Surviving Records", this paper analyzes the reasons for the downfall of the Hong Guang Dynasty in the Southern Ming Dynasty. As the saying goes, "the government of Nandu, the smaller the territory, the greater the official; The fewer counties, the bigger the official; The poorer the wealth, the richer the official. It is called the three evils. Third, if you oppose politics, Wu will not die? " Therefore, Guo Moruo marveled that "Wan Chun is not only a poet, but also a talent for preparing good history."
On September 19th, Xia Wanchun died in Nanjing West City, and the so-called charges were summarized as "Tonghaikou was a foreign aid, Jiehu was an internal servant, and he kept his secrets clean, and recommended civil and military titles". At the time of execution, he stood without kneeling, his face remained the same, and the executioner trembled and dared not face up to it. It was a long time before he stopped with a knife from his throat. More than 3 people, including Qian Yan, died together in Nanjing. After Xia Wanchun's death, friends Du Dengchun and Shen Yuxiao collected the body and buried it next to Xia Yunyi's tomb in Dangwan Village, Kungang Township, Songjiang. He left behind his wife Qian Qinzhuan, his daughter and his posthumous son, who died unfortunately after his birth, leaving a generation of loyal and good heirs.
the tomb of Xia's father and son is located in an open field in the north of Dangwan Village, Xiaokunshan Town, Songjiang District. The stone barge tomb is surrounded by a platform, and the cemetery is half-moon-shaped, about 2 meters high and 3 meters wide, covering an area of more than two acres. In 1956, Xia Tomb was listed as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit by Jiangsu Province at that time. In 1958, Songjiang County was listed as a municipal cultural relics protection unit after being assigned to Shanghai. In 1961, the Shanghai Cultural Relics Preservation Committee repaired the tombs of Xia Yunyi and Xia Wanchun, and erected tombstones. Chen Yi, Vice Premier of the State Council, personally wrote the inscription "The Tomb of Xia Yunyi and Xia Wanchun" in ten characters. Every word is divine, which reflects Mr. Chen's admiration and admiration for these two national heroes. Xia Wanchun was born in Chongzhen four years ago, that is, in 1631 AD. At this time, the Ming society was only 13 years away from extinction, which can be described as domestic troubles and foreign invasion. In the south, where culture, ideology and commodity economy are relatively developed, the spirit of the times, which demands individual liberation and opposes the shackles of Neo-Confucianism, is also developing widely. Many scholars who are full of reading poetry and worrying about the country and the people form various schools or societies according to their literary concepts or areas of activity to fight against the eunuch party. Among them is the famous Donglin Party. After the Donglin Party, there were organized societies of middle and lower class intellectuals of the landlord class and ordinary citizens, and Xia Wanchun's father Xia Yunyi was one of the founders of the societies. Xia Wanchun, a generation of wizards, was born in Huating County (now Songjiang District, Shanghai) in the south of the Yangtze River before the thunderstorm.
After Xia Wanchun was born, the Xia family was full of joy, and relatives and friends came to congratulate Xia Yunyi on the birth of his son at the age of 35, and even more, the weak family of Xia family finally came to life. Wan Chun is Xia Yunyi's first cousin, Lu's own, but in ancient times, his wife's status was very high. Although Wan Chun is Lu's own, according to the rules, he must call Sheng's mother, and he can only call Lu "Niang" and belong to Sheng's name. This unreasonable practice has done some harm to his little mind, but fortunately, Sheng is gentle and generous, and he understands the closeness between Lu and Wan Chun very well, never interfering, and takes advantage of his mastery of literature and ink to teach Wan Chun's poems and etiquette carefully every day, which makes Wan Chun deeply moved, and respects and loves this first mother as much as he treats his birth mother all his life. Later, on the eve of his death, Xia Wanchun wrote "The Book of Mother in Prison", which was addressed to his first mother, Sheng Shi, his nominal mother. But in the second half of the letter, the birth mother Lu was also mentioned. At that time, it was a natural rule, and Xia Wanchun was deeply educated by tradition. Since he was sensible, there has been such an idea in his little mind: even if he loves his birth mother, he can't hang it on his face without reservation, and this feeling must be used to treat his first mother. Influenced by this concept for a long time, coupled with the fact that Sheng is really reasonable and reasonable, it is natural that he has deep feelings for Sheng.
The first mother's love for him is indeed a passing story. Xia Wanchun wrote "Mother in Prison" before she died, and mentioned that her first mother taught herself etiquette and poetry for 15 years, which was a rare good mother. As for his biological mother, Lu, life is unknown, according to Mr. Guo Moruo's textual research, Lu is also a person who is good at writing, not an ordinary woman, and there are poems written by Lu to mourn his son. Although we know very little about Lu, from Xia Wanchun's last mother's book, we can also vaguely see his complex feelings of love and guilt for his biological mother Lu, and he wants to say goodbye. Xia Wanchun's predecessors were so outstanding, and his sisters of the same age were also very literary, which had a great influence on him. Xia Wanchun has one elder sister and one younger sister, and her elder sister Xia Shuji is a poetess, whose name is Meinan, and her name is Jing Yin. Although she is the first wife of Sheng's family, she is different from Wan Chun's father and mother, and she is 15 years older than Wan Chun, but her feelings with her younger brother are very deep. There are so many references to Xia Wanchun in her poems that she even thinks that her literary talent is comparable to that of Cai Wenji, a talented woman in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Xia Shuji's family is a Hou family in Jiading, Zhejiang Province. Her husband Hou Wenzhong was one of the most admired peers in Xia Wanchun. Unfortunately, he died young when Wan Chun was six or seven years old. Wan Chun learned more about him from his poems. Hou's family is also a famous family of gifted scholars in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, in the anti-Qing struggle, several fathers and sons were killed at the same time, and almost all the family died for their country. This kind of integrity and talent of my sister-in-law's family has a great influence on Xia Wanchun's growth, which permeates our daily life bit by bit.
Wan Chun's younger sister, Huiji, whose name is Zhaonan and whose name is Lan Yin, was born with Mrs. Lu. Huiji's word is "Zhaonan", and the sister Shuji with the word "Meinan" is also called "Er Nan". Together with Xia Wanchun, the elder sister, younger brother and younger sister are also called "Empty Valley and Three Hidden" (Xia Wanchun Little Hidden). Huiji is also talented and has a good relationship with Wan Chun. Wan Chun once praised their brother-sister friendship in his poem: "The world is full of rain and geese are flying, and the rain and snow are dependent on each other ... On this day, I am happy, and when I say goodbye to him, I feel alive." Before Chun died, she solemnly entrusted her biological mother Lu to the care of this only sister. Xia's family is so excellent, and Chun's relatives and friends are equally outstanding, which is also a very important aspect of his education since childhood.
Among Wan Chun's relatives, besides the above-mentioned Hou family in Jiading, there is also Sheng Yunzhen, the niece of the first mother Sheng. Like Xia Shuji, she is also the daughter-in-law of the Hou family, but her fate is even more bitter than Xia Shuji, a young widow. Her fiance is Hou Zhihan, the cousin of Shu Ji's husband Hou Wenzhong, and also a famous gifted scholar. However, in the anti-Qing struggle, Zhihan died when Lingyin fled, and she became a widow who had not yet married. In that war-torn era, she had to cut her hair like Xia Shuji and became Shuji's apprentice. His poems are very sincere and emotional, such as "Sending a Brother": "One cannot bear to turn away from one's parents. When we met in three years, the children gradually reached their shoulders. Dreams break the Yanshan moon, and spring returns to the sea and trees. Books can read me three times. " What she is most praised is the poem "Giving a Holy Building", in which "the heart can be like the water moon, and the bones bring their own haze" is passed down as a rare and beautiful sentence. Because she and Xia Wanchun are cousins and sisters-in-law and apprentices of Chun Chun's sister Xia Shuji, Xia Wanchun and she have also become bosom friends. Xia Wanchun was engaged by his parents when he was very young. His father-in-law, Qian Yanlin, was a very famous wit in Jiashan area, and he was called Qian Changgong because of his generous personality. This father-in-law can be described as a model of Wan Chun. When he died in Ming Dynasty, he took an active part in the anti-Qing Dynasty and organized a rebel army. Later, he was arrested for covering Chen Zilong, the teacher and anti-Qing righteous man who had finished Chun, and died for his country on the same day as his son-in-law Xia Wanchun. Awesome and upright, touching! After his death, his wife Xu did not want to live alone, but also drowned herself. His two sons are both talented people, and they are also very close to Wan Chun. Qian Xi, the eldest son, was graceful and talented, and he was also one of the most respected peers in Xia Wanchun. When Wan Chun was 16 years old, he died from overwork because of taking part in anti-Qing activities. Wan Chun was so sad that he wrote a mourning note that "the articles of the ages have not been exhausted". Qian Mo, the younger brother of Qian Xi, was able to write poetry at the age of 8, and became a scholar at the age of 15. He also sang with Wan Chun, and he was also known as a child prodigy. He wrote an essay on "The Ode to a Child Prodigy" for Xia Wanchun, which was passed down as a much-told story. After the destruction of his family at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Qian Mo wandered around and did not know where to go.
In addition, Qian Yanlin's cousin Qian Qian was also an anti-Qing comrade of Wan Chun, and both of them, Weng Xu, died heroically on the same day. The talents and integrity of relatives provided an even better environment for Wan Chun's growth, which enabled him to think and learn by hearing and hearing, and gained the strength of being a man and the enlightenment of writing. This is Xia Wanchun's luck and an important cornerstone of his final success.