Metonymy is a writing technique used by ancient poets when writing poems. Which of the ancient poems we have learned use metonymy? The following is the technique of metonymy that I have compiled for you. I hope it can help everyone!
Ancient poems using metonymy (1)
Thanks to Zhongshu Shu of the Southern and Northern Dynasties: Tao Hongjing
The beauty of mountains and rivers, Talk about sex since ancient times. The peak reaches the clouds, and the clear stream reaches the bottom. The stone walls on both sides of the bank are in five colors. Green forests and green bamboos are available for all seasons. The mist is about to break at dawn, and the apes and birds are chirping wildly; the sunset is about to fade, and the sunken scales are dancing. It is truly the fairy capital of the world of desire. Since the time of Kangyue, no one has been as amazing as him. (One work of the setting sun: Yang)
Appreciation
Look at the whole text and the language is concise. Every word is an important part of the article. One less word will make the meaning go out of context, and one more word will be superfluous. A scene can be described appropriately and with gusto in just four words. Clearly, clearly, one word from the heart, no more, no less. ?The sunset is about to decline? It is inevitable. ?Shen Lin Jing Yue?, sudden changes. Analyze the structure of the article without losing its ingenuity, being complex but not chaotic, and combining it in an orderly manner.
The article "Thanks to Zhongshu" reflects the author's noble thoughts of entertaining the landscape. The Southern and Northern Dynasties were the darkest periods in Chinese history. Because various conflicts were very acute and the political situation was extremely turbulent, many literati often fled to the mountains and forests in order to seek spiritual comfort and relief from the beauty of nature. Therefore, they often wrote in their letters Describing landscapes to show what one likes and to express greetings and comfort to friends. Although this type of work does not express very positive and progressive political views, it uses its superb artistic brushwork to create works with quite high aesthetics. A valuable literary masterpiece that still has high appreciation significance today.
Ancient poems using the technique of metonymy (2)
Travels in Manjing in the Ming Dynasty: Yuan Hongdao
The land of Yan is cold, and after the Flower Dynasty Festival, the remaining cold is still severe. When the wind blows, the sand and gravel will fly. It's so cramped in a room that you can't get out of it. Every time I ride in the wind, I often turn back in less than a hundred steps.
On the twenty-second day, when the weather was slightly calm, I went out to Dongzhi with a few friends to Manjing. There are high willows on the embankment, and the soil is slightly moist. The sky is vast and spacious, like a swan that has escaped from its cage. At that time, the ice skin began to dissolve, and the color of the waves suddenly became bright, and the scales were layered, so clear that the bottom could be seen. The crystals were like a newly opened mirror and the cold light suddenly emerged from the box. The mountains are washed by the clear snow, and the beauty is like wiping, and the fresh beauty is bright, just like the beautiful face of a beautiful girl with a bun and a servant girl. The wicker will be comfortable, the soft tip of the mantle will be soft, and the wheat field will be lightly covered with hair. Although there are not many tourists, there are always people drinking tea from the spring, singing songs and people wearing red clothes. Although the wind is strong, walking makes you sweat profusely. All birds exposed to the sand, sipping the scales of the waves, are leisurely and contented, and there is joy among the feathers and scales. It turns out that there is no spring outside the countryside, and those who live in the city don't know it.
This is the only official who can't wander around and wander around in mountains, rocks, grass and trees. And this place is suitable for Yu, and Yu's journey will start from here. How can evil be unruly? It's the second month of Jihai.
Appreciation
When Zhang Yanyuan, a painter of the Tang Dynasty, talked about the techniques of landscape painting, he said: "My husband's paintings are particularly taboo in terms of appearance and details. They are all experienced, very careful and detailed, and reveal their ingenuity." ? ("On Painting Style") In other words, when painting landscapes, you should use less to add more, use points to cover the surface, and avoid being comprehensive and detailed. It seems that Yuan Hongdao is well versed in this. He wrote about the spring in the well, and did not describe it in detail in an all-round way, but captured the three sets of shots of water, mountains, and fields, and used typical things such as ice skin, water waves, mountains, clear snow, wickers, and wheat seedlings. Let's take a few points to illustrate the point, and vividly portray the breath of early spring in Manjing from the inner temperament.
If you just describe the scenery blindly, no matter how realistic the scenery is, it will not be considered a superior landscape sketch. What’s more important is to integrate emotions into the scenery and blend the scenes. Just as Hegel said, the characterization of the human mind must be incorporated into the physics of nature ("Aesthetics"), so that the landscape and scenery can all carry the author. His subjective feelings have become what Wang Guowei praised as the "state of self-ownership". This is what Yuan Hongdao did in this travelogue. In the author's writing, not only the tourists who drink tea from the spring, sing with lei, and sit in red clothes are all enjoying themselves, but also the birds bask in the sand and the fish slurp in the waves are also leisurely and content. The joy of getting rid of restraints and letting go in the spring. This kind of emotion is actually a reflection of the author's subjective feeling of abandoning officialdom and admiring nature. This subjective feeling becomes stronger and deeper with the flourishing of vegetation, the singing of birds and the stirring of spring breeze. Emotion and scenery, subjectivity and objectivity are blended together, and it is difficult to distinguish who is the guest and who is the master.
This article was written in the twenty-seventh year of Wanli (1599). Manjing is an ancient well located three miles east of Andingmen in Beijing. The well is filled with springs that flow continuously in winter and summer. The green vines and lush grass beside the well cover the clear water of the canal. The scattered pavilions and beautiful scenery make it a good place to explore the suburbs of Beijing at that time.
The beginning points out the time and place. Yandi refers to present-day Beijing and the northern part of Hebei Province. It belonged to the Yan Kingdom in ancient times. According to the old custom, the 15th day of the second lunar month (some say it is the twelfth day of the second lunar month or the second day of the second lunar month) is the birthday of hundreds of flowers, which is called the Flower Festival. On this day, people go out into the wild to enjoy the spring scenery. However, this year the Flower Festival has passed, there is no news about the flowers, and the lingering cold is still severe. It can be seen that the weather in the north is cold and spring is late.
The next few sentences continue the above text, "The remaining cold is still severe", focusing on the severity of the wind and sand. The wind is a "freezing wind", which gives the feeling of freezing ice; and it blows frequently. When the wind blows, the sand and gravel fly up, making it impossible to go out. As soon as you go out, walk quickly in the wind, and you won't be able to stop yourself from turning back within a hundred steps. This is about the contradiction between the desire to travel and the inability to travel. The author is a person who loves to travel and enjoy activities. Now that the Flower Festival has passed, and I don’t know what the flowers are going to be like, I can’t hold back my desire to go on a spring trip. However, I am blocked by the cold wind and gravel, and I have to be cramped. In the room, one can imagine his frustration and depression.
Ancient poems using metonymy techniques (3)
Yueyang Tower Records of the Song Dynasty: Fan Zhongyan
In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was relegated to Baling County. In the next year, the government will be harmonious and people will be harmonious, and everything will be restored. Then the Yueyang Tower was rebuilt, its old structure was added, and poems by Tang Xian and modern people were engraved on it. It belongs to me to write down to record it. (Gu Tong: Ju)
I watched my husband Baling Shengzhi in a lake in Dongting. It carries distant mountains and swallows up the Yangtze River, which is a vast and boundless river. The sunrise and dusk are overcast, and the scenery is endless. This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower, which has been described by predecessors. However, it is connected to Wu Gorge in the north and Xiaoxiang in the South Pole. Many immigrants and poets gather here, and the feeling of looking at the things is the same.
If the rain is falling, the moon is not open, the wind is howling, and the turbid waves are rowing. The sky is empty; the sun and stars are dim, and the mountains are hidden; business travel cannot be carried out, and the rafts are toppled and destroyed; the dusk is dim, and the tigers roar and the apes crow. When climbing the tower, there are those who are nostalgic for their country, worried about slander and fear of ridicule, their eyes are full of desolation, and they feel extremely sad. (One of Yin Yao's works: Yin Yao; Piao Yu Tong: Yin Yu)
It's like spring and the scenery is bright, the waves are calm, the sky above and below is bright, a vast expanse of blue; sand gulls gather, gold scales swim, and the shore is full of orchids. , lush and green. Or when the long smoke clears, the bright moon shines thousands of miles away, the floating light jumps like gold, the silent shadows sink into the jade, and fishermen answer each other's songs, how wonderful is this joy! Climbing the tower, one feels relaxed and happy, forgetting the favor and disgrace together, drinking wine in the wind, and one is overjoyed.
Sigh! I have tried to follow the heart of the benevolent people of ancient times, but why are they different from the two? Don’t be happy with things, don’t be sad with yourself; if you live high in the temple, you will worry about the people; if you live in the rivers and lakes If you are far away, you will worry about your king. It means that you are worried when you advance, and you are also worried when you retreat. But when will you be happy? It must be said: "Be worried about the world's worries first, and then be happy when the world is happy?" Hey! Weisi people, who should I return to?
Appreciation
This article expresses the author's strong will to not give up his ideals despite being persecuted and worried about national affairs. At the same time, it is also an encouragement and comfort to the demoted comrades. "The Story of Yueyang Tower" is famous because of its lofty ideological realm. Another writer at the same time, Ouyang Xiu, said in an inscription written for him that he had been determined to be in the world since he was a child, and often recited to himself: "A scholar should worry about the world's worries first, and rejoice in the world's happiness later." ?It can be seen that what is said at the end of "Yueyang Tower": "Be worried about the world's worries first, and be happy after the world's happiness" is the criterion for Fan Zhongyan's life behavior. Mencius said: "If you are powerful, you can benefit the world; if you are poor, you can only benefit yourself." This has become the creed of many scholar-officials in the feudal era. When Fan Zhongyan wrote this article, he was demoted from an official position and was far away from the world. He could have adopted a self-isolated attitude and ended up in leisure and happiness. However, he proposed that upright scholar-bureaucrats should adhere to the principle of integrity and believed that personal honor, disgrace and promotion should be ignored. Don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. Worry about the worries of the world first, and be happy after the happiness of the world. Encourage yourself and your friends. This is commendable. The spirit embodied in these two sentences, the quality of enduring hardship first and enjoying pleasure last, undoubtedly still has educational significance.