What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan;
The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
This makes sense. I want to distinguish right from wrong and get carried away.
The understanding of poetry often needs a deepening process, which may sometimes be very long. Tao Yuanming's "Twenty Poems on Drinking" is an example. Among them, the difference between "looking at Nanshan" and "looking at Nanshan" is still a problem worth discussing.
From the perspective of philology, we should take "looking at Nanshan" as the correct approach. Hu Shi said in the article "Collation Methodology": "The most reliable confirmation method is based on the manuscript, followed by the oldest biography, and then the oldest book that quoted this article." The Collection of Tao Yuanming was originally compiled by Xiao Tong in Liang Dynasty. Although the original appearance of this anthology can't be seen today, Xiao Tong's Selected Works (Volume 30) contains two miscellaneous poems by Tao Yuanming, which is one of them, named Looking at Nanshan. These two poems are included in the sixty-fifth volume of Literature and Art Collection compiled by Tang Dynasty, which is also called Looking at Nanshan. Until the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi's version was basically "Looking at Nanshan". In Qiu Chi Notes, he explained: "Tao Qian's poem" Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan ",followed by picking chrysanthemums and occasionally seeing Nanshan, now called" Looking at Nanshan ". It can be seen that Looking at Nanshan retains the original appearance of the poem.
Various versions of Ji Tao generally changed "Looking at Nanshan" to "Looking at Nanshan", which was after Su Shi's viewpoint was widely accepted. He wrote in his reading note "After Drinking Poems in Yuanming": "It is the most beautiful sentence to see the mountain because of picking chrysanthemums and realize it because of picking chrysanthemums. In recent years, the custom is' looking at Nanshan', so this article is boring. " Not only that, he also publicized his views to his disciples. For example, Chao, one of the "Four Bachelor of Sumen", said in "Chicken Ribs Collection" Volume 33 "After Tao Yuanming's Poetry": "Guangling is increasingly seeing Dongpo Yun Tao Yuanming's intention is not poetry, but poetry is expressive." "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" is not only picking chrysanthemums, but also seeing mountains. The meaning is nothing more than this, and it is not profound and clear. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, I can see Nanshan leisurely. Later, I picked chrysanthemums myself, but I didn't want to see the mountains, so I saw them at first sight, so I was carefree, carefree and exhausted, which is something I can't seek between the words fine and thick. As far as these two poems are concerned, "looking" is a focused look, while "seeing" is an unintentional look, so "seeing Nanshan" can better reflect the carefree mood. Coupled with Su Dongpo's great fame and high achievements in poetry creation, everyone is obedient. Until Yuan Xingpei's Notes on Tao Yuanming, although it was noted that the word "Wang" was used in the Selected Works and Bai Juyi's Small Poems, the word "Jian" was adopted in the final version because of the lack of hope.
Xu Fu's review magazine has already talked about this issue: "The Book of Jin, Biography of Hermit":' Zhai Tang, deep words, people look for Yang ...' Stuart Wang Dao's monarch, insufficient, is hidden in the Nanshan county boundary.' The poem "Nanshan" refers to Zhai. Look' means to look up and have hope. There is a book' see', which means separation. "It is new for people to affirm the word' hope' and criticize the word' see', which is undoubtedly a great progress. So, is his understanding of these two poems accurate? That's not necessarily true. Because while picking chrysanthemums, I fell in love with Zhaitang, which made me feel a little tired, let alone carefree. Tao Yuanming naturally won't do this.
To understand these two poems correctly, we should not only carefully scrutinize the words "looking" and "seeing", but also understand the meaning of "Nanshan". Ding's comments on Tao Yuanming's poems are generally accepted as "referring to Lushan Mountain". Xu Fu thinks it refers to "Nanshan in the county", while Nanshan in Xunyang County is actually Lushan Mountain. The Atlas of Chinese History Jiangzhou in the Southern and Northern Dynasties can also illustrate this point, so Jiujiang Prefecture in Tongzhi, Jiangxi Province simply said, "Zhaitang hides Lushan Mountain." But the "Nanshan" in this poem refers to a mountain near Tao Yuanming's home, not Lushan. Ji Tao * * * has seen "Nanshan" three times. In addition to this poem, there are "Planting beans in Nanshan" in the third part of "Five Songs of Returning to the Garden" and "Home to the Hostel, I feel like a guest" in the seventh part of "Twelve Miscellaneous Poems". Go ahead and do whatever you want. There is an old house in Nanshan. "The old house refers to the Dow cemetery. Obviously, the place where beans are planted and Tao's cemetery are near Tao Yuanming's home, so the Nanshan written by Tao Yuanming is naturally near Tao Yuanming's home. " "Looking at Nanshan leisurely under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums" describes the scene near Tao Jia, because the latter two songs "The scenery of the mountains is getting better and better, and the birds are singing home" describe the scene of Nanshan. If Nanshan in the poem refers to Lushan Mountain, it is far from Tao Yuanming's home, and you can't see these scenes.
So, is the poem Looking at Nanshan just boring? On the contrary, as far as the whole poem is concerned, the word "Wang" can better reflect Tao Yuanming's mentality at that time than the word "Jian". Tao Yuanming's purpose of picking chrysanthemums was to prolong life, which was a social atmosphere at that time. For example, "Miscellanies of Xijing" said, "On September 9th, Pei Yun ate the bait and drank chrysanthemum wine, which made people live longer". Fu Xuan's "Ju Hua Fu" said that "those who take it will live longer, and those who eat it will realize the spirit". Tao Yuanming also said in the poem "Idle for Nine Days" that "wine can eliminate all worries and chrysanthemum can prevent aging". Isn't it leisurely to pick chrysanthemums for the purpose of prolonging life? In fact, "picking chrysanthemums under the hedge" is a reflection of the poet's comfortable life after retirement. The main purpose of Tao Yuanming's Looking at Nanshan is to appreciate the scene of "birds returning" in the evening. Because he is a returning bird himself, he pays special attention to returning birds, not only watching them over and over again, but also chanting them over and over again. For example, he specially wrote a poem "Returning to Birds". In the third chapter, he said: "The wings return to birds and linger in the forest. Do you think you have lost your way and are satisfied with your old home? Although there is no previous lover, but the voice is very harmonious. It's sunny and leisurely in the evening. "Another example is the last four sentences of the seventh poem of Twenty Drinking Poems, which also express the same feelings:" The sun moves into the group, and the birds return to the forest to sing. Dong Xuan, talk about this life. "I can see that his heart is connected with the returning bird, and he is expressing his feelings through the image of returning bird.
Looking back on these two poems, only by using the word "Wang" can he properly express his joy and relief when he sees that "the mountains are getting better and the birds are singing." If the word "Jian" is used, it shows that Tao Yuanming has no intention to look at the mountains, and even ignores the two poems "The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are returning more and more", which is quite different from the scene in Nanshan and the poet's feelings. Therefore, the word "Wang" should still be used in Tao Yuanming's two famous sentences that have been passed down through the ages.
From the Internet for reference.