Edit entry Recalling my brother-in-law on a moonlit night Title: Recalling my brother-in-law on a moonlit night ①
Author: Du Fu
Genre: ancient poetry
Rhythm : Five-character poem
Original text:
The garrison drum ② interrupts people's walking ③,
Bian Qiu ④ the sound of a wild goose.
The dew is white tonight,
The moon is bright in my hometown.
Any brothers are scattered,
Without a family, I wonder about life and death.
⑥The letter sent to the commander ⑦ failed to reach ⑧,
Kang Nai did not stop the army.
Translation:
There was more drumming on the garrison tower, but there was no trace of pedestrians on the road. The border town is deserted and the autumn breeze is cool, and only the mournful cry of the lone wild goose can be heard. The frost and dew are particularly white tonight, the people are kind to my hometown, and the moon is also bright from my hometown. Brothers are separated, their families are in ruins, where can they find news of life and death? The letters have been out of reach for a long time, not to mention the war has not stopped yet.
Notes:
1. Shedi: Calling one’s younger brother to others.
2. garrison drum: military drum.
3. Stop people’s walking: refers to the curfew starting after the drum sounds.
4. Autumn edge: One word is "Bianqiu", the autumn borderland, the autumn of the frontier fortress
5. The dew is white tonight: refers to the night on Bailu Street.
6. Brothers are scattered, and they have no home to ask about life and death: Brothers are scattered, and there is no home, and no one can know the news of life and death from each other.
7. Long: always, always.
8. Da: Arrive.
9. Kuang Nai: What’s more, the war has not ceased: the war is not over yet.
Classic saying: The dew is white tonight, and the moon is bright in my hometown.
Writing background: Du Fu wrote it in Qinzhou in the second year of Qianyuan (759). At that time, the poet was demoted to the rank of Sigong in Huazhou and joined the army. Due to severe drought and famine in Guanzhong, he abandoned his official position and resigned and went to Qinzhou. In the chaos of war, he was separated from his brothers. The poet has strong feelings of sorrow, anger and longing, as well as hatred for the danger of the country and the death of the family, and the separation of life and death caused by the chaos of war! wrote this poem.
About the author:
Du Fu (712--770 AD), Han nationality, courtesy name Zimei, was born in Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), and later moved to Gong County (now Gong County, Henan Province). ), known as Du Gongbu and Du Shiyi in the world, and called himself Shaoling Yelao, was a great realist poet, poet, and world cultural celebrity in the Tang Dynasty of my country. He was also known as "Li Du" together with Li Bai, the "poetry immortal" of the same era. Du Fu's distant ancestor is Du Yu, who was famous in the Jin Dynasty, and his later ancestor is Du Shenyan, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Fu himself was born in Gong County, Henan (now Gongyi, Zhengzhou). Du Fu once served as a member of Zuo Shiyi and the Ministry of Inspection and Work, so later generations called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu. Du Fu lived during the historical period when the Tang Dynasty was transitioning from prosperity to decline. His poems mostly dealt with social unrest, political darkness, and people's suffering, and are known as the "history of poetry." Du Fu was concerned about the country and the people. He had a noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. He was revered as the "Sage of Poetry" by later generations. Du Fu wrote more than 1,400 poems in his life, many of which are famous poems that have been passed down through the ages, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", and there is "Du Gongbu Collection" handed down to the world; among them, "Three Officials" is "Shihao" Officials", "Xin'an Officials" and "Tongguan Officials", the "three farewells" are "Newlywed Farewell", "Homeless Farewell" and "Elderly Farewell". Du Fu's poems had a profound influence on later generations.
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and developing them creatively. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu style of poetry. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the New Yuefu Movement in the mid-Tang Dynasty. His May 7 ancient novel is both poetry and history. It unfolds the narrative, but also focuses on the convolution of the entire article, marking a high achievement in the art of poetry in my country. Du Fu also showed significant creativity in the Five and Seven Rhythms, and accumulated complete artistic experience in rhythm, antithesis, word and sentence refining, etc., bringing this genre to a fully mature stage.
The core of Du Fu’s thought is Confucian thought of benevolent government. He had the grand ambition to "serve the emperors Yao and Shun, and then make customs pure". He loves life, loves the people, and loves the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hates evil and criticizes and exposes corruption in the court and dark phenomena in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized about being willing to make self-sacrifice to relieve their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of concern for the country and the people, with the most ordinary people as the protagonists. This shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems have rich social content, strong color of the times and distinct political tendencies. They truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and the broad picture of social life in a historical era before and after the Anshi Rebellion. Therefore, they are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du's poetry is basically "contemplative and melancholy", the language and chapter structure are full of changes, and it pays attention to the precise words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have all kinds of styles. In addition to Wugu, Qigu, Wulu and Qilu, he also wrote a lot of arranged rhymes and different styles. There are also various artistic techniques, and it is the master of Tang poetry thought and art. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Han and Wei Yuefu's "feeling of sorrow and music, and inspired by events". He got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu inscriptions and created many new Yuefu inscriptions that were "famous for the occasion and will never be relied upon again", such as the famous " "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", etc. After his death, he was highly praised by Fan Huang, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others. Du's poetry had a profound influence on the literary and artistic thought of Yuan Bai's "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical poems about current events. But it was after the Song Dynasty that Du's poetry received widespread attention. Wang Yu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu. Wen Tianxiang even regarded Du Fu's poems as the spiritual force to uphold national integrity. The influence of Du Shi, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art.
For details of his life, please see Volume 190 of "Old Book of Tang".
"Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are masterpieces of Du Fu's realist poetry. It truly describes the thoughts, feelings, actions, and language of county officials, officials, old women, old men, brides, husbands, etc. under specific circumstances, and vividly reflects the social reality of that period and the profound disasters of the working people. and pain, showing people scenes of miserable life tragedies. In these descriptions of the sufferings of life, on the one hand, the poet expressed deep sympathy for the suffering people and abhorred the slavery and persecution imposed on the people by the officials; on the other hand, he supported the dynasty's war to quell chaos and hoped that the people Endure the hardships and cooperate with the dynasty to put down the rebellion. This complex and contradictory thought is in line with the poet's concern for the country and the people.
"The Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" is selected from "The Collection of Du Shaoling" (People's Literature Publishing House, 1979 edition). The thatched cottage in question is the Du Fu Thatched Cottage on the bank of Huanhua Creek in the western suburbs of Chengdu. It was Du Fu's residence after arriving in Chengdu. Appreciation:
Du Fu's life
Du Fu's experience and poetry creation can be divided into four periods:
First, the period of reading and wandering (before the age of thirty-five) )
The so-called "the debauchery between Qi and Zhao, Qiu Ma is quite wild".
In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (when he was 20 years old), he began to roam Wuyue. Five years later, he returned to Luoyang to take the exam, but he failed. Travel to Qi and Zhao again. Later, he met Li Bai in Luoyang, and the two formed a profound friendship. Then they met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled together in Liang and Song Dynasties (today's Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Li Du went to Qizhou again and met Donglu again after breaking up. They separated again and there was no chance to meet again.
2. The period of being trapped in Chang'an (thirty-five to forty-four years old)
During this period, Du Fu first took the exam in Chang'an and failed. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and gave gifts to the nobles, and lived a life of "taking care of the rich in the morning, following the fat horse in the evening, leaving cups and cold dishes, and hiding sorrow everywhere". Finally, he was led by the right guard to join the army. (Mainly a petty official who guards armor, weapons, and keys to the treasury). During this period, he wrote poems such as "The Journey of Military Chariots" and "The Journey of Beauties" that criticized current affairs and satirized the powerful. "Five Hundred Words on Empathy from Beijing to Fengxian County" is particularly famous, marking that he reached a new height in his understanding of court politics and social reality after experiencing ten years of hard life in Chang'an.
3. The period of being a traitor and serving as an official (forty-five to forty-eight years old)
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled his family in Yanzhou and went to Suzong alone. On the way, he was captured by the Anshi rebels and taken to Chang'an. Facing the chaotic Chang'an and hearing the news of the repeated defeats of the army, he wrote poems such as "Moonlight Night", "Spring View", "Aijiangtou", "Sadness of Chen Tao" and other poems. Later he absconded to Fengxiangxingzai and worked as Zuo Shiyi. Because of his loyal words and outspoken advice, Shangshu was demoted to Huazhou Si Gong and joined the army. After the defeat, Suzong asked for the crime. Du Fu began to work for Zuo Shiyi and said that Fang Guan was not guilty. Suzong was angry and wanted to ask for the crime, but he was lucky to be freed). Later, he truly recorded his experiences in the form of poetry, which became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
"Three Officials": "Shihao Officials", "Xin'an Officials", "Tongguan Officials"; "Three Farewells": "Newlywed Farewell", "Homeless Farewell", "Elderly Farewell" ".
4. Period of wandering in the southwest (forty-eight to fifty-eight years old)
With the defeat of the army in Xiangzhou in the ninth quarter and the famine in Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official position and took his family with him. The people fled through Qinzhou, Tonggu and other places before arriving in Chengdu, where they lived a relatively stable life. When Yan Wu entered the dynasty, the warlords in Sichuan rebelled, and he drifted to Zizhou and Langzhou. Later, Yan Wu served as the Jiedushi Envoy of Jiannan to photograph Chengdu. Du Fu went there and Yan Wu died. He wandered again, living in Kuizhou for two years, and then drifted to Hubei and Hunan, where he died of illness on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include "The Water Threshold Reminds the Heart", "Spring Night Joyful Rain", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Sick Orange", "Climbing the Tower", "The Prime Minister of Shu", "Wearing that the Government Army Takes Henan and Hebei", There are a large number of famous works such as "Wu Lang Again", "Deng Gao", "Qiu Xing", "Three Quatrains", "Sui Yan Xing" and so on. Among them, the most famous poem in "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" is: There are tens of thousands of mansions in the country, which can shelter the poor people all over the world.
Appreciation 1
This poem was written by Du Fu in Qinzhou in the autumn of the second year of Qianyuan (759). In September of this year, Shi Siming led troops from Fan Yang southward, captured Bianzhou, and marched westward to Luoyang. Shandong and Henan were both in war. At that time, several of Du Fu's younger brothers were scattered in this area. Due to the war, they were unable to communicate with each other, which aroused his strong worry and longing. "Moonlight Night Remembering My Brother" is a true record of his thoughts and feelings at that time. In classical poetry, missing family and friends is a common theme. Such works must avoid mediocrity and be unconventional. It is not enough to rely on the author's life experience alone, but must also be ingenious in expression techniques. It is in the treatment of such common themes that Du Fu shows his true qualities.
The poem is abrupt and uneven at the same time. The title is "Moonlight Night", but the author does not start from the moonlight night. Instead, he first paints a picture of the autumn of the frontier fortress: "The drums cut off the pedestrians, and there is a sound of wild geese in the autumn." The road cuts off the pedestrians, and writes what they see; drums cut off. The sound of wild geese, write down what you heard. Everywhere you look is a desolate scene. The heavy and monotonous drumming and the cry of lonely geese in the sky not only did not bring any vitality, but made the already desolate frontier fortress look even more desolate and silent. "Breaking people's walking" points out the social environment, indicating that wars are frequent and fierce, and roads are blocked.
Two lines of poems exaggerate the strong and sad atmosphere, which is the background of "Moonlight Night".
Chew joint question. "The dew will turn white tonight" not only describes the scene, but also highlights the season. It was the night of the White Dew Festival, and the dew was full of dew, which made people feel chilly. "The moon is the brightness of my hometown" is also a description of scenery, but it is slightly different from the previous sentence. What the author writes is not entirely objective reality, but incorporates his own subjective feelings. It is obviously the only bright moon in the world, and there is no difference at all, but I still want to say that the moon in my hometown is the brightest. It is obviously my own psychological hallucination, but I want to say it so definitely that there is no doubt. However, this method of using fantasy to create reality does not make people feel unreasonable. This is because it deeply expresses the author's subtle psychology and highlights his feelings for his hometown. These two sentences are also very skillful in refining sentences. What they want to say is just "the white dew tonight" and "the moon is bright in my hometown". Just changing the order of the words makes the tone extraordinarily strong and powerful. Therefore, Wang Dechen said: "Zimei is good at using things and common expressions. If he uses more separation or inverted sentences, his language will be strong and strong, and his meaning will be deep and stable." ("Shi Shi") From here, we can also see that Du Fu transformed a flat plate into a magical one. ability.
The above four sentences were written casually, and it seems that they have nothing to do with remembering my brother, but they are not. Not only did he look at the moon and feel nostalgic for his hometown, but also hearing the garrison drums, hearing the sound of wild geese, and seeing the cold dew all made the author feel sad for things and aroused the feeling of longing. In fact, I remember my brother every word, and every sentence is affectionate.
The poem shifts from looking at the moon to expressing emotion, and the transition is very natural. Moonlight often arouses people's imagination and more easily evokes homesickness. The poet is experiencing separation and chaos, and on this cold moonlit night, he naturally has a different feeling in his heart. His lingering thoughts were mixed with anxiety about life, separation, and death, and his tone was extremely sad. "All the brothers are scattered, and they have no family to ask about life and death." The first sentence says that the brothers are separated and live in different parts of the world; the second sentence says that the family has disappeared, and life and death are uncertain. The writing is so sad that it is hard to bear to read. These two poems also summarize the common experience of the people who suffered from sorrow and chaos during the Anshi Rebellion.
"The letter has not arrived yet, and the situation is that the army has not stopped", which follows the fifth and sixth sentences to further express the inner worries. Relatives are scattered everywhere, and the letters they usually send often fail to arrive. What's more, there are frequent wars, and life and death are uncertain, which is even more difficult to predict. Implicit and implicit, a knot of infinite affection. After reading this poem, it is not difficult for us to understand why Du Fu was able to write such a condensed warning poem as "The war continues for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold" ("Spring Hope"). Profound life experience is the deepest source of artistic creation.
The whole poem is well-organized, with the beginning and the end echoing each other, the succession is mature, and the structure is rigorous. "The army has not ceased" means "people's journey is cut off", looking at the moon means "remembering my brothers", "having no home" means "sent letters are not delivered", people are "scattered" means "death and life" are unknown, one sentence is changed and one sentence is complete.
During the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu was displaced and experienced hardships. He was worried about his family and the national crisis. He was really emotional. At the slightest touch, thousands of thoughts flow out from the bottom of the pen, so the common theme of homesickness and family longing is written in such a sad, sad and depressed way. (Zhang Mingfei)
Appreciation 2
Du Fu *** has four younger brothers. When he came to Qinzhou from the west in 759 AD, only the youngest Du Zhan accompanied him. The other three younger brothers Du Ying, Du Guan and Du Feng lived in Shandong, Henan respectively. This poem expresses the longing for the three younger brothers who are no longer around.
The whole poem can be divided into two paragraphs. The first four sentences are the first paragraph, and the content is closely related to "Moonlight Night". On the surface, it describes the scenery, but in fact, the feelings of "remembering my brother-in-law" are revealed between the lines. "Guards and drums cut off people's movement" truly depicts the scene of a border town facing the threat of war. The war atmosphere set off by this sentence is also one of the reasons why the poet missed his brothers so deeply at that time. In terms of composition, this sentence echoes each other with the following "all brothers are scattered" and "Kang Nai has not stopped fighting", which also makes the whole poem coherent and clear.
"The sound of wild geese in autumn" is written from the ground to the sky in the previous sentence. The borderlands, the autumn sun, and the sound of wild geese are all reasons that cause people to miss their loved ones more than ever. The three words "one wild goose sound" also remind people of the ancient allusion of calling brothers "flying geese". These two sentences are written from the auditory aspect, and the last two sentences are written from the visual aspect, which can be described as vivid and colorful. "The dew turns white from tonight" means that the dew becomes extremely pale starting from tonight. In the eyes of the poet who misses his brother bitterly, the frost and dew that used to be as white as every night seem particularly pale tonight. The moon that used to be the same everywhere is only the brightest in his hometown. These two poems use the rhetorical technique of "empathy" to incorporate strong subjective feelings into the description of natural scenery. They use the scenery to create emotions, and the scenery changes with the emotions. They are a natural expression of the poet's true feelings of deeply missing his hometown and relatives, and provide a solid foundation for the poem. Famous sayings that have been passed down through the ages.
The last four sentences are the second paragraph, directly expressing the memory of the brothers. "All my brothers are scattered", so there is no one in my hometown, and because I am "homeless", I want to write a letter to inquire about the "life and death" of my brothers who are scattered all over the place, but there is no way. "Sending a letter to a long time is not enough" is the continuation of "having no family to ask about life and death", and "Kang Nai has not stopped fighting" further elaborates: This is the case in peacetime, let alone when the war is incessant! These four sentences are layered one after another, and they can be said to be completed in one go.
Appreciation 3
The first line of this poem, "The drums cut off the movement of the people," points out at the beginning the heavily guarded, "late night" and "wartime" conditions. A deserted look. The "bianqiu" and "sound of wild geese" in the second sentence further illustrate the season and place when he misses his siblings.
The season at that time happened to be autumn, and the flowers, plants and trees were beginning to wither, and I was on the border. Coupled with the miserable cry of the lone geese, it made me feel even more empty and lonely.
The sentence "The dew is white tonight" describes the solar term at that time, and the white dew can echo with the bright moon in the next sentence. In this way, we can use the color "white" To feel the deserted look at that time. In the last four sentences, Du Fu is describing his feelings of missing his brothers. Because of the war, he and his brothers were scattered in different places; and the "homeless" in the sixth sentence makes people feel even sadder, because not only was he separated from his relatives, but his hometown was also destroyed because of the war. destroyed. In the last two sentences, he describes how he feels very worried about everyone's safety because of the war and the inability to receive letters from home; especially the three words "the troops have not ceased" in the eighth sentence can be compared with the first sentence. The sentences echo each other, and the whole poem is very complete in terms of emotional expression.
Notes on Tang Poetry:
Liang Qichao once wrote in the article "Du Fu, the Saint of Love": "I think the Ministry of Industry can at least be worthy of the title of Saint of Love, because of his emotions The content is extremely rich, extremely real, and extremely profound. His expression method is also extremely skilled, and he can penetrate deeply, reflect everything without losing his appearance, and can vibrate like electricity. No one can compare to him in Chinese literature, so I call him the Saint of Love." Looking at Du Fu from this perspective, there is actually nothing wrong. He was sentimental, but his sentiment was extremely broad and profound. It was the humane spirit of "people love things". Therefore, his poems can be written Well, it makes sense that it can shake people's hearts like electricity.
And the touching and impact of this song "Remembering My Brother on a Moonlit Night" is exactly as mentioned above