What is the common sense of poetry and literature?

General knowledge of China's ancient poetry literature 1. General knowledge of poetry (1. Classification of ancient poetry) There are several different forms of classical poetry, such as ancient poetry (also known as ancient poetry and ancient style), modern poetry (also known as modern poetry and metrical poetry), ci (also known as poetry, long and short sentences, lyrics and lyrics) and qu. Classical poetry is an ancient free poem with free form, unlimited length, infinitive (referring to miscellaneous words), no antithesis, free rhyme and so on. There are four-character ancient poems (first appeared in the Book of Songs), five-character ancient poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character ancient poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles have songs, lines, quotations, songs, songs, etc.). Modern poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the regular arrangement, it also has the positions of definite sentences, definite words, definite sounds and definite rhymes. It has two types: quatrains and metrical poems. Quatrains are divided into five-character quatrains (five-character quatrains) and seven-character quatrains (seven-character quatrains), and metrical poems are divided into five-character metrical poems (five rhymes), seven-character metrical poems (seven rhymes) and arranged rhymes. Ci reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. According to the number of words, it can be divided into three forms: Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Zhong Diao (within 59-90 words) and Long Diao (above 9 1 word). The tone of the word is fixed, the sentence is fixed, the word is fixed, and the rhyme is positioned. Qu Xingsheng was born in Yuan Dynasty, and there are two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has two forms: poem (short tune) and divertimento (also called divertimento). (2) Knowledge of Poetry and Music ① Ancient poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. The main difference between them is that modern poetry refers to metrical poetry formed in the early Tang Dynasty, which has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, while classical poetry does not talk about metrical poetry, and poems before the Tang Dynasty are all classical poetry. (2) Rhyme and quatrains (also called truncated sentences) The difference between rhymes and quatrains is mainly in the number of sentences. There are only four quatrains, which can be typed or not. There are * * * eight metrical poems, one or two of which are head couplets, three or four are parallel couplets, five or six are neck couplets, and seven or eight are tail couplets. The first couplet and the last couplet can be couplet, but they can't be couplet, and the couplet and the neck couplet must be couplet; No matter whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, there are requirements for leveling. Rhymes of more than eight sentences are excluded. (3) There is no strict difference between songs, lines and quotations of ancient poetry genre. Generally speaking, syllables and metrical forms are relatively free, including five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind", "Pipa Line" and "Li Ping Quotations". (4) Yuefu and Xinle Yuefu were originally the official names in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became poetic names. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle Building was built in the early Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems, except following the old poems of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, and the name of the new Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi. ⑤ The difference between title and epigraph: The title of a word is the embodiment of the content of the word, and epigraph is the title of the word. Such as "Niannujiao? In Nostalgia at Red Cliff, "Nian Nujiao" is the inscription and "Nostalgia at Red Cliff" is the title, which shows that the word is a lyric and the place is "Red Cliff". A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title. A word is divided into two sections, the upper section is called "Shangque" (or "Part I") and the lower section is called "Xiaque" (or "Part II") (Que means the end of music). Sanqu Sanqu is a kind of song played in harmony, which rose in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and degenerated from words. Style is similar to writing but freer than writing, so you can add lines to the number of words. Use spoken English more. Sanqu includes two forms: poems and sets of numbers. Poetry contains only one tone, and the number of sets is one set of multiple tones in one tone, which is a coherent set of tones in opera or Sanqu. The number of a set of songs is uncertain, ranging from two to more. Each set of numbers takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; Use "sand" at the end, and there is no rule on how many times to use it. ⑦ Yuan Zaju is a literary style developed on the basis of Zhu Gong tune in Song, Jin and Jin Dynasties, and it is a traditional opera art form integrating singing, guest singing, dancing and acting. Generally, each book is 40% off (or 50% off or 60% off) in structure, and a "wedge" is added when necessary. Each fold is composed of several tunes in the same palace tune. Zaju can be divided into two types: Dan Ben (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last Ben (the lead singer of the hero). For example, the yuan is the script, and the third discount is the "Gong Zheng" tune. The script of Yuan Zaju is composed of "Ke", "Singing" and "Bai", in which "Ke" is the regulation of main movements, expressions and stage effects. "Singing" is the lyrics; "White" means guest white, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (self-narration of characters), narration (self-narration behind other characters) and white dyeing (interruption in lyrics). The main roles of Yuan Zaju are: Dan (female role), the heroine is called, and the supporting roles are vice Dan, foreign Dan and so on. End (male role), the leading role is called the end, and the supporting role is the deputy end, the outer end and the small end. Outer (outer end), pretending to be an elderly person; Screen name, commonly known as big face, plays more roles with special personality and appearance (such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui JY); Ugliness, commonly known as small face, mostly plays a secondary role in men; Bo er who plays an old woman. Second, China ancient poetry school 1. Landscape pastoral school. Mainly describes the quiet and carefree natural scenery, through the praise of natural scenery, or reveals the feelings of unwilling to go with the flow, or expresses the negative thoughts of seclusion and seclusion. Its representative writers are Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun in Jin Dynasty and Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in Tang Dynasty. 2. Frontier Poetry School. Taking frontier life and war as the theme. Representative writers are Gao Shi and Cen Can in Tang Dynasty, as well as Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang and Cui Hao. 3. Free and unfettered. As a major school of Ci in Song Dynasty, its works are bold, artistic conception is vigorous, and its ci is full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative poets are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and their representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yongyu Le Jing Kougubeiting Nostalgia. 4. Elegant school. As a major school in the Song Dynasty, the language of his works is beautiful and subtle, and the feelings expressed in the words are tactfully lingering, or have a relaxed and lively artistic conception, or deep bitterness. The subject matter is narrow, mostly based on personal experience, love between men and women and landscape scenery. The representative poets are Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui. Third, the works of ancient poets in China (1) In the Spring and Autumn Period, L. The Book of Songs, formerly known as Poems, was the earliest collection of poems in China. It contains 305 poems from the early Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, which are divided into three categories: style, elegance and ode. It initiated the realistic tradition of China literature and was listed as one of the "Five Classics". 2. Ping Ming's Qu Yuan. China, the first patriotic and romantic poet, created a new poetic style of Chu Ci and was listed as a world cultural celebrity. His main works are Li Sao, Nine Songs, Tian Wen and Nine Chapters. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled a "Songs of Chu", which was mainly based on Qu Yuan's works. Because of its strong Chu local color, it is called "Chu Ci", and later generations call this poetic style "Chu Ci Style" and "Sao Style". Created the romantic tradition of China's poems Li Sao and The Book of Songs, which is called "coquettish" and synonymous with "literature". (2) Han Dynasty 3. His major works include Shang Mo Sang, Long Songs, Mourning for the Past, Joining the Army in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, Peacock Flying Southeast, etc. Peacock Flying to the Southeast is the longest narrative poem in ancient China, which is also called "Yuefu Shuangbi" with Mulan's poem. ③ Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty and Northern and Southern Dynasties. Cao Cao is the first of the "Three Caos". His main work is Wei Wudi's works. His representative works include A Journey to Bitter Cold, Although the tortoise has a long life, A Journey of Short Songs, Watching the Sea, etc. Belongs to Yuefu songs. Create a new style of "Jian 'an Style". 5. Cao Zhi, whose name is Zijian, lost his mind, and later called Chen Wei, one of the "Three Caos". His main work is Cao Zijian's works. His representative works include White Horse, Seven-step Poems, Luo Shen Fu and so on. 6. Tao Yuanming, a hidden and distinctive figure, is known as the first outstanding landscape pastoral poet in China-Mr. Wuliu. There is Tao Yuanming's collection. Representative works include Peach Blossom Garden, Gui Xi Ci, Gui Yuan, Drinking, etc. 7. Northern Dynasty Yuefu. The main works are Mulan Poetry, Chile Song and Yang Zhe Liu Ge Ci, all of which are included in Yuefu poetry collection, among which Mulan Poetry is one of the "two treasures of Yuefu". ④ Tang 8. Wang Bo, with the word An, is one of the "Four Masters of Early Tang Dynasty" (Luo, Lu, Yang Jiong). The main works are Wang Zian Collection, among which the most famous ones are Farewell to the Deputy Governor's Office in Shu and Preface to the Knee King's Pavilion. He achieved the highest achievement among the "Four Masters". 9. Wang Zhihuan, whose main works are Liangzhou Ci and Dengheque Building. The quatrains "Liangzhou Ci" is known as "the masterpiece of quatrains in Tang Dynasty". Belongs to the frontier school. 10. Meng Haoran, the first person who wrote a large number of landscape poems in the Tang Dynasty, is as famous as Wang Wei and is known as "Wang Meng" by the world. His main works are Passing Old People's Village and Spring Dawn. 1 1. Wang Changling, known as Wang Longbiao in the world, is a master of seven stages. His main works include "Out of the fortress", "Joining the army" and frontier poems. 12. Wang Wei, the word Mojie, was named Wang Youcheng because he was a minister. Poet and painter. Together with Meng Haoran, he is a representative figure of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His main works include Two Ambassadors Anxi, Acacia, Hunting, Leave a Message from Wangchuan, etc., which was praised by Su Shi as "painting in poetry" and "poetry in painting". 13. Gao Shi, also known as "Gao Cen" with Cen Can, is a representative figure of frontier poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His main works are Ge Yanxing and Don't Move Big. 14. Li Bai, whose word is Taibai, is also known as the violet layman, and is called "Poet Fairy". Also known as "Du Li" with Du Fu. His main works are Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu, Difficult Road to Shu, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, Songs of Autumn Pu and so on. Moreover, he belongs to the romantic and unrestrained school and is a high bee in the art of classical poetry. Han Yu praised: "The article is there, and the flame is long. "15. Du Fu, with a nice word, called himself Shaoling Yelao, and was equal to Du Yi. Just like Li Bai, he is called "Poet Saint". His main works are Chedian, Spring Hope, Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Three Officials (Xin 'an Official, Shi Haoguan Official, Tongguan Official), Three Farewells (Newly Married, Resigned, Homeless) and so on. This is Du Gongbu's collection. The peak of realistic poetic art is called "the history of poetry". 17. Cen Can, an important representative of Frontier Poetry School. His major works include Song of Snow, Farewell to Tian Wu's Home, and Greeting Beijing Messenger. 18. Bai Juyi, word Lotte,No. Xiangshan layman. The main advocate of the New Yuefu Movement in the mid-Tang Dynasty, together with Yuan Zhen, was called "Bai Yuan". His major works include Qin Zhongyin, New Yuefu (including Charcoal Man), Song of Eternal Sorrow, Pipa Xing and so on. He is the successor of the realistic tradition. 19. Li He sighed and said. His main works include Wild Goose Gate's Taishouxing, Golden Boy Ren Xian's Ci and Han Song, etc. His works have peculiar imagination, gorgeous words, romantic colors and unique styles. Known as "Shi Gui". 24. Du Mu, also known as Mu Zhi, is as famous as Li Shangyin and is called "Little Du Li". In his later years, he lived in Fan Chuan Villa, named Du Fan Chuan. His main works are Epang Palace Fu, Jiang Nanchun Jueju, Qingming, Bo Qinhuai, Autumn Night, etc. 20. Li Shangyin, whose real name is Shan, is Yuxi Sheng and Fan Nansheng. The main works are Jinse and Untitled. Poetry is mostly about love, touching and beautiful, which has a great influence on future generations. 2 1. Li Yu, Shi Guang, the king of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, is known as Li Houzhu. His major works include Yu Meiren, Meet You Huan, and The Order of the Waves. (5) Song 22nd. Fan Zhongyan, word Healy, human. His major works include The Su Mu Man and The Pride of the Fisherman. , belongs to the uninhibited. 23. Liu Yong, formerly known as Sanbian, was named Qi Qing, also known as Liu Huangdi. His main works are Yulin Ridge and Klang Ganzhou. 24. Su Shi, whose name is Zi Zhan, is Dongpo Jushi. Shi Wenzhong. One of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", the greatest scholar in Song Dynasty. Created a school of bold and unconstrained words. Masterpiece "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia" 25. Li Qingzhao,no. Yi 'an layman. His main works are Wuling Chun, Like a Dream, Slow Voice, etc. She is the most important poetess in the history of Yu Shu's Ci, and also the most accomplished poetess in the graceful school of Song Dynasty. 26. Lu You, the word service concept, was released. Known as "Little Li Bai". His main works are Book Fury, Xiuer and Hairpin Phoenix. It was named "Jian Nan Shi Hua", "Weinan Anthology" and "Notes of Laoxue Temple". The most prolific poet in ancient China (more than 9,000 poems). 27. Xin Qiji, the word You 'an,no. Jiaxuan, and Su Wan are also called "Su Xin". The main works are Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences, and the famous articles are Touch Fish, Enjoy Never, Happy Peace, etc. Inherited and developed Su Shi's bold and unconstrained style of ci, and expanded the scope of expression of ci. 28. Jiang Kui, whose real name is Yao Zhang, was born in Baishi Road. His main works include Song of the Taoist White Stone and Yangzhou Slow. (6) 29 yuan. Guan Hanqing, whose name is Zhai Yi, has been lent out. Together with Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan, they are also called "the four masters of Yuanqu". China was the first great dramatist in ancient times and a world cultural celebrity. His main works are Yuan, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wangjiang Pavilion, Single Knife Club, etc. 30. Wang Shifu, whose main work is The West Chamber, is the longest play (2 1 fold) and one of the most successful plays in Yuan Dynasty. 3 1. Ma Zhiyuan, a thousand miles away, is called Dongli. One of the "Four Masters" in Yuan Opera. His major works include the zaju Autumn in the Han Palace and the Sanqu Qiu Si in the Patio, and he is one of the most accomplished Sanqu writers in the Yuan Dynasty.