Newton, as a scientist who devoted himself to learning, was inclined to ask questions. He belongs to deism and adopts the method of combining experiment with quantitative analysis science to study. With his own practice, he made a comprehensive and epoch-making leap to the demand of modern science and formed a scientific theoretical system. It has adapted to the urgent needs of the emerging bourgeoisie for modern science and technology, and has become the completer and main representative of the symbolic theoretical system of modern science.
Experience and Works: The most famous British scientist and mathematician in the history of modern science in the world,/kloc-0 graduated from Trinity College of Cambridge University in 664, and/kloc-0 completed the postgraduate course of Cambridge University in 668, succeeding Barrow as Professor lucasey. 1696 became the supervisor of the British Mint, 1699 became the director of the Mint, 1703- 1727 was the president of the Royal Society for five consecutive years. His main works include Natural Philosophy, Principles of Optics and Mathematics, Cosmic System, Moon Theory and History of Ancient Kingdom Changes. The main scientific papers are On Analysis, On Series and Flow Method, General Mathematics or Mathematical Structure and Problem Solution Set, and Unpublished Scientific Papers (edited by A.R.Hall). There are also burning manuscripts of chemistry books, leaving millions of words of manuscripts. He is also a master of the achievements of modern scientific revolution and a great scientist who has made decisive contributions. Born on June 4th, 1643 (according to the Gregorian calendar, julian calendar in ancient Rome should be1February 25th, 642), died on March 20th, 1727 (Gregorian calendar), and lived 85 years.
Main contribution: Newton was an epoch-making figure, and almost all subjects made epoch-making contributions in his time. Although his genius, diligence and achievements are admired by the world today, they are limited by historical conditions, thus leaving a broad development space for future generations. His theoretical mechanics, calculus, the thought of matter composition, the discovery and theory of optical experiments, the law of universal gravitation, the three laws of motion, the law of low-speed fluid resistance, the theory of comets, the theory of tides and the system theory of the universe have all left epoch-making and fundamental contributions in the history of various disciplines.
Typical performance evaluation:
Einstein wrote on the 200th anniversary of Newton's death in 1927: "I think it is necessary to commemorate this outstanding genius at such a moment. Before and after this, no one decided the direction of western thought, research and practice like him. He is not only an outstanding founder of some key methods, but also unique in using empirical materials. At the same time, he has amazing creativity in the detailed proof methods of history and physics. For these reasons, it deserves our deepest respect "; Einstein himself has long given the answer to the question of Newton's achievements. In the book Evolution of Physics, which he and Infield co-wrote, he said: "The development of science is not like destroying a warehouse and building a warehouse in the same place, but like climbing a mountain, climbing up a hill, climbing very high, and seeing that the original hill is still there, it just looks shorter."
Lord ernest rutherford, a famous scientist, said in 193 1 when someone asked this question: "There is a popular misunderstanding today that science advances by overthrowing previously established theories, but this is a rare case. For example, it is often said that Einstein's general theory of relativity overthrew Newton's work on gravity. Truth will become a mistake if it goes further ... as far as the relationship between Einstein's work and Newton's work is concerned, it is only a general promotion of its foundation. The great truth is not to be abandoned, but to be modified so as to put it on a broader and more stable foundation ... ". (Page 1939)
J. D.Bernal, biophysicist, founder of science of science and the first president of the World Peace Council, commented on Newton's Principles in this way: "This book insists on expounding the reasoning of physics and is unparalleled in the whole history of science. As far as mathematics is concerned, only Euclid's Elements of Geometry can compare with it, and only Darwin's Origin of Species can compare with it in terms of insight into physics and influence on thought. This book immediately became an attraction of new science, which does not mean that it has reached the orthodox source and is revered-although there are some dangers, especially in Britain-but the methods mentioned in the book can be revered as the source of future promotion. " (Bernard, Science in History, 198 1, p. 277)
2. The core of Newton's scientific thought is particle and force.
His view of matter is atomism, and the application of atomism in science is the concept of atom-particle-particle system-center of gravity-center of mass. Its material composition theory is that multi-level particles rely on gravity and repulsion to form three States of matter and even everything.
Mathematically: geometric points; Physically: particles and center of gravity; Chemically: the combination and decomposition of particles; Astronomy: replacing celestial bodies with particles.
Third, the contribution to mathematics
1. 1664 invented infinite series and convergent series.
2. 1664- 1665 invented the limit method to make the tangent of the curve.
3. The binomial theorem was invented in 1665.
Fourth, in-kind contribution
1. Basic concepts:
2. Three laws of motion
The first law: not equal to the discovery of Galileo's concept of inertia.
The second law: the relationship between external force and inertial motion. Newton's function is to find f ∝ m and f ∝ a, so f=ma. This was discovered in order to discover the law of gravity. It was discovered after 1684 10, 2-3 months earlier than the discovery of the law of gravity.
The third law: discovered by studying the interaction between objects, applies to the motion of celestial bodies.
3. The law of universal gravitation
4. Optical achievements
Verb (abbreviation of verb) chemical contribution
1. Use a lot of experimental methods to study chemical action, even use self-made instruments and equipment. Bring your own assistant to do the experiment. Rise the wind of chemical experiments.
2. Many chemical symbols of elements and compounds were put forward, which was the forerunner of john dalton's later work.
3. Study the composition of matter with the theory of physical particle composition and the viewpoint of gravitational repulsion: put forward the theory that the smallest particles of the same kind-atoms are attracted to form particles and particles of different levels, up to more than seven levels, until objects can be seen.
4. Explain the combination, decomposition, dissolution and melting of substances with the magnitude of gravity. The difference in specific gravity of substances lies in the different combinations of particle fineness. It is easy to explain the change of three states of matter and the evolution between elements.
5. Put forward the material transformation and spiritual source between inorganic matter and organism from the point of view of particle and force; He analyzed and explained the transmission mechanism of sensory-nerve-brain-nerve-muscle-motor response from the viewpoint of electrostatic particles, which is very consistent with the sodium and potassium ion transmission theory of nerve transmission today. He ruled out the theory of mind, creationism and the dualism of nerve and body, and pursued materialism and scientific solutions.
6. Experiment and measurement of quantitative analysis and replacement relationship: In 1692, he realized that there is a given amount of chemical bonding relationship among acid, alkali and soil.
7. After Boyle, Newton played an important role in the process from metal smelting to chemical transformation. Through experiments, he gradually put the understanding of combination and decomposition into the scientific track from the viewpoint of scientific particles and forces. His work played a key role in breaking the superstition of creationism and alchemy.
The contribution of intransitive verbs to fluid mechanics
Newton dedicated the second volume of his Principles to the principles of fluid mechanics. He studied the resistance of various shapes of objects moving in static and low-speed fluids by experiments and calculus analysis, and put forward that the resistance is proportional to the square of velocity. He proposed the calculation of motion resistance of projectiles and circular moving objects in fluid. The pulse velocity in elastic fluid is directly proportional to and inversely proportional to the square of elastic force and fluid density respectively. These works have laid a solid theoretical and research foundation for low-speed fluid mechanics.
Seven, the comet theory, the moon theory and the universe system theory were founded, and Galileo's tidal theory was developed.
Eight, epoch-making contributions in science and culture.
1. Newton's scientific theory completely liberated science from the rule of medieval religious theology and creationism.
2. Separate the speculation between natural science and natural philosophy.
3. It laid the foundation of modern theoretical physics and theoretical mechanics, and initiated dynamics on the basis of predecessors' statics.
4. For the first time in human history, mechanics and motion principles were used to unify the laws of heaven and earth, and "God created" Vientiane was brought into the track of scientific exploration and understanding.
He invented calculus, which is one of the greatest mathematical discoveries in human history and provides the most powerful mathematical tool for the rapid development of modern science.
He combined the achievements of early modern science and made epoch-making and original contributions to many disciplines.
7. He combined the research methods of experiment, induction and analysis, systematized the mechanism and causal wheel with analytical and comprehensive mathematical methods, and became the representative of modern scientific methods.
8. Newton's atomistic view of matter, the scientific particle theory of matter composition, the interaction between dynamics and gravity, and the methodology of mechanical materialism have exerted great influence on science, education, culture and politics in Europe and even the world. It had a great influence on the French Revolution through the French Enlightenment and Encyclopedia. It is unprecedented that a scientist and his scientific theory have such a great social impact.
9. Newton's scientific theory is still an important part of all kinds of schools, from architecture and bridges to spacecraft, satellite design and aerospace are the main theoretical and computational foundations. It is not only not outdated and irreplaceable, but also plays an unprecedented role.
Due to the limitation of the times, Newton's scientific concept and theory have been used in the field of macro and low-speed motion, and modern science is embracing and developing it as an integral part.