Expression technique, in a broad sense, is the special way of organizing sentences used by the author in wording and expressing thoughts and feelings. What I recommend next is the language expression techniques and functions. Welcome to read.
1. Direct lyricism
That is, the author directly narrates his strong inner feelings in the article without concealing it, allowing the strong emotional torrent to pour out directly.
For example: The ancients are not seen in the past, and the newcomers are not seen in the future. Thinking about the long journey of heaven and earth, I shed tears with sadness. (Chen Zi'ang's "Song of Climbing Youzhou Terrace") The whole poem has a generous and sad tone. Through waiting for Youzhou Terrace, it directly expresses the poet's grief, anger, frustration and depression about the difficulty of achieving his achievements and empty ambitions.
2. Use scenes to express emotions
Express the author’s feelings through descriptions of real scenes.
For example: Smoke cages, cold water, moon cages and sand, mooring in Qinhuai at night near a restaurant. The merchant girl didn't know the hatred for the country's subjugation, but she still sang "Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river. (Du Mu's "Po Qinhuai")
The first two sentences of the poem describe the scenery, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scene described is not a clear moonlit night or a cloudless blue sky, but a misty smoky moon covering cold water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's worry in the last two sentences. The two scenes blend together and become one.
3. Expressing one's ambitions through things
It is a kind of indirect expression of emotion. To express one's ambitions through things is to use the feelings and thoughts to be expressed with the help of something or something. Describe and express the discussion.
For example: Drooping down to drink clear dew, the sound of flowing water flows out of the sparse tung trees. The reason for speaking loudly and staying far away is not to borrow the autumn wind. (Yu Shinan's "Cicada")
The image of the cicada described in the poem is: the cicada hangs its tentacles on the branches to drink the clean dew, and bursts of cicada sounds come from the sparse sycamore trees. Being at a high place, the cry naturally travels far, not relying on the power of the wind. In the poem, the real sentiments of life that the author wants to express are: All people with noble character always set strict demands on themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation. Therefore, their good reputation can spread far and wide without relying on other people's bragging. It can be seen that writing about cicadas is the basis, but expressing one's feelings and aspirations is the real purpose.
4. Blending of scenes
The author’s subjective feelings are integrated into the description of the scenery, so that the poem achieves the "unity of things and myself". It is difficult to distinguish which is "scenery" and which is "scenery". "love" realm.
For example: Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air is getting better day by day and the birds are flying back and forth. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it.
On the surface, the poem describes the scenery, but in fact it implies the poet's emotional state of being detached from the world, loving nature, and far away from officialdom.
5. Combination of movement and static
Refers to the description of people, things, and scenes when they are in motion or relatively static.
For example: when the moon is dark, you can see fishing lanterns, and there is only a little firefly in the lone light. A slight breeze stirred up the waves, scattering stars all over the river.
The whole poem uses line drawing to describe the scenery the poet saw on the boat at night. The first two sentences describe static, and the last two sentences describe dynamic. One movement and one stillness, complementing each other.
6. Use movement to contrast stillness
It is one of the contrast techniques, that is, through the description of movement, rendering contrasts with static, that is, showing static in dynamic description.
For example: The sweet-scented osmanthus falls when people are idle, the night is quiet and the spring mountains are empty. The moonrise scares the mountain birds, and they sing in the spring stream. (Wang Wei's "Birdsong Stream")
The scenery described in the poem, such as falling flowers, moonrise, birdsong, etc., are all moving scenes. At the same time, through these moving scenes, the tranquility of the spring stream is more highlighted. . "Mountains are more secluded when birds sing." You can see stillness in the movement, and the more still you can see it, this contains dialectics.
7. Writing sadness in a happy scene
It is a kind of contrast technique. On the surface, it writes a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a kind of sadness. , sad emotions.
For example: The morning rain in Weicheng is lightly dusty, and the guesthouses are green and green. I advise you to drink a glass of wine and leave Yangguan in the west without any old friends. (Wang Wei's "Send Off the Second Envoy of the Yuan Dynasty to Anxi")
It seems that the poem shows a warm and fresh spring scenery, but the poet is uneasy and melancholy because of the farewell to his old friend and the experience of his old friend. It can be seen that the sadness of Le Jing can better highlight the poet's sadness in bidding farewell to his friend and his concern and sympathy for his friend's life after leaving Yangguan in the west without any friends.
8. Use scenery to express feelings
In the process of discussion or lyricism, the poem stops abruptly and turns to describing the scenery, ending with the feelings of the scene, making the poem "heartless at this time" "It's better than love", which seems to be unfinished.
For example: The pipa dances to a new sound, always leaving the old feelings behind. I can't stop listening to the excitement, but the autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. (Wang Changling's "Seven Poems on the Military March")
The first three sentences of the poem are all about the sound of music. In the concluding sentence, the poet gently opens a stroke to express the emotion with the scene. It was as if after drinking and having fun in the army, a vast and vast scene suddenly appeared with the Great Wall illuminated by a full moon: the ancient and majestic Great Wall was undulating, the autumn moon was shining high, and the scene was magnificent and sad.
At this time, are the conquerors full of homesickness, or are they eager to make achievements? Is it anxiety about reality or deep love for the motherland? …it’s unknown, leaving readers with unlimited room for imagination.
9. Use the past to satirize the present
This is a common expression technique in epic poems, using historical events to satirize the current dynasty.
For example: The six generations in Taicheng competed for luxury, and the wedding ceremony was the most extravagant. Thousands of households and thousands of doors become weeds, only for the sake of a garden flower. (Liu Yuxi's "Taicheng")
The whole poem takes Taicheng, the place where the emperors of the Six Dynasties lived and governed, as its title. It describes the indulgent and debauched life of the Six Dynasties, which is in stark contrast to the desolate scene of overgrown weeds. The contrast turns serious historical lessons into shocking concrete images, expressing the infinite emotion of mourning the past and hurting the present.
10. Rendering
One of the traditional painting techniques in my country, it was later borrowed to refer to the emphasis, repetition and other aspects of writing that are used to highlight characters and environments in literary and artistic creation. techniques.
For example: The autumn leaves of Jinjing sycamore are yellow, and the bead curtain is not rolled up by the frost at night. The jade pillow in the fumigation cage has no color, and I can lie down and listen to Nangong Qing's long leakage. (Wang Changling's "Autumn Poems")
The first sentence breaks the theme and describes the autumn scenery to exaggerate the atmosphere of the cold night in the palace.
11. Contrast
The positive foil among foils, also known as "setting off the clouds and supporting the moon". It refers to the technique of highlighting a certain mood of a character or emerging the image of a character through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere. This technique is often used in conjunction with rendering.
For example: when a traveler sees Luofu, he lowers his shoulder to smooth his mustache; when a young man sees Luofu, he takes off his hat and wears a bow; a tiller forgets his plow, a hoeer forgets his hoe; when he comes back, he or she is angry with each other, but they just sit and watch. Luofu. ("Mo Shang Sang")
The author intended to write about the beauty of Luofu, but he did not make any positive description of Luofu's beauty. Instead, he met Luofu by describing travelers, young people, cultivators, and hoeers. The various reactions such as exclamation, admiration, and obsession when applying highlight Qin Luofu's beauty, extending and spreading readers' associations throughout the text, thus indirectly forming an extremely active visual art effect.
12. Allusion
Allusion is a rhetorical method that uses words from historical stories or ancient books to illustrate one's point of view. Usage has both explicit and implicit uses.
For example: Who can ask: Lian Po is old, can he still make a living?
The poet compares himself with integrity, expressing his loyalty to serve others even though he is old.
13. Combining fiction and reality
Realistic writing refers to direct and positive narration and description of characters or events. Virtual writing refers to narration and description that uses side explanation or foil. The combination of fiction and reality means that two techniques are used simultaneously in narrative and description.
For example: crows roost in the white trees in the atrium, and the cold dew wets the sweet-scented osmanthus silently. (Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon on the Fifteenth Night")
The ground is as white as frost, and crows can be seen roosting. Although the poet did not explicitly write "moonlight", we can feel the "bright moonlight" everywhere. The real words "white ground" and "roosting crows" are written, and the virtual words "moon bright" are implicitly linked to the title of the poem "looking at the moon".