Italy:
(1) Dante: The Divine Comedy exposes the corruption of the church and the darkness and cruelty of feudal rule.
② Petrarch:. Firstly, humanism is put forward to oppose theology and the father of humanism.
(3) Boccaccio: "decameron" exposes the church, advocates the liberation of individuality and praises the secular pursuit.
Western Europe:
1. Shakespeare, England, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, Merchant of Venice, etc.
2. rabelais: French, a biography of a giant, advocates the liberation of personality.
3. Erasmus: Germany, criticizing and textual research on Christian classics in the spirit of humanism, Ode to a Fool.
4. Cervantes: Don Quixote
In Italy, there were "three outstanding literary figures" in the early Renaissance. Dante wrote many academic works and poems in his life, among which the famous ones are "New Life" and "Divine Comedy". Petrarch is the originator of humanism and is known as the "father of humanism". He was the first to call for the revival of classical culture and put forward the idea that "humanism" opposed "theology". Petrarch mainly wrote many beautiful poems, among which the representative work is Lyric Sonnets. Boccaccio is the founder of Italian national literature, and decameron, a collection of short stories, is his masterpiece.
In France, the Renaissance obviously formed two factions, one is optimates represented by Seven Star Poetry Society, and the other is Democrats represented by rabelais. The Seven Star Poetry Society, represented by Longsha and Du Beilai, has made outstanding contributions to language and poetry theory. They first put forward the idea of unifying national languages, which promoted the development of French national languages and national literature. But they rejected folk poetry and only served a few nobles. Rabelais is an outstanding humanist writer after Boccaccio and a representative of the French Renaissance Democrats. The Biography of the Giant, which he created in 20 years, is a realistic work interwoven with reality and fantasy, and occupies an important position in the history of European literature and education.
In Britain, the representatives are Thomas Moore and Shakespeare. Thomas Moore is a famous humanist thinker and the founder of utopian socialism. 15 16 Utopia, which he wrote in Latin, is the first work of utopian socialism. Shakespeare is a gifted playwright and poet. He, together with Homer, Dante and Goethe, is called the four great European writers. His works, such as Hamlet and King Lear, have complete structure, vivid plots, rich and refined language and outstanding personality, which represent the highest achievement of European Renaissance literature and have a far-reaching impact on the development of European realistic literature.
In Spain, the most outstanding representatives are Cervantes and Vega. Cervantes is a realistic writer, dramatist and poet. He wrote a large number of poems, plays and novels, of which Don Quixote, a long satirical novel, was the most famous, which had a great influence on the development of European literature. Vega is a dramatist, novelist and poet, the founder of Spanish national drama, and is known as the "father of Spanish drama". He is one of the few prolific writers in the world. He wrote more than 2,000 plays in his life, and more than 600 have been handed down to this day. There are religious drama, historical drama, divine drama, robe and sword drama, pastoral drama and other forms, which deeply reflect the social reality of Spain and are deeply loved by the masses. The most outstanding representative work is Yangquan Village.
Renaissance, a specific historical period in Europe, refers to the period when 13 rose in Italian cities, then spread to western European countries, and prevailed in Europe in 16 century, bringing scientific and artistic revolution and opening the curtain of modern European history, which is considered as the dividing line between the middle ages and the modern. Marxist historians believe that it is the dividing line between feudalism and capitalism. At the end of the Middle Ages, with the continuous invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire by Ottoman, the people of the Eastern Roman fled in succession, bringing a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics and artistic treasures to the commercially developed cities of Italy. Some advanced intellectuals in the emerging bourgeoisie carry forward the humanistic spirit through studying the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome and through literary and artistic creation. Renaissance is one of the three major ideological liberation movements in modern western Europe (Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment).