Once people take a back seat, like Jia Yi in Changsha, they look far and wide, but they can't see Chang 'an or their hometown.
There was a flute sound of "Plum Blossom" from the Yellow Crane Tower, and another drop of plum blossom was seen on the river bank in May.
I read this poem when I was a child. At that time, it could only be understood literally. I thought it was written by Li Bai when he was exiled to Changsha Road and passed by the Yellow Crane Tower! Later, after reading Biography of Li Bai and Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, I realized that during the Anshi Rebellion, Li Bai was exiled to Yelang on the charge of "disobedience", and the reason why he said "going to Changsha" was to compare his experience with Jia Yi's misfortune in the Western Han Dynasty. Jia Yi/Kloc-was only heard in counties when he was 0/8 years old, and Emperor Wendi called him a doctor. In his twenties, he was promoted to be a loyal doctor. Because of jealousy, he was framed by powerful people and moved to Dr. Wang in Changsha. The implication of the word "going to Changsha" not only contains the pride of comparing Jia Yi with himself, but also contains the resentment of innocent victims. The last sentence of the poem, "Plum blossoms fall in May in Jiangcheng", I thought for a long time, and changed the flute "Plum blossoms fall" to "Plum blossoms fall" for the rhyme of the poem. Until the "Cultural Revolution", I made a "mobile guest" and sent it from Beijing to the foot of Qilian Mountain. "I pray for six In the snow, and the passengers are colder." Only then can I understand the pun of "Plum Blossom Fall in May in Jiangcheng": it not only shows that Yu Di played the popular song Plum Blossom Fall at that time, but also implies the poet's mentality at that time-in the midsummer season in Jiangcheng, he felt the chill of spring when plum blossoms fell to England. I "thought" about this poem for more than 30 years before I "got" a little poetry. It's hard to say that I understand it all.
The above four aspects are only about how to read poetry, not including the knowledge about the appreciation of poetry art.
Old comrades should emphasize reciting when they learn to read poems. Reciting poetry can not only delay the decline of memory, but also deepen our understanding of poetry. Since ancient times, the so-called "poetry can't express meaning"-poetry often has no complete unified and exact explanation, and many poems have left room for imagination and aftertaste. Only by reciting it repeatedly can we taste its various meanings. At the same time, reciting poems is also a convenient condition for writing poems and words. As the saying goes, "It takes a thousand songs to know a friend, and a thousand swords to know a device." (Wen Xin Diao Long Yin Zhi) Poetry is memorized. When your mind collides with the objective reality, generating his thought sparks and his creative passion, all kinds of poetry creation routines, allusions, idioms and poetry vocabulary will emerge in your memory for you to choose from. Chairman Mao not only recited countless famous sentences of past dynasties, but also recited Lu Xun's old-fashioned poems. 1975 The name of the famous ophthalmologist who performed cataract surgery for him is Tang Youzhi. From the word "knowing", his old man's house remembered Lu Xun's "Mourning for Yang Quan", so he said, "Is it as lofty as in the old days? There are two reasons why flowers bloom and fall. " Why do you cry for Jiang Nanyu and for Simin? "Professor tang didn't understand. Chairman Mao wrote it to him with gauze blindfolded. On 1993, the centenary of Chairman Mao's birth, CCTV once broadcast and screened the story told by Professor Tang. Old people should pay attention to the method of reciting poems. Copying once can often deepen memory more than repeated reading, so it can be combined with learning calligraphy. Old people often forget the old by memorizing the new, so they should review the old poems while memorizing the new. Every three or five times, repeat the poem that has been memorized on the memory screen "can't be as straightforward as prose". The meaning of this sentence, in addition to "poetry should think in images", I think it also includes two characteristics of poetry: one is artistic exaggeration, the other is implicit implication. These two points are often difficult for beginners.
Poetry, like other literature and art, comes from life and is higher than life. However, compared with other literary forms such as prose, novel and drama, poetry often relies on the poet's rich association, imagination and even fantasy for artistic exaggeration. Because in a few lines, if you tell the truth and describe it slowly, it is difficult to fully and forcefully express your feelings, so you must exaggerate or narrow the characteristics of some things to make the things described more vivid, typical and vivid, to fully express your feelings and to have a stronger artistic appeal.
Li Bai, a great romantic poet, was the first person to achieve the highest achievement of poetic exaggeration. Du Fu praised him as "white invincible, floating in the clouds, thinking differently." (Memories of Li Bai in Spring) Li Bai himself said: "Xing will shake the five mountains, and poetry will become a proud shore in Cangzhou." In Li Bai's poems, the expression of affection is not restrained, but gushed out, pouring down thousands of miles. When ordinary words are not enough to express his passion, he exaggerates boldly; When things in real life are not enough to describe, compare and symbolize his thoughts and wishes, he resorts to unrealistic myths and all kinds of bizarre and amazing fantasies. For example, Nanpu Song (Part 15):
White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow like a beard.
I don't know where to get autumn frost in the mirror.
How can white hair be "three thousands of feet" long? It turns out that the white hair of "Three thousands of feet" is born of sadness and grows because of sadness! The poet used the quip "I don't know where to get the autumn frost in the mirror" to set off and render it, and used a few crosses and strange sentences to express the grief and indignation of those who have unfulfilled their ambitions and are senile. In his masterpiece "Difficult Road to Shu", there are many sighs of "Difficult Road to Shu, Difficult to Go to Heaven". The reason why it can strike a chord with readers is because of its extreme exaggeration. Before the invention of the airplane, it was impossible to climb the blue sky, and it was even more difficult to climb the Shu Road. This is completely untrue. But it is precisely because of this big blow, special blow and strange blow that it has formed its eternal artistic charm.
Many of Li Bai's famous sentences, which have been passed down through the ages, are mostly created by poets with their peculiar imagination for artistic exaggeration. For example, when Xie Tiao Villa in Xuanzhou bid farewell to Minister Shu Yun, he used the phrase "Although the water flows, I cut it with a knife" to set off "raising a glass to ease my worries, adding more worries to them". Chivalrous man: "The Covenant of three cups is the lightness of five mountains." Take the five mountains as light and exaggerate the importance of chivalrous promises. "The Ballad of Elegant Style": "Speak out of turn and trust your friends, facing Jiu Feng." Mountain peaks are also used to exaggerate the estrangement and suspicion between friends. "Let me, 300 bowls, a long drink!" Who can drink so much (Entering Wine) or Worrying about Drinking Two Thousand Stones (Jiangxia gives Wei Nanling Ice)? It is this artistic exaggeration that expresses the poet's boldness and deep resentment. "Waves like snow come from mountains" and "Three mountains move together with shock waves" (Hengjiang Ci) are used to describe the choppy waters in the river. The height of the mountain is described as "barely less than a foot from the highest cliff" ("Difficult Road to Shu") and "Raise your hand and cast your feet in the near moon" ("Climbing Taibai Peak"). Use "a gust of wind blows down the mountain in three days" (Hengjiang Ci) to describe the gale; "Yan Shanxue is as big as a seat" ("Northern Fashion") describes snow; Use "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun" ("Gift to Wang Lun") to describe family ties. These artistic exaggeration can be said to be full of atmosphere and imagination. The most thrilling is the last two sentences of Popular in the North, which describe the nostalgia and grief of northern women for their husbands who died in war: "The Yellow River can hold soil, but the north wind hates rain and snow." When in Rome, do as the Romans do, and never return, how can the Yellow River be blocked? What is said here is that the Yellow River can accommodate the earth, but it is difficult to give up the hatred for the fourth husband's wife. In a few words, I can see how deep and strong the sadness and indignation of the wife of the fourth husband are!
It is also true that people always associate artistic exaggeration with romanticism. Romantic creation needs the help of artistic exaggeration. But artistic exaggeration is not romanticism? Quot patent ",realistic creation also needs artistic exaggeration. Du Fu, a great realistic poet, praised Li Bai, saying, "The pen fell astonishingly, and the poem made the gods cry. "Is it extremely exaggerated? One of the artistic features of his poems is that he is good at using strong artistic contrast to make a typical summary of real life. For example, "Zhumen wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones. "(from Beijing to Fengxian, 500 words to recite) just two sentences condensed the huge social content at that time-sharp class opposition. In particular, those famous poems and sentences that describe the great suffering brought by war and extortion by the ruling class give full play to the effect of artistic exaggeration and are fascinating to read. For example:
The army is generally recruiting troops, and the war has permeated Lu' an. The remains of a tree and a blade of grass, a blade of grass and a blade of grass, are all red on the beach.
Why is hometown a paradise? Ann dares to linger! Resolutely abandon the hut and go to the front, the sky is really broken!
("Farewell the old and welcome the new")
Stark sounded the fifth watch, drums and horns rang, and stars and Tianhe danced on three mountains.
I heard the wailing of women in the distance. After the battle, they fished for firewood one by one.
(Pavilion Night)
War horses are not as good as ploughing horses, and the war has left only 100 households in the original thousand households.
Mourn the widow's death and wail where Yuan Qiu Village is!
(Bai Di)
It is said that men and women are everywhere, and cutting kindness and forbearance is also a matter of renting a house.
(Sui Yanxing)
Du Fu is also good at using artistic exaggeration to blend feelings into the scenery. For example, "petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness." When I was sad, the flowers shed tears and the birds were shocked! Another example is "and its kingfisher tip-blue is surrounded by frost and rain at 2,000 feet in the sky" in Cooper's Travel. How can there be such a thick and tall cypress tree in the world! He used this exaggeration to describe the ancient cypress in Wuhou Temple, aiming at symbolizing the greatness of Zhuge Liang's personality and expressing the poet's reverence. He is also good at using artistic exaggeration to profoundly reveal real life, express the pursuit of beautiful ideals, and combine realism with romanticism. For example, there are a few words at the end of the song "The Hut is Broken by the Autumn Wind": "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and the poor people in the world are happy, and the wind and rain will not move." Oh! "Suddenly seeing this house in front of me, it is enough for me to freeze to death alone!" With strange fantasies, the poet declared that he would rather "freeze to death" than get the warmth of the poor people on earth.
Chairman Mao's poems inherited and developed the excellent artistic heritage of China's classical poems, reflected the magnificent revolutionary struggle of China people, expressed revolutionary pride and formed a unique style combining revolutionary realism with revolutionary romanticism. In many of his works, he made full use of romantic artistic exaggeration with rich imagination and novel ideas. Here, for example, he wrote "three sixteen-character orders" on the way to the Long March:
Mountain, the horse hasn't got a whip yet. Looking back, I was only three feet away from the sky.
In the annotated ballad, the author said, "There is Skull Mountain on the top and Babaoshan on the bottom, three feet and three feet away from the sky. People have to bow their heads, and horses have to dismount. " And the word just says: "The horse is galloping, and the whip can't fit the saddle." This is similar to Li Bai's artistic exaggeration in Popular in the North, that is, "The Yellow River can irrigate scholars, and the North Wind hates rain and snow". Chairman Mao's "No Saddle" is set off by folk songs, while Li Bai's "The Yellow River holds the soil" is set off by allusions. Biography of Zhu Fu in the History of the Later Han Dynasty: "People who are still on the riverside hold the soil and plug Jin Meng, but they don't measure themselves." For the sake of extreme exaggeration, what allusions, what folk songs, and what is justified, I just sing against you! "Looking back, I am only three feet away from the sky." This not only describes the preciseness of the mountain, but also sets off the heroic image of the Red Army galloping in Shan Ye, expressing the joy and pride after conquering difficulties.
Mountains, rivers and seas, huge waves. Rushing, ten thousand horses are still fighting.
Here, the artistic exaggeration of turning static into dynamic brings the ups and downs of Qian Shan Wanling to life. The magnificent scene of "crossing the river" symbolizes the Red Army's galloping and heroic fighting, and the scene of "Wan Ma Benteng" shows the Red Army's vigorous fighting spirit and revolutionary optimism.
Mountain, pierce the sky, not residual. Heaven wants to fall, follow it.