Tang Dynasty: Du Fu
I heard that Dongting Lake is magnificent before, but today's wish has finally reached Yueyang Tower.
The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water.
There is no news from my friends or relatives. I am old and sick, drifting in a boat.
The battle of the north gate began again, and I cried through the railing.
Translation of "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower"
I've heard that Dongting Lake is magnificent before, and today I finally boarded Yueyang Tower as I wish.
The vast lake separates Wu Chu, and the whole world seems to float in the lake day and night.
There is no news of relatives and friends, and there is only one boat to accompany them when they are old and sick.
The war in the north of Guanshan has not stopped, and tears are dripping from afar.
Notes on "Climbing Yueyang Tower"
Dongting Lake: Dongting Lake is the second largest freshwater lake in China, located in the north of Hunan and the south bank of the Yangtze River.
Yueyang Tower: the west gate of Yueyang City, located in Yueyang City, Hunan Province, next to Dongting Lake, is a tourist attraction.
Wu Chu sentence: Wu Chu is in the southeast of China.
Chè: Split.
Gan Kun: refers to the sun and the moon.
Floating: The sun, the moon, the stars and the earth float on Dongting Lake day and night.
Not a word: nothing.
Word: here refers to letters.
Old illness: Du Fu is 57 years old, suffering from lung disease, wind arthralgia and deafness in his right ear.
There is a lone boat: it is uncertain that there is only one leaf falling.
Army horse: refers to war.
Guanshanbei: the northern border.
Pingxuan: It's by the window.
Tears flow: tears can't help flowing.
Appreciation of climbing Yueyang Tower
This poem is a masterpiece of five laws in Du Fu's poems, which was called the first of the five laws in the prosperous Tang Dynasty by predecessors. On the whole, the beauty of mountains and rivers is both inside and outside the poem. Although sad, but not depressed; Although depressed, but not depressed. It reflects his style of caring about people's livelihood.
The first link is intertwined with reality, and the comparison between the past and the present expands the field of time and space. I have heard about the fame of Dongting for a long time, but it was not until my twilight years that I realized my wish to see this famous lake. On the surface, climbing Yueyang Tower for the first time was quite enjoyable. In fact, my original intention was to express my unfulfilled ambition in my early days. In the final analysis, it is to describe the brewing atmosphere of Dongting Lake.
Zhuan Xu is a vast Dongting. Dongting Lake is the Wu Chu, floating day and night, the waves lift the sky, endless, I really don't know how many clouds the old man swallowed in his chest! This is a quatrain about Dongting Lake, which was praised by Wang Shizhen as "a hero spanning the present". The scenery is so magnificent that it is dizzying.
The neck couplet is about the feeling that political life is bumpy, wandering around the world and powerless. "But no news of relatives or friends reached me" didn't get any help in spirit and material aspects; Since Kuizhou took his wife and children out of the gorge by boat in the first month of the third year of Dali, he roamed Hunan, taking the boat as his home, and the future was boundless, where to settle down. Facing Wang Yang in Dongting Lake, his sense of loneliness and crisis has increased. Self-narration is so lonely that it contains infinite affection in the sudden change and contrast of the extremely stuffy poetic realm.
At the end of the couplet, I wrote the sadness of seeing the country in turmoil and not being able to serve the country. There is a blank between the upper and lower sentences, which is memorable. The "past" beginning with "I have heard of Dongting Lake for a long time" can certainly cover the poet's activities in Chang 'an area for more than ten years. And this, in space, can be compared with "Guanshanbei". Cheng Xuan and Today echoed from beginning to end.
First couplet narrative, parallel couplet description, neck couplet lyric, tail couplet summary. The whole poem is "Climbing Yueyang Tower", but it is not limited to "Yueyang Tower" and "Dongting Water". The poet abandons the exquisite description of the scenery in front of him, and focuses on writing from the big picture, calling for heaven and grabbing land, worrying about the country and the people, tragic and desolate, which makes people cry. Looking back in time, it covers Wu Chu and Yueguan Mountain in space. The sadness of his life experience and his worries about the country are boundless, which blends seamlessly with the water potential of Dongting and forms a profound artistic conception.
This poem is the masterpiece of the five laws in Du Fu's poems, and it was called the first of the five laws in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. On the whole, the grandeur of mountains and rivers and the breadth of the poet's mind are both inside and outside the poem. Although sad, but not depressed; Although depressed, but not depressed. In the Song Dynasty, Hu Zai's Tiaoxi Fishing in Conghua quoted Cai Taiwa's Xiqing Poetry as saying: "Dongting is a grand view, and there are many people who wrote it in the past dynasties ... However, if Meng Haoran's" a cloud rises from a dream valley and has been besieging Yueyang City "is not true, the Dongting is vast and the weather is magnificent, just like in front of him. It is impossible to read Du Zimei's poems. There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth.' Shaoling has swallowed many clouds and dreams in his chest. "
The whole poem is pure fu, and it is a narrative style from beginning to end. In the past, some scholars thought that poetry used fu method, which had no image and poetic flavor. In fact, Fu method is an important way to visualize poetry, which is characterized by not paying attention to the language of poetry and the visualization of local things, but paying attention to creating the overall artistic conception of poetry. "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower" is a model of creating artistic images by using fu method. The artistic realm it has reached has made people feel that there is no artistic method or even language, but the poet's thoughts and feelings directly hit the soul.
The whole poem is mainly self-narrative and lyrical, sincere and touching; The description of the scenery is only three or four sentences, which is both true writing and imagination, making the weather in Dongting Lake magnificent and vivid.
The Creative Background of Climbing Yueyang Tower
In 767 AD (the second year of Tang Daizong Dali), Du Fu was 57 years old, only two years before his life ended. At that time, the poet was in a difficult situation, miserable, old and weak, suffering from lung disease and rheumatism, his left arm was withered, his right ear was deaf, and he lived by drinking medicine. In the third year of Dali (AD 768), Du Fu left Kuizhou (now Fengjie, Chongqing) and drifted along the river from Jiangling and Gongan to Yueyang (now Hunan). Boarding the long-awaited Yueyang Tower, overlooking from the porch, facing the vast and magnificent Dongting Lake, the poet sincerely admired; Then I thought that I was wandering in my later years, and the country was full of disasters. I couldn't help feeling a lot, so I wrote "Climbing Yueyang Tower" in Yueyang.
Appreciation of climbing Yueyang Tower
The story of climbing Yueyang Tower mainly shapes the poet's self-image and shows his thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Moreover, because this feeling is closely linked with personal suffering and personal ambition, the whole poem is more emotional, profound and touching in the contradiction between history and reality, between the country and the individual.
I've heard a lot about Dongting Lake, and now I'm on this tower. One thing is clear: the poet's longing for Dongting Lake has a long history, which is a natural feeling in narrative writing. But after all, this is a yearning for the past. It seems that their feelings should be happy when they board Yueyang Tower. Because years of longing have come true, I must be happy. But if you savor it carefully, you can't see the word happy in the sentence, and you can't get what you want. This is especially true in the following areas. In fact, there is a long time between "past" and "present" in these two sentences. The author has opened this distance and left it to the readers to imagine and remember, instead of filling it with simple words such as "happiness" and "sadness". The ancients said that "the beauty of metrical poetry lies in the absence of words", which is the absence of words. Between the past and the present, the sky is changing, the earth is changing, the country is changing and people are changing. The Anshi Rebellion, the decline of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, the people's deep disasters and Du Fu's personal tragic experience all condensed in Du Fu's mind and boarded Yueyang Tower with the poet. He is unhappy. It should be said that "and now I have finally boarded this tower" has been yearning for many years, but it is only now that I have been boarded. This is a sigh, and there is a feeling of worrying about the country and the people and hurting the world. This sigh, like the introduction of an aria, opened the next movement. Here, we should also pay attention to the word "water", the title is "climbing Yueyang Tower", but the first sentence is Dongting Lake, and the second sentence is Yueyang Tower, and it is "Dongting Water" instead of Dongting Lake. This word "water" is obviously prominent, which captures the main characteristics of Dongting scenery, indicating that the following is mainly about "water".
There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the endless floating of heaven and earth. This is a famous saying. First, the terrain of Hudong and Wu Chu is like a crack, and then the world floats on the lake day and night. The artistic conception is magnificent and magnificent. Meng Haoran also wrote a famous sentence about Dongting Lake: "In August, the lake here is in harmony with the sky, and the clouds and Meng valleys are foggy and surround Yueyang." Extremely vivid. Compared with Meng Haoran's four sentences, Du Fu's two sentences are slightly better. In Meng's poems, the word "shake" is used with great momentum, while in Du's poems, the word "float" is used more naturally. The word "shake" is extracted from refined words, and the use of "float" requires not only refined words, but also in-depth observation and mastery of objective reality in order to truly and profoundly reflect reality. In particular, Du Fu's two sentences and poems are unified, integrated and profound; Meng Shi's whole poems are top-heavy and have some shortcomings. These two sentences are scenery writing, but they can't be regarded as pure scenery writing. They permeate the poet's mind. "There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth" reveals the disintegration of the Tang Dynasty and the instability of the national situation.
These two sentences "but there is no news from relatives or friends, I am old and sick, alone with my boat" are the poet's own situation. "Not a word" means no news, no news. "No news from relatives and friends has reached me" is about the poet's loneliness, but the main reason is that he has no news and does not understand the situation in North Korea and the local area, that is, the situation of the whole country. For a poet who is obsessed with the king, the country and the people, it is a kind of loneliness forgotten by society, which is undoubtedly very painful in spirit. "Lonely boat" refers to the poet's family living in a small boat, without news, old, weak and sick, wandering alone, and the misery of spirit and life can be imagined. Understanding these two sentences should be linked with the first two sentences. The first two sentences are looking into the distance. Looking around, water is connected with the sky, which is linked with Wu Chu and the whole Gankun. Look at these two sentences carefully, what you see is a lonely boat, which is what touches him most at close range. So this reminds him of his life experience, experience and situation. It can be said that these two couplets are born from the scene, but the first two sentences mainly say what you saw in the scene, and the last two sentences mainly say what you saw outside the scene caused associations.
These two associations are also closely related in connotation. On the surface, it seems that there is no connection, but in fact it is the same strain. Since these last two sentences are about his lonely and miserable situation, it should be inferred that the first two sentences are more than just scenery. In fact, the first two sentences symbolically and analogously imply the turmoil of the country's situation by writing a vision. It contains the sequelae of the Anshi Rebellion: the decline of the Tang Dynasty, the suffering of the people, the intrusion of foreign nationalities, the disintegration of the country and the instability of society, the lack of ministers of pillars and so on. These are unforgettable things in Du Fu's wandering. It is precisely because the poet cares about state affairs and civil affairs that he cares. So when he saw the vast Dongting Lake, he would feel as if the earth had cracked and Gankun was floating day and night. Judging from Du Fu's consistent ideological realm of worrying about the country and the people, he will definitely think of these when climbing Yueyang Tower. It can be said that I didn't expect these to be Du Fu. It is precisely because the poet's chest is churning with people's worries about state affairs and civil affairs that he naturally evokes the sadness that he can no longer display his ambitions. So this kind of sadness of being alone, old, weak, sick and unable to hear the news naturally welled up in my heart. Among the two couplets, the upper couplet is big, the lower couplet is small, and the size is in contrast, which also contains the poet's infinite feelings As far as the scene is concerned, the first one shows the vast Dongting Lake, and the second one draws a boat on the water. The lake is rough and the boat is floating. Although the size varies greatly, they are unified in one painting. If Dongting Lake is compared to the whole country, then the lonely boat is the poet Du Fu himself. This is a symbol. This harmonious contrast not only contains the sadness and injustice of the poet's life experience, but also reflects the close connection between the poet and his own destiny and the destiny of the country. The poet stood on the Yueyang Tower, looking at the lake, looking at the boat, thinking of the country, thinking of himself, and all kinds of feelings haunted him. "If it is not wide, it will be narrow and not bitter. If it can be narrow, it will be wider." Compared with the "lone boat", "Gankun" is broader, while the narrow one is more lonely.
Tail joint "There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall." As far as the poet is concerned, from Dongting Lake to Chang 'an, across the mountain, the war is burning in the north. Specifically, at that time, Tubo invaded, threatened Chang 'an, the war continued, and the country was restless. "How can I not cry by this railing?" Du Fu leans against the window of Yueyang Tower and looks north. Although Chang 'an or the war can't be seen across the mountain, in his mind, there are scenes of Tubo invasion, Chang 'an crisis and people's suffering, and he can't help crying. These two sentences are two scenes: one is the war near Chang 'an in the northwest, and the other is the old poet leaning against the window on Yueyang Tower. The two constitute a painting, the former is what the poet thinks, and the latter is the poet's own real scene. Chang 'an and Yueyang Tower are thousands of miles apart, but there is no such distance in the poet's heart. This is really in Dongting and the heart is in Chang' an. The lonely boat is small, but it contains the whole world. In an aging and sickly body, there is also a sincere heart that cares about the country and the people. At the same time, the phrase "north of this wall, there are wars and mountains" clearly shows that when the poet climbed Yueyang Tower, he was thinking about the turmoil in the country. This shows that the second couplet is not just about scenery. The third joint is more than just writing about your loneliness. "How can I not cry by the railing?" It reflects the poet's helplessness and extreme depression after comparing the current situation of the country with his own lonely situation, and vividly and profoundly shows Du Fu's mental pain in his later years. Mental pain is mainly helplessness.
The whole poem is in quadruplicate, with the word "Deng" in the first couplet, focusing on the characteristic "water" of Dongting scenery. I wrote about yearning for Dongting Lake when I was young and ambitious. Now that I am old and sick, I can only sigh. It opened the curtain for the scenery and lyricism behind. Zhuan Xu wrote about the vastness of Dongting Lake, creating an infinitely vast and magnificent realm, which implied worries about the current situation of the country. With the help of a boat on the lake, the Abdominal Union wrote its own experience and loneliness, and entrusted the poet with the pain and injustice of not serving the country and the people. William created a realm of mind in Chang 'an, and completed the image-building of a patriotic poet and a people's poet who cares about the country and the people.
The main artistic achievements of this poem are as follows.
First of all, the work uses a variety of expression techniques. Although the work has only eight sentences, it uses a variety of expressions. The first two sentences use narrative techniques to explain the reasons for boarding Yueyang Tower. Three or four sentences use descriptive techniques to outline a magnificent picture of Yueyang Tower, and also use imagery metaphors in the description to enhance the vividness of the works. The last two sentences of the work are also lyrical to reveal the poet's inner world and open up the artistic conception of the work.
Second, the content and feelings of the work have made a great leap. In terms of content, the opening couplets describe the process of the poet climbing the building, including the time jumping process of "past" and "present". In couplets, poets write about themselves from couplets to Dongting Lake, which spans from small to large. In the scene, it jumps from the ground of Wu and Chu to the sky of the sun and the moon. When it comes to the couplet, the poet turns back to his own description, and there is a leap from big to small between the couplet and the couplet. At the end of the couplet, the poet expanded from the description of personal life experience to the description of state affairs, and the couplet was another leap from small to big. When writing national affairs, there is still a process from national tragedy to the poet's emotional expression. This constitutes the characteristics of vertical and horizontal openness and strong jumping. Judging from the poet's emotional development, the first couplet contains joy, the parallel couplet is magnificent, the neck couplet turns bitter, and the tail couplet turns sad. With the progress of poetry, the poet's feelings show the artistic characteristics of constant change and strong jumping.
A Brief Introduction to the Author of "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower"
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, is called "Du Gongbu" and "Du Shaoling" in the world. Born in Fugong County, Henan Province (now gongyi city, Henan Province), he was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu is regarded as a "poet saint" by the world, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu and Li Bai are called "Du Li" together. In order to distinguish them from the other two poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu, that is, "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li". He is concerned about the country and the people and has a noble personality. About 65,438+0,400 of his poems have been preserved, and his poetic skills are exquisite, which is highly respected in Chinese classical poetry and has far-reaching influence. He lived in Chengdu from 759 to 766 and was commemorated by Du Fu's Caotang.