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wuyue trip.
Du Fu just finished his bar mitzvah ceremony. Du Xian, the father of Yanzhou County Magistrate, was not bound by the traditional old saying "Parents are here, don't travel far", but encouraged Du Fu to bid farewell to his relatives and travel far. He even told Du Fu before he left that he must take time to visit two people in the south. One is Du Fu's uncle Du Deng, and the other is Du Fu's uncle He?
In this way, 2-year-old Du Fu, with a dream of flying, went on the road in high spirits.
Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, spent most of his life wandering, with only a few short-lived official careers. This profound experience is a difficult life for Du Fu personally, but for Tang poetry, it has formed his depressed poems. He was named "Poet Saint", and together with Li Bai, he was a Gemini in the Tang Dynasty. Although my life is bumpy, a trip to the south of the Yangtze River in my youth is a rare journey of freedom and aesthetics. From Jiangning to wuyue, Du Fu, who had just passed the age of weak crown, had a four-year youth journey. Xiushan Lishui in the south of the Yangtze River not only nourishes his young and brilliant poetic heart, but also nourishes everything, silently shaping his aesthetic and life interest.
Jiangning: boating on the lake and playing chess leisurely.
Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty was a transit point of the ancient canal, leading to Yongji Canal in the north and warm south in the south. He set out from Luoyang, crossed Huaishui and Yangou at Jingkou via Guangji Canal, and arrived in Jiangning, now Nanjing, after a few days' journey.
This is also the first stop of Du Fu's trip to the south of the Yangtze River.
Du Fu, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, must have experienced its charm in the poems of his predecessors Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao. However, his whereabouts in Jiangning were erratic and short-lived. It can be traced back that he went to a temple called Waguan Temple, where he got to know Vimalakirti, a great painter of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Gu Kaizhi. The crock temple in the Tang Dynasty was already a well-known temple. Before Du Fu went to pay his respects, the great poet Li Bai had already visited and wrote a poem "Dengwa Coffin Pavilion". Why did these two great poets, known as the Gemini in Tang Dynasty, go to the same temple?
This must have something to do with the profound cultural precipitation of the Crock Temple.
according to the year of the stone tablet of Waguan Temple, "the temple on the left side of the river precedes the crock. The Jin Dynasty was built in the former site of Taogong, hence the name earthen pot, which is a coffin. Or: There used to be monks chanting scriptures here. When you die, you are buried in a coffin, and the lotus flower opens on the tomb, so it is called a tile coffin. There is a tile coffin pavilion in the middle, which is 25 feet high. " By the Tang Dynasty, there were three unique crock temples, namely the five-body Buddha statue made by Dai Kui, the jade statue of the lion country and the statue of Vimalakirti by Gu Kaizhi. Probably, it is these three wonders that have attracted countless scholars and poets. Sure enough, Du Fu was deeply attracted by Gu Kaizhi's Vimalakirti in Waguan Temple.
According to legend, Gu Kaizhi, a great painter who left classic paintings such as A Picture of a Woman's History in the painting history of China, was invited as a celebrity at that time when he rebuilt the crock temple, that is, he donated money. At that time, he smartly promised to donate millions-which was an astronomical figure at that time. Seeing that it was time to pay the money, Gu Kaizhi came to the temple and asked for a flour wall. After more than a month behind closed doors, the portrait of Vimalakīrti was completed. Just as he was about to nod, he said to the monk, "please give the first day watchman 1 thousand." The next day, 5 thousand. On the third day, you can take responsibility. " Soon, it raised millions of dollars.
The legend recorded in The Story of Jingshi Temple in may be just an anecdote passed down from mouth to mouth, but for Du Fu, the unexpected encounter with Gu Kaizhi's The Statue of Vimala was a good art education in his youth. This aesthetic reserve of field work, together with Gongsun Niang's sword dancing and Li Guinian's singing, constitutes a part of his aesthetic accomplishment.
Du Fu, who is slightly excited, just got a copy of a mural from Zheng Ba who accompanied him to visit the Waguan Temple. The evidence of this can be found in the "Vimalakirti" he wrote when he saw Xu Ba returning to Jiangning in Chang 'an at the age of 47. In the poem, "Golden corn hangs on the tiger's head, and its magic is unforgettable", which means that he got the rubbings and left a deep impression on them, and he will never forget them after many years. At the age of 51, he also said this mural when he wrote a poem entitled "The Wall of Xuanwu Zen Master" and "When did you take a picture of a tiger's head and Yingzhou was full of murals" in Chengdu. 56 years old, arrived in Kuizhou with illness. In the five-character poem "Ode to Huaifu in Autumn", he mentioned Gu Kaizhi's art with deep affection. There is no doubt that the phrase "Gu Kaidan is pure and fierce, and" Toutuo "is ten thousand volumes" still refers to this mural.
In Jiangning, he also had a close relationship with a monk named Min.
He often goes boating on the lake with this monk who doesn't know which temple he is hiding in Jiangning. He plays chess and talks about love in his spare time, which is very pleasant. Later, he recalled this happy time in the poem "Send Jiangning _ Master because of Xu Ba Feng", and brought a trace of nostalgia for his old friends:
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I haven't seen you for 3 years, and I sent a book with tears.
can the beauty of the old days come today, and who will inherit the new poems?
chess follows the stream to find bamboo, and the cassock recalls boating.
after listening to your words, I am an official, my head is white and I am only drunk.
Wu: Gu is nostalgic.
After Du Fu left Jiangning, he went to Wudi along the Yangtze River and the ancient canal. Du Fu likes roaming Jiangning, not only looking for and visiting the old, but also visiting mountains and rivers. But compared with Jiangning, his walking route in Wudi is much clearer, and his trail is roughly as follows:
Tai Su. This place, also called Gusu Mountain, was the place where He Lv, the king of Wu, looked out over Taihu Lake, because there was a platform on the mountain, also called Gusu Terrace. In 492 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, became the king of Wuzhong, becoming increasingly proud, and began to build large-scale buildings. The Gusutai, which he spent five years building, is a place where he plays and entertains luxuriously. According to Biography of Gou Jian's Conspiracy, Volume 9 of Wu Yue Chun Qiu, the establishment of this platform "made the roads often dead, the streets and lanes kept crying, the people were sleepy, and the sergeant was in pain". Just as Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and the beautiful women were immersed in joy and luxury, Yue attacked Wu, which was captured in 475-473 BC and lasted for three years. It is quite historic that when the Vietnamese army attacked, Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, led his cronies to flee to Gusu Mountain. When they survived here, Vietnamese soldiers behind him surrounded it in the mountains. There is no way to heaven, and there is no way to underground. Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, sighed and regretted not listening to Wu Zixu's advice, so he made himself like this. So he covered his face with a big towel and committed suicide, and Gusutai was also killed.
The prosperity of Su Dai and Binhe County witnessed the rise and fall of Wu, but Du Fu, who was devoted to Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun, could not stop boarding in Wu. Unfortunately, he can't see the romantic figure of literati such as Xie _ and Wang Xizhi here, and he can't find Xie Shu's prostitutes and Wang Xizhi's elegant collection. All he saw was the desolate back left by time.
Du Fu, who boarded Gusutai and looked out, actually had a little dream of going to Japan to help mulberry. Could it be that this is a wild dream of a Central Plains person near Taihu Lake?
and the tomb of Green Mountain. After hanging off Gusutai, Du Fu went to the cemetery where Wu Wang and Lu were buried together, which is the legendary Tiger Hill 3354, which more or less means tracing back to the source. This is a place where mysterious light shines in the river of time. According to legend, when Fu Cha, the filial prince of Wu, buried his father He Lv, he found his father's favorite swords, such as Zhu Bian and Yuchang, and buried them by a pool. Three days later, a white tiger appeared in front of He Lu's grave and turned to stone. This is the origin of the name "Tiger Hill".
Perhaps Du Fu loved eagles and horses all his life, just for the sword pool.
from a distance, it's just a tiger hill on a small mound. If you go in, you will find a cave. Qin Shihuang passed by on his southern tour and dug a sword. Although I found nothing, I still ordered people to dig deeply and made the sword pool later. If Du Fu ran to the sword pool, what he saw was the mottled stone shadow beside the desolate tomb.
cheung chau court. Du Fu came to the scenic Changzhou Garden, just in time for the lotus to bloom, and watched the graceful lotus stand upright in the wind. The fragrant lotus fragrance makes people feel relaxed and happy, as if the tiredness of the whole body has vanished. Du Fu, intoxicated by the fragrant lotus, may not know that the Changzhou garden he saw was the origin of Jiangnan garden and reached its peak in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties. To this day, it is also a business card that everyone in Suzhou wants to hand out.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the powerful country Wu built a large number of detached houses around the capital Gusu, which was also the source of gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. Changzhou Garden is compared with Shanglin Garden because of its vast land and prosperous gardens. Mei Cheng, a famous ci writer in the Western Han Dynasty, said with some appreciation when he remonstrated with Wu Wang Liu Bi: "It's better to cultivate forests, stay away from the palace, get together and have fun, and animals are not as good as circles. It's not as good as Changzhou's gardens, visiting Qutai and going on the road. "It's better than day and night. There is a saying in Jin's "Dai Zuo Si" and "Wu Du Fu" that "the pond is deep day and night, and Changzhou Garden is envied"; As well as the affectionate narration in Wu Di Ji, "It's better to be lonely than old, I would like to help the river, swim with General Sun on the Suzhou, and hunt the garden of Changzhou, and I am satisfied with my ambition", all of which witnessed the scale of Changzhou gardens and the beauty of the landscape. However, Changzhou Garden, which was founded in Wu, has experienced numerous natural and man-made disasters and wars in the history of more than 1,5 years, especially in the 12 years from 886 to 898 in the late Tang Dynasty, when various separatist forces competed for Suzhou, the famous Royal Garden of Wu was destroyed. Even so, it has not changed the impulse and passion of literati and poets in past dynasties to visit Changzhou gardens. Luo, Bai Juyi, Lu Guimeng, etc. have come here many times to compose poems.
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In this way, Du Fu's trip to Changzhou Garden is really lucky.
taber's tomb. In the history of China, modesty is a virtue. There are pears made in Kong Rong's daily life and Wu Taibo's submission to the king of a country. He is the eldest son of Gu Gongfu, the ancestor of Wu Taibo in Zhou Dynasty. He has two younger brothers: Zhong Yong and Ji Li. Later, Zhou Wenwang became Ji Chang, the son of Ji Li. In the distant era when the eldest son inherited the throne, it is said that the ancient duke foresaw Chang's "virtue", so he wanted to make an exception and pass the throne to the younger son Li instead of his great uncle, so that he could pass it on to Chang. After Taber knew his father's thoughts, he came to the south with his second brother Zhong Yong. Zhou's throne was successfully passed to the calendar, and then to Zhou Wenwang. When he arrived in Zhou Wuwang, Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty and unified the whole world.
Maybe this is just a legend of high mountains and flowing water, but Wu Taibo's land cutting is often taken for granted as a huge driving force.
In fact, Du Fu shared such humility. He lost his mother when he was young, and his father Du Xian was an official in Shandong. He spent his childhood at his aunt's house in Luoyang. Later, in the first year of Tianbao, when Du Fu wrote the epitaph "The Epitaph of Du Family in Jun Jingzhao County, Wannian County, Tang Dynasty" for his 31-year-old aunt, he mentioned such a detail: "Fu was ill at my aunt's house, and her son was ill again. When she asked the witch, the witch said,' The one in the southeast corner of England is lucky. Therefore, Yi Zi's land is safe for me, and I use it to save it, and Yi Zi is a chess piece. Aunt knows the virtue of humility, "Ziyi's land is safe" Du Fu. Soon, Du Fu recovered, but her parents and children died.
Without the humility of his aunt, Du Fu's life would be another kind of scenery.
Judging from these well-documented place names, Du Fu stayed in Suzhou for a longer time. Whether he visited Tiger Hill or Changzhou Lotus, he recalled it in a poem many years later. The delicate and true plot shows his deep attachment to Wu. It's a pity that he can't find a poem written locally in Suzhou in his library. Huang Fan in the mid-Tang Dynasty said in "Preface to Du Gongbu Collection": "The poets in Jiangzuo are all famous for their works." The implication is that the literati in Jiangnan have been singing the poems he wrote during his stay in Jiangnan, but unfortunately they have all been lost, and none of them have stayed.
history is always so ruthless.
Taking a road of Tang poetry across the ground
The trip to Wu ended, and Du Fu came to the border of Wu.
It is impossible to verify the timetable of his roaming across the land, but it is clear that his crossing route is also a road often taken by poets in the Tang Dynasty, that is, the road later named East Zhejiang in the Tang Dynasty. The road of Tang poetry in eastern Zhejiang originated from Qiantang River, traced back to Shaoxing Jinghu Lake, along the East Zhejiang Canal and Cao 'e River, then turned south to Shexi, passed through Luozhou Mountain and Tianmu Mountain, and reached Liang Shi Waterfall in Tiantai Mountain. This ancient waterway is about 19 kilometers long. More than 4 poets passed by among the more than 2,2 poets recorded in The Whole Tang Poetry, and more than 17 talented poets passed by among the 278 poets recorded in The Tales of Tang Talents, which became a cultural landscape on the south bank of Qiantang River.
Du Fu went to Yuedi and was greeted by the water of Jianhu Lake and fair-skinned Yue Nv. How could Du Fu not have thought that this was once the hometown of Beauty Stone, and this beauty washed clothes here many years ago? Du Fu also saw the clear Ruoyexi. On both sides of the stream, a group of women wearing straw hats and white clothes are graceful. They squatted by the stream, holding sand as thin as cicada's wings and as white as nothing in their hands, swinging up and down on the water. The unexpected encounter with Du Fu's girl Huan Sha constituted his innermost impulse. It was from here that Du Fu went all the way south, along the mountains and rivers, and climbed the misty Tianmu Mountain in China's ancient poetry circle. This mountain, which was warmly praised by the poet Li Bai in his poem tianmu Mountain Ascended in a Dream, is so towering that Du Fu is obsessed with it.
Bai Juyi once said, "The mountains and rivers in the southeast are the first, the more face they face, and the eyes are the eyebrows." Du Fu, who walked in front of him, traveled to Huiji, Yudong and Tanxi by boat to Tianmu. He squandered his youth on this land on the south bank of Qiantang River. Because fate doomed him to run on the road all the time, but he has never been so wanton and happy as his trip to Jiangnan.
four years of wandering time, like a dream, is always awakened by the dawn of the world.
In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, the arrival of a letter from home forced him to stop roaming. The family wrote in the letter that the emperor would visit Luoyang, the eastern capital, and hold the imperial examination in a place called Futangguan, and he had to take part as a township tribute. Although Du Fu, who hurried to his hometown, ended in failure, Du Fu, who grew up in the house of Confucianism and ministers, had to follow the Grand Canal and go all the way up to his hometown Luoyang after receiving the letter, ending his romantic, frivolous and free roaming in wuyue.
what did Jiangnan travel bring to du fu?
Now, back to the original proposition, why did Du Fu roam the south of the Yangtze River?
this has to start with the wandering style of ancient literati. There are many forms of ancient China literati roaming, including official tour, frontier tour, seclusion tour, leisure tour and so on. This lifestyle, which originated from The Book of Songs, has been deeply influencing the development of ancient literature in China. In the Tang dynasty, the vast territory, open politics, strong national strength and relatively developed material culture all became the driving force for literati to wander. In this context, Du Fu's choice of roaming is not only a personal cultural choice, but also conforms to the trend of the times. He chose to go to Jiangnan for personal reasons. Although Du Fu left less than 5 poems 75 years ago, not even a specific poem about his roaming in wuyue, he later wrote a poem in Zhuang You.