What are pictophonetic characters and pictographic characters?

The three sources of pictophonetic characters occupy such a large proportion in Chinese characters, but these pictophonetic characters were not all created according to the original principles of pictophonetic characters at the beginning. Tracing back to the source, pictophonetic characters have three sources. First, pure phonetic loanwords and pictographs are the main sources of early pictographs. We found that one of the characteristics of writing at that time was that there were many foreign words. There are also two types of loanwords: one is that the original meaning of the words cannot be found. Loanwords specially designed for phonetic symbols. The original meaning of these words is difficult to verify, and they have become a special phonetic symbol. Sometimes the same phonetic symbol records several homophones, such as "Shi, Zhi, Ke, You, Ugly, Yin" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Although there is a definition in Shuowen, the original meaning of this word can't be found in ancient books. Therefore, according to the meaning of borrowing, pictophonetic characters are added to form pictophonetic characters. Another kind of loanwords transformed into pictophonetic characters is words with both original and borrowed meanings. Sometimes, such a word "has several roles" and uses it as an excuse to express the meaning of several words. For example, Yi and Shuowen are interpreted as "lizards, (insects). The original meaning of "Yi" should be "lizard". However, the pre-Qin classics often borrowed the meanings of "Yi" and "transaction". In some ancient books, it is also used as "giving, picking, tin and epidemic". For example, (1) "Book Mistakes": "A husband is a hundred paces away from Zhu, but he can't. Immunity. "Crazy Yi" means "crazy choice", which is a mental illness. The word "Yi" used in many places in the above ancient books is actually a foreign word with different meanings. Later, corresponding to these different meanings, together with the corresponding pictographic characters (ideographic characters), it became the pictophonetic characters "scorpion, give, pick and choose" A pictophonetic character composed of ideographic characters and phonetic symbols or pictophonetic characters. There are two kinds of pictophonetic characters: 1. Adding pictophonetic characters (ideographic symbols) to the original ideographic characters strengthens the category of meaning and preserves the pronunciation of the original characters, that is, putting the original characters beside the sound. For example, (1) "Cloud" is an explosive word. It means that it is related to rain, but the pronunciation is still pronounced as "cloud", so this word has become a pictophonetic word of "self-rain, cloud sound" (now this word is simplified as "cloud"). (2) "Autumn" is the initial of "Autumn", which is the pictograph of leather clothing. The word "Qiu" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is like fur. Then it was added. It's pictographic and comprehensible, like a sunset in the grass, which means sunset. After that, the word "day" was added under the word "Mo" to form a pictophonetic character of "from the day, not to the sound". There are many pictophonetic characters with the original ideographic (also called ideographic) and a new ideographic symbol. (There are more in Shuowen. For example, (1) "Appearance" is a simple ideograph, and the "white" on "Dui" is very similar to the shape of a human face. Later, the tone symbol "leopard" was omitted and written as "appearance", which became a pictophonetic character. (2) Therefore, the phonetic word "Bei" was added under the word "Zi", which became a pictophonetic word (from Zi, Bei Yin). Pictophonetic characters are created by pictophonetic characters. Things are developing, cognition is developing, and vocabulary in language is constantly supplemented and developed. After people master the method of pictophonetic characters, they can use the original basic characters as pictophonetic characters and freely construct new pictophonetic characters. Most of the new words since Qin and Han dynasties are these newly created pictophonetic characters. For example, pictophonetic characters with the shape of "Hui" are: "Satin, Skillfulness, Spinning, Shao, Fiber, Knot, Longitudinal, Nylon, Give, Embroidery, Weaving, Struggle, Tripping, Arrest, Success, etc. They are all pictophonetic characters. Make Chinese characters truly become a writing system with pictophonetic characters as the main body. As for the new words created in modern times, almost all of them are pictophonetic characters. For example, words representing metal elements: file, sensitive, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, vanadium-resistant, manganese, diamond, zinc and so on. Are gaseous elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, helium, fluorine, neon, hydrogen and chlorine. After the Han Dynasty, Chinese characters have actually become a writing system with pictophonetic characters as the main body. "White" is like the shape of a human face. First, the source of Chinese pictophonetic words (1) The vocabulary of ancient Chinese is characterized by monosyllabic words as the main body, Chinese characters are mainly used to write words, and one Chinese character records one Chinese word (only in a few cases, one Chinese character records one morpheme or one syllable). Words are the recording objects of words. It should be said that if there is a one-to-one correspondence between Chinese characters and words, it is the most ideal relationship. However, this is not the case. Some words are abstract in meaning and difficult to express by pictographic, referential and cognitive methods. Therefore, these words (including all function words and some real words) did not have their own writing form at first, that is, people could not create corresponding words to record them, but when they entered written communication, in order to solve the contradiction of not being able to create words, people used homophones to express them. For example, it is difficult to create a corresponding word expression for the interrogative pronoun "he", so they borrowed the word "he" to express the interrogative pronoun "he". In order to avoid confusion in written communication, people add an pictographic character to the word "He" to express the meaning of "burden" and "load", forming "He", and pictographic characters are produced. Another example is "Xu" (before simplification, it was "Xu"), which originally meant "beard" and "must" meant abstract. Beard, in order to avoid confusion in written communication, people have reformed "beard" and "beard", and added the pictophonetic word "beard" on the basis of "beard" to form the pictophonetic word "beard", in which "beard" is a pictophonetic symbol and "beard" is a phonetic symbol (Chinese characters are like "Ran Ran" Among these words, the former is either an pictograph, an indicator or a knower, and the latter is a pictograph. (2) Due to homologous differentiation, pictophonetic characters are produced with communication. In writing, a word form expresses multiple meanings, that is, writing a new word in the font of the mother, so that one word records multiple words, which will also cause confusion in communication, so people create another font for the already independent words to distinguish the new words from the mother. This independent neologism is related to its mother, and we call it a cognate word between neologism and mother. The two are closely related in meaning (this is completely different from homophone borrowing, which has nothing to do with this word in meaning, but is a homophone). To create glyphs for independent new words, pictophonetic characters are generally used, and glyphs are added on the basis of the original mother glyphs. For example, "responsibility" means "take" in ancient times, so debt collection is called "responsibility", and what is owed is called "responsibility". Therefore, on the basis of the word "responsibility", the word "debt" is added, which means "debt owed" and "debt" is a pictophonetic word. A typical example is the differentiation of "inferiority". The original meaning of "inferior" is wine vessels. In ancient times, slaves were often humble enough to serve their masters, so "inferior" means "despicable". At the same time, it also shows the * * * nature of this family word. In order to express the separated characters, a glyph is added to the original font to express its personality. Most people who hold "inferiority" are female slaves, so adding "female" forms "maid"; "Mustache" refers to the thigh, which is in the lower part of the human body, so "bone" is added to form a "mustache"; " "If" meter "is a low-rise building, add" wide "(wide, adjectives are generally related to architecture, read YM4N); "Monument" is a low vertical stone for observing the shadow of the sun, so adding "stone" forms a "monument"; " "Eh" refers to low-lying and wet land, and then "soil" is added to make it "eh"; "Fei" is a small drum, so add "drum" to "Fei" and so on. Due to homologous differentiation, a large number of pictophonetic characters such as "take marriage", "Jia Jia", "younger brother", "benefit overflow", "faint marriage" and "accept" are all formed by homologous relations. He said: "The main meaning of words transferred from annotations lies in formal symbols, such as' old' and' old',' sentence' and' to'. They don't speak the same language. Because of the same meaning, people who create new words use the words',' sentence' and' to'. As the main body. [1] Since a word can distinguish pictophonetic symbols, it must have phonetic symbols. Therefore, according to Mr. Tang Lan's point of view, eye-catching characters are also one of the sources of pictophonetic characters. We also agree with this view, but because people's understanding of Zhu Zhuzi has always been different, we do not regard it as an important source of pictophonetic characters. First, add comments to the initial text. So we can judge this pictophonetic character. For example, the two parts of pictophonetic characters "Shu" and "fish" belong to fish and are connected by ancient sounds. It can be seen that "Shu" is formed by adding "Yu" to the original "She". "She" Jiu Shang, of course? "Bubu": the word "Xie Touye" is ". Bae and Bae are formed by adding Bae to the original text. For example, "Ming 198O" means "Mom C". "Engraving" is a ritual activity. When used as a verb, it refers to the baa joint. So "baa" means "baa". However, it no longer represents the original meaning. Some of them are no longer used alone. Some initial characters were replaced, such as "catfish, chicken", and the initial characters originally representing hieroglyphs were replaced by the universal symbol "bird". Second, the purpose of adding notes to the original text is to clarify and distinguish the meaning of this word. By adding different signifiers, the original meaning of the original text can be clarified and distinguished respectively. Borrowed meaning and extended meaning can be roughly divided into the following four ways: the first is to add notes to real ideographic characters, and the first is the main structural mode in the early stage of Chinese character development, which constitutes the foundation of Chinese character development and provides building blocks for the generation of Chinese characters. These early ideographs have their own limitations. Under the general trend of phonology, they often add phonetic symbols to become new words. Used to distinguish words from meanings. For example, the first word of "chicken" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is pictographic, which is an ideograph. Later, phonetic symbols were added and later developed. Pictographic symbols were replaced by "birds" and became universal pictophonetic characters. Another example is the "teeth" of teeth, which are hieroglyphics of teeth. Later, on the basis of the original text, the phonetic symbols "zhi" and "ye" were added, which were from "forest" to "earth" in the bronze inscription. Added the phonetic symbol "Yu" in Shuowen. Phonography with these phonetic symbols gradually developed into variant characters with original characters, but with the development of phonography and becoming the mainstream, the original ideographic characters gradually became. Different from re-annotation, some parts of ideographic characters are transformed on the original basis to form new pictophonetic characters. For example, the "net" for catching rabbits in Oracle bone inscriptions has a pictogram of rabbits below, which is a word of understanding as a whole. Later, the word "rabbit" was changed to "harmony" and "determination" and became a pictophonetic character. The initial word of "He" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is pictograph, which indicates that. Later, the word "person" of "harmony" was simplified to a common single side, and the symbol on the body was changed to "ke", so that the whole glyph became a pictophonetic character with the sound of "person" and "ke". "Shame" is a cognitive word in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which means to worship things, from "being" to "sheep". Later, the word "you" was changed to "ugly", which became a pictophonetic character with the sounds of "sheep" and "ugly". These are pictophonetic characters formed by adding or changing phonetic symbols on the basis of ideographic characters. In addition, there are pictophonetic characters formed by phonetic symbols. After adding phonetic symbols, the original ideographic characters evolved into phonetic symbols, which played the role of phonetic notation. In one case, a large number of homonyms appear because of a large number of foreign words. In ancient Chinese, a large number of homophones will lead to confusion in recognition, so it is necessary to add pictographs to foreign words to distinguish and fix their meanings. For example, the original meaning of "teacher" is to learn from others. In the Han Dynasty, when it was borrowed as a lion's "lion", the two "teachers" became homophonic, which led to confusion and made it difficult to distinguish them clearly. In order to distinguish the two words, the word "yes" was borrowed. This not only distinguishes two homonyms, but also considers the attribution of the meaning class after borrowing, which shows that it is an animal meaning. Another case is the signifier added to clarify the extended meaning. It is an economical way for Chinese characters to expand the meaning capacity of a single word through extension. A group of extended meanings are related, but too many extended meanings will also cause some confusion, just like borrowing words. By adding a note to the extended meaning, the meaning can be stabilized. For example, the word "faint" at dusk means dusk, because ancient marriages were held at dusk, and "faint" extended to "marriage" of marriage. Because this extended meaning is easily confused with this word, the note "female" is added to stabilize its extended meaning, which also shows that it is a "female" and a "faint". Meaning. Another way to form pictophonetic characters is to mark attention symbols. It is to add a note symbol to clarify the original intention. The original meaning of some words becomes blurred after borrowing, but the original meaning is not obvious. For example, "it" itself is a snake hieroglyph. Later, because it was borrowed as a third person pronoun, the original intention was unclear, so the attention symbol "worm" was added to indicate its original intention. Another example is "ran", which is pronounced from "fire" and "stubborn" (Shuo Wen is stubborn, dog: meat also. From dog meat to meat. "The original intention is to roast dog meat with fire, which means to burn. Later, because it was used as an adverb, the original intention was not obvious, so a note was added to clarify its original intention. " On the contrary, its original text lost its original meaning and was used for other meanings. For example, after the note "ta" is added, its original text becomes a pronoun of the third person, which no longer expresses its original meaning. In addition, there is another method to generate pictophonetic characters, which is not the later pictophonetic characters, but the pictophonetic characters generated on the basis of the original pictophonetic characters. There were already 20% pictophonetic characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions period, but these pictophonetic characters. Changing a radical of the original pictophonetic characters can produce new pictophonetic characters. For example, the word "vibration" itself implies disaster relief. "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" said that "there is an order to give food to the poor, and it is exhausted": later, in order to make the meaning more accurate, the word "hand" of "vibration" was replaced by "shell" to express the gift. A new pictophonetic word "relief" has emerged to express the meaning of relief. The generation of pictophonetic characters is an important way to improve and develop Chinese characters. Through the above methods, it has gradually developed into the main structural mode of Chinese characters, accounting for more than 90% in modern Chinese, which not only conforms to the trend of phonography, but also takes into account the characteristics of Chinese. Although phonetic notation is the mature stage of Chinese characters, Chinese characters may not move towards pinyin, because Chinese characters are isolated languages. It has no rich morphological changes to distinguish symbols. If a Chinese character can carry pinyin, it is completed in its borrowing stage. The reason for turning to pictophonetic characters is that pictophonetic characters are the perfection of Chinese characters, not a development direction of phonology. Pictophonetic characters are the largest part of Chinese characters, and their characteristics are half ideographic and half phonological. People can guess the scope of the concept expressed by pictophonetic characters when they see one side of them. People can pronounce the sound of this word when they see the sound. This not only takes care of people's logical thinking, but also embodies the use of language. It is an advanced invention of ancient people in China, and it is difficult to distinguish it from hieroglyphics of similar horses. Therefore, the inscription of "Mule Zun" was added to the bronze inscription, but the meaning was more specific.