Sonnets are Italian sonetto, English sonnets and French sonnets. It is a lyric poem with strict meter in Europe.
Peterak's sonnets are neat in form and beautiful in rhyme. The main content is to praise love and express humanism. His poems opened up a new way for the development of European bourgeois lyric poetry in content and form. Contemporary Italian poets and later some poets in other countries regard Peterak's poems as a model of sonnets and try to emulate them. Each song is divided into two parts: the first part consists of two four-line poems, and the second part consists of two three-line poems, which are arranged in four, four, three and three. Therefore, people also call it Peterak's poetic style. Each line has 1 1 syllables, usually iambic.
Shakespeare's poems, which changed the format of Peterak, consist of three paragraphs and four lines and a pair of antitheses, that is, arranged in four, four, four and two, with 65,438+00 iambic syllables in each line. Its characteristics are vivid image, ingenious structure, strong musicality and easy contact. It often summarizes the content, points out the theme and expresses the ideals and feelings of the emerging bourgeoisie in the last pair of dialogues.
"onegin Poetry Festival" founded by Pushkin: each poem festival contains fourteen lines, each line contains four light and heavy steps, and each step has two syllables; Some of these fourteen lines end in a soft tone, which is called "Yin Yun" and has nine syllables (the last soft syllable does not constitute a step); Some people who have stress at the end of each line call it "Yang Yun", which has eight syllables; There is a strict coordination between the rhyme law of Yin and Yang and the rhyme law between lines of poetry.
The rhythm of poetry must conform to the national characteristics of language.
There is an obvious difference in vowel length between ancient Greek and Latin, so both ancient Greek and Latin poems form a rhythm of regular alternation of vowel length, including short long grid, short long grid, long short grid, long short grid and so on. Ancient Sanskrit poems mainly rely on long and short forms to form rhythm; There are obvious differences in pronunciation between German, English and Russian, so poetry forms a rhythm of regular alternation of light and heavy sounds, such as light and heavy cases.
Western poetry has no rhyme, and rhyme comes from Orientalism. Why did single rhyme spread to the west and develop into complex rhyme? Probably because the words in Indo-European are long and short, the syllable structure is not as neat as that in Chinese, and the stress position is changeable, which leads to different lengths at the end of the poem, creating conditions for the emergence of polyphony. Some lines end with stress, and some lines end with unstressed. How do they rhyme? -Then you have to rhyme with two sets.
Syllables are composed of phonemes, which are the smallest indecomposable units in speech and the pronunciation marks after letter combination. Phones are recognized by hearing, letters by vision, phonemes belong to pronunciation system, and letters belong to spelling system.
The foot, also known as the foot, is composed of syllables, that is, the foot in English (applicable to the whole Indo-European language family) poetry is usually defined as the length of rhythm, which is the basic unit of poetry rhythm. A sound group that expresses the rhythm of poetry. Also known as rhyme or rhyme. Poetry actually has two systems. One is phonology, which is expressed by rhythm, and rhythm is expressed by rhythm, which is rhyme step; The second is the spelling system, which is expressed by syllable combination and rhyme steps. The two systems are intertwined and inseparable. Only by combining the two can poetry have its own form of existence, and only then can it have the beauty of rhyme and form.
The most obvious difference between different styles of western sonnets is the difference in rhyme position and way (that is, rhyme form). When people mention it, they often pay attention to which line rhymes with which line first, but it is easy to ignore its structure. In fact, rhyme is closely related to structure: rhyme can connect several lines of poetry into sections, and rhyme change can separate different sections. The function of rhyme, to a certain extent, serves the structure of poetry.
Therefore, for sonnets, we should first study its internal structure, and then we can study rhyme and its spread in translation. As far as structure is concerned, Petrarch is two four lines plus two three lines, and Shakespeare is three four lines plus one two lines. We need to determine this framework first. As for how to rhyme a few lines, that is the next step.
Speaking of western rhyme, we can focus on four-character poems. Because quatrains are the most common typical poems in western poetry festivals. A quatrain has four rhymes:
The rhyme scheme is also called "rhyme" and "broken rhyme"-one, three, two and four lines (abab);
The rhyme scheme, also known as "ending rhyme" and "holding rhyme"-one or four lines, two or three lines (ABBA);
Rhyme scheme, also known as "rhyme"-one or two lines, three or four lines (AABB);
Ovrlap rhyme scheme, also known as "overlapping rhyme"-two lines rhyme (AA).
Because of the need of music harmony, the meter of sonnets is also quite strict, and in some places, the harshness (such as rhyming requirements) even exceeds that of China's ancient poems.
This poetic style has been widely used since Europe entered the Renaissance. The Italian poet Peterak became the most important representative who used sonnets. He wrote 375 sonnets in his life, which was included in the Lyrics Collection and dedicated to his lover Laura. In his sonnets, each poem is divided into two parts: the first part consists of two sonnets, and the second part consists of two sonnets, that is, arranged in four, four, three and three. Its rhyming formats include ABBA, ABBA, CDE, CDE or ABBA, ABBA, CDC, DCD and ABBA, ABBA, CDC, CDC and so on. There are eleven chapters in each line, usually iambic.
The origin of sonnets may come from the influence of love poems of minstrels among Sicilian court poets in the13rd century. Then it spread to Tuscany, where it reached its highest expression in his "canzonieri", a series of love poems written to "Laura", his idealized love.