Li Qing two years (1042), Wang Anshi Jinshi. He has successively signed judges in Yangzhou, magistrate in Yinxian and judge in Zhou Shu, and achieved remarkable results. In the second year of Xining (1069), he served as a political commissar, met with the Prime Minister the following year and presided over the political reform. Because of the opposition of the old school, Xining went on strike for seven years (1074). A year later, Song Shenzong was put into use again and retired to Jiangning. In the first year of the Fifth Yuan Dynasty (1086), the conservatives gained power and the new laws were abolished. Yu Ran died in Zhongshan (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and gave it to a teacher. Shao Shengyuan (1094) was named Wang Wengong by posthumous title.
Wang Anshi devoted himself to the study of Confucian classics and wrote books, which was praised as a scholar, created a new situation of Confucian classics and promoted the formation of the style of study in Song Dynasty. Philosophically, the five elements theory is used to explain the formation of the universe, which enriches and develops the thoughts of China and ancient naive materialism. The division between old and new philosophical propositions has pushed China's ancient dialectics to a new height.
Wang Anshi has made outstanding achievements in literature. His prose is clear, logical and persuasive, which gives full play to the practical functions of ancient Chinese prose. The article is concise, short and pithy, and ranks among the top eight in Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Deqi's poetic theory is thin and hard, good at reasoning and rhetoric. In his later years, the poetic style was subtle and profound, profound and simple, and he was unique in the poetry circle of the Northern Song Dynasty, and people were king. There are Wang Linchuan Collection and Linchuan Collection.
What is Wang Anshi's main achievement?
Reform and innovation
Main entry: Wang Anshi's political reform
The fundamental purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to change the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty, enhance the ability of external defense and internal pressure, and consolidate and strengthen feudal rule. It is nearly fifteen years from the second implementation of the new law to the abolition of the old school. In these fifteen years, although every new law inevitably has some disadvantages, it has basically achieved some results, especially in Qiang Bing, a rich country.
Changes in poverty situation
* * * Fiscal revenue has increased substantially. Through the implementation of a series of new fiscal management laws, the state has increased new fiscal revenue items, such as young crops, free surplus currency and low-interest currency. On the basis of developing production and sharing taxes, the fiscal revenue has increased substantially and the national treasury is abundant. During Song Shenzong's administration, the national treasury savings can be used for the government's fiscal expenditure for 20 years.
The new law suppressed the merger power of powerful landlords to a certain extent, and the young crop law replaced the usury of dominant households, limiting the exploitation of farmers by usury; The average land tax law limits the hidden tax evasion of bureaucrats and landlords; The market change law nationalizes part of the commercial profits monopolized by big businessmen, and attacks the manipulation and monopoly of the market by big businessmen. The implementation of the tax exemption law reduced the tax exploitation suffered by farmers, and vigorously built farmland water conservancy projects, which played a huge role in the development of agricultural production, social and economic development, and reduced the burden on the people, showing a prosperous scene that has never been seen in the past 100 years.
Improvement of weak situation
Reference entry: It is the general policy of Wang Anshi's political reform to change the phenomenon of poverty and weakness in Kaixi River, and the general purpose of the political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing. Through the implementation of the strong military law, the weak situation was alleviated and the national strength of the Northern Song Dynasty was enhanced. The implementation of Jiabao Law strengthened the feudal ruling order in rural areas, maintained the social order in rural areas, established the national military reserve, and saved a lot of training expenses. Cutting the art of war has improved the quality of military soldiers; Sun Tzu's Art of War changed the situation of separation of soldiers and generals and strengthened the combat effectiveness of the army. The invention greatly improves the quality and quantity of horses, and at the same time saves a lot of horse raising expenses; The Military Equipment Supervision Law has increased the production and quality of weapons.
Qiang Bing's political reform measures reversed the passive situation of northwest frontier defense. In the sixth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (1073), Wang Shao, the messenger of Xihe Road, under the command of Wang Anshi, led an army to attack Tubo, recapture five states, such as He, Tao and Min, open up more than 2,000 miles of territory and receive 300,000 Qiang accounts. This is an unprecedented military victory in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it is also the only example of the Northern Song Dynasty imperial court winning a total victory in the Han nationality's war against the neighboring minority regimes. At the same time, he trained outstanding generals such as Zhang P, established a favorable front for attacking Xixia area, and set off earth-shaking changes in the war pattern between Song and Xixia.
Literary achievements
From the literary point of view, Wang Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, Wang Anshi's literary thought overemphasizes practicality and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are also some poems about Buddhism and Buddhism, which are obscure and dry, but they do not lose everyone's demeanor.
essay
In order to realize his political ideal, Wang Anshi closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature first lies in serving the society, emphasizing the practical function and social effect of articles, and advocating the unity of literature and Taoism. On the whole, his prose has carried out his literary ideas, exposed current malpractices, reflected social contradictions, and has a strong political color.
Wang Anshi's essays, aiming at current political or social problems, have distinct views and profound analysis. Long horizontal but not simple, short awkward but not thin. They expounded political opinions and opinions with rigorous structure, thorough reasoning, concise language and strong generality and logic, which played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Wang Anshi's essays are straightforward, concise, short and pithy, forming a unique style, such as Reading the Biography of Meng Changjun, which is less than 100 words in history. However, the full text is clear-cut, fully discussed, sharp and focused, sweeping, and has indisputable logical power. There is also a part of landscape travel prose, which is concise, lively and labor-saving, and also records travel and reasoning.
poetic sentiment
Main entry: Wang style
Wang Anshi's poetry is bounded by two strikes in the ninth year of Xining (1076), which can be roughly divided into two stages, with obvious differences in content and style. Early creation mainly focused on social reality, reflecting the sufferings of the lower class, with obvious tendency and straightforward style; After retiring from politics in his later years, his mood gradually became dull, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems. In his later period, he was poor and backward, devoted himself to the pursuit of poetic art, re-refined meaning and rhetoric, used words carefully, accurately opposed to each other, was subtle and profound, and was not artificial. He was unique in the poetic world at that time with his spirit and far-reaching style, and was praised as the king style in the world.
word
There are about twenty poems written by Wang Anshi today, which can be roughly divided into two categories: lyricism and Buddhism. They are thin and elegant, washing away the old habits of five generations. His lyrical lyric poems, his admiration for things, and his choice of vast, simple and simple images have created a unique emotional world for literati. The word "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia", like Fan Zhongyan's "The pride of fishermen, the scenery of Qiu Lai", * * * opened a precedent for bold and unconstrained ci, which had a good influence on later ci circles.