(1) abutment
is called pedestal. It is a building base that is higher than the ground. It is used to support the building, make it moistureproof and anticorrosive, and at the same time make up for the lack of grandeur of the single building of China ancient buildings. There are roughly four kinds.
1. Ordinary abutment
is rammed with plain, lime soil or broken brick concrete, about one foot high, and is often used in small buildings.
2. The advanced abutment
is higher than the common abutment, and white marble railings are often built on the abutment, which are used as secondary buildings in large buildings or palace buildings.
3, the more advanced stylobate
is Sumeru, also known as King Kong. "Sumeru" is a mountain name in ancient Indian mythology. According to legend, it is located in the center of the world and is the highest mountain in the universe. During this period, the sun, the moon and the stars haunt it, and the three realms of heaven are also built by it. Sumeru is used as the pedestal of Buddha statue or shrine to show the greatness of Buddha. The ancient buildings in China use Sumitomo to indicate the level of the building. It is generally made of brick or stone, with concave and convex feet and decorative patterns on it, and a white marble railing on the stage, which is often used in the main palace buildings in palaces and famous temples.
4. The superlative abutment
is made up of several sumitos, which makes the building look more magnificent and tall. It is often used in superlative buildings, such as the Third Hall of the Forbidden City and Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, which stands on the superlative abutment.
(2) Wooden cylinder
Cylindrical wood made of pine or barrel wood is commonly used. Put it on a stone (sometimes bronze) platform. A number of wooden columns are used to support roof purlins and form a beam frame.
(3) bay
The space surrounded by four wooden cylinders is called a bay. The number of rooms facing the building is called "width" or "width". The depth of a building is called "depth". In ancient China, odd numbers were auspicious numbers, so most of the bays in the plane combination were singular; And the more rooms, the higher the grade. There are eleven rooms in the Taihe Hall of the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Great Hall of the Imperial Temple in Beijing.
(4) Girder, that is, the beam
is the most important piece of wood supported on a wooden cylinder to form the roof. Usually made of pine, elm or Chinese fir. It is one of the main parts of the skeleton in the traditional wooden buildings in China.
(5) Dougong
is a unique component of ancient architecture in China. Square wood blocks are called buckets, short bow-shaped wood blocks are called arches, and long inclined wood blocks are called Ang, which are collectively called bucket arches. Generally, it is placed between the stigma and the forehead (also known as the diaphragm head, commonly known as the visiting, located between the two eaves columns for supporting the bucket arch) and the roof, which is used to support the load beam frame and pick out the eaves, and has a decorative effect. It is composed of bucket-shaped wood blocks, bow-shaped short wood blocks and inclined long wood blocks, which are criss-crossed and stacked, and are picked out layer by layer to form a bracket with a big vertical and a small bottom.
(6) Color painting
Originally, it was used to protect the wooden structure from moisture, corrosion and moth, and then it was highlighted for its decoration. In the Song Dynasty, post-color painting became an indispensable decorative art of the palace. It can be divided into three grades.
1, and seal color painting
is the highest level of color painting. Its main features are: the middle picture consists of various dragon or phoenix patterns, supplemented by floral patterns; The two sides of the picture are framed with "",and they are gilded with gold, resplendent and magnificent.
2. Spindle color painting
is inferior to Hexi color painting. The picture uses a simplified form of scroll petals to swirl flowers, and sometimes dragons and phoenixes can be drawn. Both sides are framed with "",and gold powder can be pasted or not. Generally used in secondary palaces or temples.
3, the
grade of Soviet-style color painting is lower than the first two. The pictures are landscapes, people's stories, flowers, birds, fish and insects, etc., and both sides are framed by ""or (). "()" is called "Bao Fu" by architects, and Soviet-style color painting evolved from Bao Fu color painting in the south of the Yangtze River.
(VII) Roofs (formerly known as roofs)
There are seven kinds of traditional roofs in China, among which the double-eaved Dian Ding and the double-eaved Xie Shan Ding are the highest, followed by the single-eaved Yi Dian and the single-eaved Xie Shan Ding.
1.
There are four slopes on the roof of the Dian Temple, with a positive ridge and four inclined ridges, and the roof is slightly curved, also known as four A-tops.
2. Xieding Peak
is the combination of the Dian roof and the hard peak, that is, the upper part of the roof with four slopes turns into a vertical triangular wall. There is a positive ridge, four vertical ridges and four ridges, so it is also called the top of nine ridges.
3. Hanging from the top of the mountain
The roof has double slopes, and both sides extend out of the gables. There is a positive ridge and four vertical ridges on the roof, also known as picking the top of the mountain.
4. Hard hilltop
The roof has double slopes, and the gables on both sides are flush with or slightly higher than the roof.
5. The
plane of pyramidal roof is circular or polygonal, with a conical roof on it, without a ridge, and several ridges intersect at the upper end. This type of roof is commonly used in pavilions, pavilions and towers.
6. The roof of the rolling shed
has two slopes, and there is no obvious positive ridge, that is, the junction of the front and rear slopes is built into an arc-shaped surface without ridge.
(8) Gables
That is, the upper parts of both sides of the house are in the shape of mountain peaks. The common gables are also wind-volcano walls, which are characterized by gables on both sides higher than the roof and stepped with the slope surface of the roof.
(9) Caisson
A decoration on the ceiling of traditional buildings in China. It is called "algae well", which contains the meaning of five elements to prevent fire with water. Usually on the Buddha's seat in the temple or on the throne of the palace. It is a concave part of the flat top, which is square, hexagonal, octagonal or round, with carving or painting on it, and the common one is "Shuanglong Play Pearl".
Characteristics of ancient buildings in China
1. The ancient buildings in China are mainly made of wood, bricks and tiles, and the wooden frame structure is the main structural mode.
This structural mode is made up of main components such as columns, beams and purlins, and the joints between the components are matched with tenons and mortises to form an elastic frame. There are three different structural modes of ancient wooden frame in China: lifting beam, crossing bucket and shaft. The beam-lifting type is called "beam-lifting type" because the beam is placed on the column and lifted on the beam. This structure is often used in large buildings such as palaces, temples and monasteries. The bucket-piercing type is called the bucket-piercing type, because rows of columns are connected to form a bent frame by wearing Fang, and then connected by Fang and purlin. Mostly used in residential houses and smaller buildings. Well-dry type is made of cross-stacked wood, so it is named because the space it encloses looks like a well. This kind of structure is relatively primitive and simple, and now it is rarely used except in a few forest areas. Wood frame structure has many advantages. First, the division of load-bearing and envelope structure is clear, the weight of the roof is borne by wood frame, the external wall plays the role of shielding sunlight, heat insulation and cold protection, and the internal wall plays the role of dividing indoor space. Because the walls are not load-bearing, this structure gives the building great flexibility. Secondly, it is conducive to earthquake prevention and earthquake resistance. The wooden frame structure is very similar to today's frame structure. Because of the characteristics of wood, and the bucket arch and mortise and tenon used in the frame structure have some room for expansion, the damage caused by earthquake to this frame can be reduced to a certain extent. "The wall falls but the house does not collapse" vividly expresses the characteristics of this structure.
2. The plane layout of ancient buildings in China has a concise organization law.
It is to form a single building with "room" as the unit, then form a courtyard with the single building, and then form various groups with the courtyard as the unit. As far as single building is concerned, rectangular plane is the most common. In addition, there are geometric planes such as circle, square and cross. On the whole, most important buildings are designed in a balanced and symmetrical way, with the courtyard as a unit, along the longitudinal axis and the transverse axis, and with the help of the organic combination and contrast of architectural groups, the main building is particularly magnificent. Residential buildings and landscape gardens adopt the flexible layout of "being in the right place according to the right time".
3. China's ancient buildings have beautiful shapes.
The roof shapes are the most prominent, mainly in the form of temple, resting mountain, hanging mountain, hard mountain, gathering point and rolling shed.
whether it's the temple or the top of the mountain, it's a big roof, which looks stable and harmonious. The straight lines and curves in the roof are skillfully combined to form cornices that are slightly upturned, which not only expands the lighting surface, is conducive to draining rainwater, but also increases the aesthetic feeling of the building flying briskly.
4. The decoration of ancient buildings in China is rich and colorful
including painting and carving. Painting has many functions such as decoration, symbol, protection and symbol. Paint pigment contains copper, which can not only prevent moisture and wind erosion, but also prevent insects and ants. The use of color is limited. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhu and Huang were defined as the supreme colors. Color paintings mostly appear on beams, arches, indoor ceilings, algae wells and stigma, and the composition is closely combined with the shape of components, with exquisite drawing and rich colors. Liang Fang's colorful paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the most eye-catching. Color paintings in the Qing Dynasty can be divided into three categories, namely, color paintings with seals, color paintings with spirals and color paintings with Soviet style.
Carving is an important part of China's ancient architectural art, including brick carving on the wall, stone carving on the railing of abutment, gold, silver, copper and iron and other architectural ornaments. The subject matter of carving is very rich, including animal and plant patterns, characters, drama scenes and historical legends and stories. A stone on the pedestal of Baohe Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing is carved with exquisite dragon and phoenix patterns, weighing 2 tons. There are also many carved works of art inside and outside the ancient buildings, including Buddha statues in temples, stone figures and animals in front of tombs.
5. Ancient buildings in China pay special attention to the coordination with the surrounding natural environment.
The building itself is an environment for people to live, work, entertain and socialize, so not only the internal components should be coordinated, but also the coordination with the surrounding natural environment should be paid special attention. Designers in ancient China paid great attention to the surrounding environment when designing, and made careful investigation and study on the surrounding mountains and rivers, geographical features, climatic conditions, forest vegetation, etc., so as to make the layout, form and color of the building adapt to the surrounding environment, thus forming a large environmental space.
several forms of garden green space
the forms of garden green space can be divided into three categories: regular, natural and mixed.
1. Regular gardens
are also called integral, architectural, patterned or geometric gardens. Western gardens, from Egypt, Greece and Rome to the 18th century before the emergence of British landscape gardens, were mainly regular gardens, among which Italian terrace architecture gardens in the Renaissance and French Lenotre graphic gardens in the 17th century were the representatives. This kind of garden takes architecture and architectural spatial layout as the main theme of landscape performance.
Beijing Tiananmen Square Garden, Dalian Stalin Square Garden, Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Garden and Beijing Tiantan Park all belong to regular gardens.
Features of regular gardens:
1. Topography: In plain areas, it consists of horizontal planes with different elevations and gently inclined planes; In mountainous and hilly areas, it consists of stepped horizontal platforms, inclined planes and stone steps with different sizes.
2. Water body design: the contour corridors are all geometric; Most of them use neat revetment, the types of garden waterscape and plastic pools, wall springs, plastic waterfalls and canals, among which fountains are often the theme of waterscape.
3. Architectural layout: The garden not only adopts the design of symmetrical and balanced central axis for individual buildings, but also adopts the method of symmetrical and balanced central axis for the layout of buildings and large-scale building groups, and controls the whole garden with the major axis and minor axis in the form of major buildings and minor buildings.
4. Road square: The outline of the open space and square in the garden is geometric. The enclosed lawn and square space is surrounded by symmetrical buildings or regular forest belts and tree walls. Roads are all composed of straight lines, lines or geometric curves, forming a grid-shaped or ring-shaped radial geometric layout with symmetrical or asymmetrical central axes.
5. Planting design: The flower arrangement in the garden is mainly patterned flower beds and flower borders with patterns as the theme, and sometimes it is arranged as a large-scale flower bed group. The tree arrangement is mainly determinant and symmetrical, and a large number of hedges and green walls are used to divide and organize the space. Tree shaping and pruning mainly simulates building shapes and animal shapes, such as green columns, green towers, green doors, green pavilions and birds and animals trimmed with evergreen trees.
6. Other landscape in the garden: Except for buildings, flower beds, regular waterscapes and a large number of fountains, other landscape features often include potted trees, potted flowers, vase ornaments and statues. The base of the statue is regular, and the position of the statue is mostly arranged at the starting point, ending point or intersection point of the axis.
Regular gardens give people a sense of grandeur, neatness and solemnity.
Second, natural gardens
are also called landscape gardens, irregular gardens and landscape gardens. Chinese gardens, from the Zhou and Qin Dynasties with historical records, are mostly natural landscape gardens, regardless of large-scale imperial gardens or small-scale private gardens. Among the classical gardens, the Summer Palace in Beijing, the "Three Seas" Garden, chengde mountain resort, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden and Liuyuan Garden are the representatives. China's natural landscape gardens began to influence Japanese gardens in the Tang Dynasty and were introduced to Britain in the second half of the 18th century, which led to the innovation movement of classical formalism in European gardens. Guangzhou Yuexiu Park, Liuhua Lake Park, Orchid Garden and Xiyuan Garden are natural gardens.
Features of natural gardens:
1. Topography: Plain area, where the natural undulating gentle terrain is combined with some artificially tapered natural undulating mounds, and its cross section is gentle curve. In mountainous and hilly areas, natural landforms are used, except for buildings and square bases, artificial ladder-shaped topographic reconstruction work is not carried out, and the original broken and cut landforms are also manually arranged to make them natural.
2. Water body: its outline is a natural curve, and the banks are inclined slopes of various natural curves. If there is a revetment, it is also a natural rock revetment. The types of garden waterscape are mainly streams, rivers, natural waterfalls, ponds and lakes. Waterfalls are often the theme of waterscape.
3. Architecture: The individual buildings in the garden are in symmetrical or asymmetrical balanced layout, and the buildings and large-scale building groups are mostly in asymmetrical balanced layout. The whole park is not controlled by the axis, but by the continuous composition of the main guide lines.
4. Road square: the open space in the garden and the enclosed open grassland and square with natural outline are surrounded by asymmetric buildings, earth mountains, natural trees and forest belts. The road plane and section are composed of natural undulating plane lines and vertical curves.
5. Planting design: The planting in the garden can't be determinant to reflect the natural beauty of the natural plant community, and the flower arrangement is mainly based on flowers and flowers, without patterned flower beds. Trees are mainly planted with isolated trees, bushes and Woods, without regular pruning hedges, and natural bushes, trees and trees are used to divide and organize garden space. Tree shaping does not simulate the figure of building birds and animals, but mainly simulates the old trees in nature.
6. Other landscapes in the garden: except for buildings, natural landscapes and plant communities, rocks, fake stones, piles, bonsai and sculptures are still used as the main landscapes, among which the pedestal of the statue is natural, and the position of the statue is mostly arranged in the focus of the perspective line.
Natural gardens have a long history in China, and most classical gardens are natural gardens. It is reflected in the fact that tourists, like being in nature, travel around famous mountains and rivers without leaving home. For example, chengde mountain resort gathers the gardens in the north and south of China River in one garden, where you can enjoy various styles of garden landscape. There are many pictures of natural gardens, and I only choose a few for everyone to enjoy.
Third, the mixed garden
In the garden, if the ratio between the regular style and the natural style is poor,