(1) Zhang Heng (AD 78- 139) was a famous astronomer, geographer, inventor of science and technology and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. 1 17 made the world's earliest hydraulic astrolabe (now in Nanjing Zijinshan Planetarium), and then made the first seismograph to measure earthquakes (earlier than Europe 1700) and meteorological instrument (similar to hyacinthus orientalis chicken in the west, but earlier than 1000). In addition, his scientific and technological works include The Legend of Armageddon, and he is also the first person in the world to explain the cause of solar eclipse, and he also wrote the astronomical work Lingxian. These achievements established his outstanding position in the history of science and technology in China, and also influenced the development of science and technology in the whole world. In mathematics, there is the book Calculation Theory (Lost), and the pi he calculated is 3. 1622. Although it is not accurate, it is really amazing that there was such an accurate calculation more than 800 years ago. Geographically, his maps are very advanced and have been popular for hundreds of years. At the same time, Zhang Heng is also an outstanding writer. His Erjing Fu is the acme of Kyoto Fu, which can be compared with other poets' works, and Four Sorrow Poems is also a well-known masterpiece. In painting, he was one of the six masters in the Eastern Han Dynasty and made extraordinary achievements. Zhang Heng is highly respected for his dazzling scientific and technological inventions and versatile talents, and is listed as one of the world's cultural celebrities. Guo Moruo, a famous historian, said: Such an all-round development figure is also rare in world history.
(2) Wang Wei (70 1-76 1), a native of Yongji County, Shanxi Province, was a famous pastoral poet, painter, calligrapher and temperament expert in the Tang Dynasty. He can write poetry at the age of nine, and a scholar at the age of 2 1 is versatile and famous in Beijing. Poetry started in the Tang Dynasty. As an idyllic school of landscape poetry, it has achieved great success, clear artistic conception, quiet works, beautiful poetic style and wide spread. Up to now, there are still many famous sentences that have been recited. They are considered to be the greatest poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty after Li and Du, and are known as "Shi Fo". Another achievement of Wang Wei that can be compared with poetry is his painting achievement. He created splash-ink landscape painting, laid the foundation of China landscape painting, and almost influenced the whole development history of China landscape painting after the middle Tang Dynasty. The leading figures in landscape painting in past dynasties were all influenced by Wang Wei, and his theory of literati painting was inherited and carried forward by later generations, and he was honored as the predecessor of literati painting and the father of "Nanzong Painting School". He skillfully integrated the artistic conception of poetry and painting, and achieved the artistic characteristics of poetry and painting, which was appreciated by all dynasties. Su: Poetry tastes like verve, and the picture is in it; Look at the picture. There are poems in it. In calligraphy, Wang Wei is mainly composed of cursive script and official script, and has its own system. He is also proficient in the rhythm of silk and bamboo and knows how to have fun. In addition, his prose and political theory are also excellent in literature. In his later years, he lived in seclusion in the mountains and read Zen. His words were taken from Buddhist Vimalakīrti (a learned man), and he also achieved true erudition. Hermit's feelings and weak personality are also a spiritual realm advertised and imitated by later scholars.
(3) Shen Kuo (103 1- 1095), a native of Qiantang, Hangzhou, was an erudite scientific master in the Northern Song Dynasty. During his tenure as celestial supervisor, he presided over many astronomical observations and found that the sun seen by the naked eye was larger than the actual height, and improved the armillary sphere, landscape table and other instruments; The achievements on the calendar are particularly great. The creation of the Twelve Calendars of Qi Dynasty is a unique creation in Chinese calendar, which has a great guiding role in agriculture and handicraft industry. It was not until 800 years later that a similar "Bernard Shaw Calendar" appeared in western Britain. Mathematically, the "gap product method" and "rounding" were invented, both of which are important calculation methods in the history of mathematics, and the formula for calculating the arc length of bow was put forward for the first time. In physics, his theory of magnetic declination was discovered more than 400 years before Columbus crossed the Atlantic. He also made a systematic description of small space imaging and concave mirror imaging through experiments. Geographically, he was the first person in the world to put forward the theory of flowing water erosion and the first person to discover and name oil. The map of Qidan drawn by Shen Kuo shows the geographical features of China's northern frontier in detail. In history, he recorded the scientific and technological inventions of past dynasties and their inventors. He is the only person who recorded the whole process of Bi Sheng and movable type printing, and made great contributions. There are Shen Cunzhong's poems in the literature, but unfortunately they have been lost. Shen Kuo also dabbled extensively in medicine, biology, archaeology, music and art. For example, he corrected some mistakes in the medical books and pharmacopoeias of past dynasties, and made a special exposition on the art of music. His achievements were recorded in Meng Xi's notes, which is a big system. In addition, Shen Kuo also sent an envoy to the Khitan, which prevented the attack of the Khitan on the Song Dynasty, commanded many victories and made a lot of contributions. It can be seen that he is not only a scholar who specializes in culture, but also an excellent strategist and diplomat. It is not an exaggeration to call it erudition.
(4) Su Shi (1037-1kloc-0/01), a native of Meishan, Sichuan. Master of literature, master in the field of literature in Song Dynasty, calligrapher, painter, literary theorist. Su Shi studied Confucian classics since childhood and was deeply influenced by Confucianism. He has been wandering in the ruling and opposition politics all his life. His achievements in literature are obvious to all. Poetry, ci and prose all represent the highest achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty. As one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, his prose is unique and his style of writing is imitated by later generations. Poetry creation is rich and varied, which is the first in Song Sijia. Especially as a pronoun school, its ci works are magnificent, handsome and elegant, which created the largest school of Song Ci-the uninhibited school, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of ci style and ci realm, leaving many good sentences for later generations. He put forward many literary theoretical viewpoints, and had his own ideas and discussions on the creation of poems, words, essays and other styles for future generations to learn and learn from. Su Shi is one of the four great calligraphers in Song Dynasty, and he is as famous as Mi Fei, Cai Xiang and Huang Tingjian. He is good at running script and regular script, and also has his own family. He is famous all over the world. Lu You, Li Gang and Zhang Zhidong have all studied his calligraphy, which shows his far-reaching influence. His painting attainments are also extremely high, and he is good at painting ink bamboo. He put forward the concept of "literati painting", attached importance to similarity and inherited Wang Wei, which laid the foundation for later literati painting. He also made great achievements in epigraphy, irrigation and water conservancy, education, mathematics and medicine. In a word, Su Shi's achievements in many aspects have reached a position that the world can't reach. His typical character temperament and versatile image are deeply engraved in people's minds, and later generations compiled the Collected Works of Dongpo.
(5) Zhu (1 130- 1200), a Fujian native, was another Confucian master, thinker, educator, writer and philosopher after Confucius in the Southern Song Dynasty. The whole world calls him "Zhu Zi". He is an official. During his tenure, he was appointed to revitalize Bailudong Academy and formulated the Canon of Bailudong Academy, which was one of the earliest educational rules and regulations in the history of education in the world and had a far-reaching impact on pedagogy at home and abroad. The extensive annotation of ancient books has been discussed and annotated in natural science, Confucian classics, Buddhism, logic, exegetics, literature, history, music, law and other fields. This shows that he has a wide range of knowledge. In the course of giving lectures, he compiled a variety of teaching materials, such as Notes on Four Books, Notes on Chuci, Illustration of Taiji, Interpretation of General Books, etc. As a generation of philosophers, he is the representative of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, the largest philosophical school in the Song Dynasty. He developed into a complete theoretical system of objective idealism, and his achievements and influence far exceeded that of Er Cheng, which is an important system in the history of China's philosophy. Zhu is a master of Confucianism, and his thought of "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" made Confucianism the dominant thought in feudal society, and it continued until the demise of feudal society. As a writer, the literary criticism theory of Zhuzi School is quite unique. His ci language is pure, his style is handsome, his achievements are great, and his poetry creation is very good. The poem "After Reading" is very appreciated. Zhu is respected for his extensive works and extensive knowledge. Later generations compiled The Complete Works of Zhu Zi.
(6) Tang Yin (1470- 1523), born in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, was a famous painter, calligrapher and writer in the Ming Dynasty. The world says that Tang Yin was the first romantic genius in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming Dynasty, and he was indeed a veritable genius. He was smart and studious since he was a child, but he learned a lot from primary school. 65,438+06 years old, a scholar, ashamed to be an official, traveling around the world, bold and elegant personality, visible romantic. Tang Yin's greatest achievement is his painting, which is called the four great painters of Ming Dynasty together with Chou Ying, Shen Zhou and Wen Zhiming. His landscape paintings reflect a secluded thought. Beauty maid painting has the highest artistic level, far-reaching influence, elegant brushwork, chic and elegant, such as "Maid of Dong Xiao" and "Fan of Autumn Wind". Flower-and-bird painting and ink painting are excellent works handed down from generation to generation, with extraordinary achievements. As for Tang Bohu, as a writer, his poetry creation is remarkable, and his works are often quoted in spoken language, which is true and simple. He is most famous for his peach blossom poems. He wrote many songs and poems. He is as famous as Wen Zhiming, Zhu Yunming and Xu Zhenqing in literature, and is known as the four great talents in the south of the Yangtze River. His fame in calligraphy is covered by his painting name, but he is an out-and-out calligrapher. His brushwork is elegant and graceful, and his works are handed down from generation to generation, such as calligraphy poems and falling flowers poems. Tang Yan's musical talent is also outstanding. He can compose music, set music for his own poems, and use folk songs more often. Tang Yin, a famous scholar, lived in Taohuawu in his later years, and his major works of art were also created here.