Mainly progressive, singing (or chanting), closely related to the cadence of language.
2. What are the characteristics of the rhythm of medieval music?
The rhythm of chant is free, which is based on the rhythm of lyrics (mostly biblical verses) and the length of sentences.
3. What mode did medieval music adopt?
Usually based on eight church models. Use dissonance more freely.
4. What was the texture of medieval music?
Mainly monophonic texture. Polyphonic texture with 2, 3 or 4 voices has appeared since the 9th century.
5. What timbre was used in medieval music?
Mainly vocal music, monosyllabic texture music is sung by smaller choirs, and polyphonic texture music is usually sung by soloists. Instrumental music also developed in the late Middle Ages.
6. What are the main music schools in the Middle Ages?
A mass consisting of a whole set of hymns. Religious and secular classics. Religious ritual drama. Secular songs (including pastoral songs, hunting songs, rotating songs, etc.). ). instrumental dance music
Early Gregorian chant
1. How did Gregorian chant or Gregorian Lyons come into being? What are the characteristics of its music?
A: According to tradition, Pope Gregory I (reigned from 590 to 604) collected and compiled two anthologies of hymns from all over the country for the purpose of unified management of the church, thus unifying the rituals and music used by the Roman church. But in fact, the main work of unifying Roman church rituals and hymns was carried out more than one hundred years later. In 789, Charlemagne of the Frankish Kingdom issued a decree urging the abolition of Gaul etiquette and the full acceptance of Roman hymns. In the following decades, Archbishop Frank revised and supplemented the Roman sacrament book, compiled new mass and daily lesson books, and formed worship ceremonies and hymns based on Roman tradition and incorporating Gaul factors. This is the basic content of the so-called Gregorian chant This kind of hymn spread to other regions and finally fed back to Rome, the birthplace.
Gregorian chant is a monosyllabic texture, and the melody is mainly progressive, without changing or modifying the sound. Free rhythm depends on the length of the sentence. Try to be quiet and detached emotionally and refuse secular passion. It is dedicated to Latin and is sung with pure human voice (that is, without instrumental accompaniment). Adopt the church model.
2. what is miss a?
Mass is the main worship ceremony of Christianity and consists of a complete set of hymns. Quality is divided into special quality (or translated into specific quality) and regular quality. The former is the movable part of quality, and the choice depends on the content of quality. The latter is a constant part, which is used at every mass.
The five parts of the regular mass are: The Sutra of Mercy, Gloria, Credo, Saint Ketus and Agnus Dey.
3. What is the church model (or medieval model)?
There are eight church models: four positive models and four auxiliary models. The scale range of auxiliary mode is 4 degrees lower than that of forward mode. Although it is the same as the ancient Greek scale in name, it is essentially different. Medieval scales were arranged from bottom to top, with four endings: re (doria), mi (Phrygia), fa (Lydia) and sol (Mixed Lydia). In addition to the ending tone, each mode also has a tenor, which is five degrees higher than the ending pitch of the positive mode; The ending sound of the auxiliary mode is the same as that of the normal mode, but the intonation is three degrees lower than that of the normal mode; Whenever the pitch falls on the b note, it is moved to the c note. In order to avoid bad intervals (such as tritone), B is sometimes written as bB.
H./kloc-Glareanus (1488-1563), a music theorist in the 6th century, added four modes to the eight church modes: Eolian mode with la as the ending sound, Ionian mode with do as the ending sound and their respective auxiliary modes. Finally, the 12 church model was formed, also known as the Middle Ages.
Like ancient Greece, there were different comments on the ethical characteristics of modality in the Middle Ages, so its usage was unique.
The development of religious music
1. What is Organmu? When did it come into being?
Organo is a polyphonic music form, which was produced in the 9th century and has been used until14th century.
Can be divided into the following categories:
Parallel Organon: Add a four-degree or five-degree parallel part below or above the chant to form two chants. Among them, the chant is called "tenor" and also translated as "fixed tone".
Oblique Olganon: One sound remains the same, and the other sound is up or down. Reverse Olganon: The additional voice and the fixed melody voice proceed in the opposite direction.
Free Olganon: Mixed use of the above forms.
Gorgeous Olganon: also translated as flowers singing Olganon. Drag the melody notes in the lower half to make the upper half have multiple tones to form a tone-to-tone form.
2. What is motet?
A polyphonic music form prevailing around 1220-1750. Generally, there are three parts, the lowest part is the fixed melody part, which is generally adopted from hymns, and Latin is sung with slow long notes. The above two parts adopt secular lyrics that have nothing to do with hymns. At first it was Latin, and later it was mostly in the local language. Usually, the rhythm of melody is slow, the upper part (the third part) is faster, and the second part in the middle is in between. The melodies of all parts of early classic songs, including the upper part, are ready-made products, that is, they are composed of existing melodies. At first, the melodic parts were used to recite scriptures, and later secular tunes were used. The title of the song consists of the first word of the three-part lyrics (from top to bottom).
3. What is Gothic and Notre Dame Music School? Who is the representative?
Gothic refers to the artistic style of western churches in the middle of 12 century. Polyphonic music created by Notre Dame musicians from the middle of12nd century to the middle of13rd century is a typical representative of Gothic style in music, and its main writing method is the increasingly complex and gorgeous flower singing Organo. Two outstanding composers are Leonin (about1159-1201) and Perotin (about11236).
4. What is a pneumatic symbol?
The notation in the Middle Ages went through several stages. Initially, it was a symbol transformed from the Greek alphabet. Later, there was neumatic notation, which marked some symbols corresponding to language stress and intonation above the lyrics. At the beginning of the 20th century, there appeared a line spectrum running through the symbols of Newham, and then there appeared two or three lines. In the second half of the 20th century, 165438+ formed a four-line spectrum.
5. What is solmization?
The roll call method is to sing each tone in a six-tone scale in association with a specific syllable. It was founded by the French church musician Guido Darezzo (about 997- 1050). These six syllables (ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la) are selected from the first syllables of several consecutive lines in the hymn "ut queant laxis". The establishment of the four-line spectrum is also his credit.
The development of secular music
Medieval secular music can be divided into three categories:
1. Songs related to religious content and form:
Conduktus, a Latin metrical song in 12 and 13 centuries, has one voice against three voices, both religious and secular.
Goliath songs. This is a song written by a wandering and unruly seminary student (known as Goliad Goliad). The themes are love, wine, satire on religion and current affairs and politics.
2. Knight music belonging to the aristocratic circle:
Budd writes lyrics in dialects, mainly about love, such as the common pastourelle love songs. /kloc-In the 3rd century, there appeared three overlapping styles: narrative, Rondo and Virelli. Most of them are monophonic, and a few are polyphonic textures.
German poet lover Mina Singh appeared in the middle of12nd century, and probably developed under the influence of French bard. Its song genre is mainly bar. Later, he developed into a famous singer and a member of an organized literary and musical guild.
There are cantiga songs in Spain and laude songs in Italy, all of which are one voice.
3. Music of folk professional musicians:
Professional musicians who lived by playing and singing in the Middle Ages were called jongleur or menestrels. They are good at singing a ballad similar to a Greek epic. Accompanied by violin and harp.
Medieval instrumental music and musical instruments
In the early Middle Ages, the church rejected instrumental music. With the prosperity of secular culture in the late Middle Ages, some schools of instrumental music appeared, and the types of musical instruments increased. Can be divided into the following categories:
Plucked instruments: lyre, harp and lute handed down from Rome.
Bowstring instruments: violin (vielle or fiedel) and organ.
Wind instruments: flute, oboe, bagpipes, trumpet and horn. Keyboard instruments: large organ, portable organ, fixed (desktop) organ.
Percussion instruments: drums, bowls, castanets, etc.
The transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
As far as the change of ideas and the development of musical concepts are concerned,14th century European music is a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.
1. What is "new art"? What are the characteristics of its music?
Ars nova was put forward by Vitri (Vitri,1291-1361) in the book "New Art". The so-called "new" is related to Notre Dame de Paris from the end of 12 to the end of 13. His music pursues emotional expression, so it has become much more vivid than in the past. The main representative is Guillaume Shaw (1300- 1377), a composer and poet.
2. What is the main secular music genre of French Art Nouveau movement?
Chansons in France is a polyphonic song written for French secular poetry, which mostly appears in the form of overlapping songs of revolving poems.
3./kloc-what are the Italian secular music schools in the 0/4th century?
Pastoral: Lyrics are lyric poems, pastoral poems, love songs or satirical poems, which are generally two polyphonic texture choruses. (Note:16th century pastoral schools have the same name, but their essence is quite different. Its lyrics are free in form, and its texture is five-part imitation polyphony. )
Caccia: The music style is lively and humorous by using two-tone gun singing (caccia).
Ballata: The songs related to dance are lyrical, and each paragraph has overlapping songs. Mostly two or three voices.
4./kloc-Who was the important Italian composer in the 4th century?
Francesco Landini (about 1335- 1397), a blind musician, wrote many secular songs.
5. 14- 15 British composers who had an important influence on the European continent in the first half of this century:
Dunstable (about 1390- 1453). His classic songs don't need traditional melodies, but are freely created according to the artistic conception of the lyrics. Usually a three-part theme and a large number of triad structures.
6. About the Burgundy School.
/kloc-a musician who was active in the court of Burgundy (equivalent to the Netherlands, Belgium, northeastern France, Luxembourg, etc.) in the first half of the 0/5th century. The formation of this genre's music style is directly influenced by the British composer Dunstable, and its sound tends to be beautiful, delicate and harmonious, especially in melody and tone, which is dominated by three-degree intervals. The Burgundy School is also called the First Nederland School.
What new musical instruments appeared in Europe in 7.65438+4th century?
Clavichord and harpsichord (harpsichord; ]clacybal), now called clavichord, appeared in14th century, but really prevailed in15th century.