(1) New voice (modern Chinese is Mandarin).
Mandarin is divided into four tones, namely, flat tone and rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. In the use of metrical patterns in poems and couplets, flat tones and upper tones (the first and second tones) are called flat tones, while upper tones and falling tones (the third and fourth tones) are called lower tones. Friends under forty should understand. Not much to say here.
(B), the ancient (old) sound
Where has the society developed now? We must realize several modernizations. Besides, now that Mandarin is spoken, it is necessary for us to learn ancient rhymes. Is it unnecessary! Do you want to embarrass everyone? Are you driving history backwards? Is ancient rhyme useless at all? I think that a person who loves China's traditional culture-a couplets lover or a couplets worker-should know both the new sound and the old sound, even if all modern Chinese will be fluent in the future. It is necessary to understand the ancient rhyme, which is the need to appreciate, learn, absorb and inherit the couplet culture! ! ! Otherwise, it's hard to say In fact, the difference between the two systems is not very big, about 300 words. It is not difficult to remember by radicals, just remember dozens of words.
It's ok to write couplets with new or ancient sounds, but it's not good to use your own rhyming habits as a criterion to judge right or wrong. Since you are determined to learn the creation of couplets, it is very beneficial to spend some time learning and understanding the ancient rhyme. As the saying goes: skill (talent) does not weigh down. In life, this is a rare learning opportunity. This may be a different aspect from reading and studying by yourself at ordinary times. If we discuss it together, the effect will be different.
In ancient Chinese, Chinese characters were divided into four tones: flat, upward, downward and arbitrary. Ping refers to the flat-voiced characters in ancient Chinese (including most of the upper and lower sounds in modern Chinese); Xu refers to the tones of going up, going away and going forward in ancient Chinese (modern news is divided into four tones). This is the division of ancient rhyme (ancient sound).
In ancient Chinese, "strike, say, accumulate, extreme, learn" all belong to entering tone characters. Although it has now entered the world of Yin and Yang, when it comes to level tone, it should still belong to level tone according to the ancient rhyme. The characteristics of Rusheng characters are short, hurried, urgent, closed and hidden (now some places in the south, such as Hunan dialect and Minnan dialect, still maintain this pronunciation mode, so it is not difficult for them to identify Rusheng characters). Using the meaning of different tones, staggered into sentences, forming the law of leveling. Applying this leveling law to different literary genres will give literary works a musical sense of rhythm.
Kangxi Dictionary uploaded the formula of a song, explaining the pronunciation of the four tones. Its song is written like this:
"Don't be impulsive, loudly shout a fierce collection. When you go far away, you will obviously cry from a distance, and your voice is short and urgent. "
According to this principle, people divide all Chinese characters into two categories, one is flat and the other is flat. This forms the unity of opposites of Chinese characters. One level and one level, that is, the relationship between yin and yang, flat and restrained, flat and clear and turbid, flat and long, flat and short, flat and slow and sharp. The beauty of Chinese phonology is formed by the substitution of flatness, rhythm and rhythm.
In couplets, not only the same sentence should be alternated, but also the upper sentence and the lower sentence should be alternated, that is to say, the upper sentence should be flat-voiced. The corresponding position of the next sentence must be opposite to it with a hyphen, and vice versa. The next sentence must be flat. In this way, the unity of opposites between words and sounds is formed. The antithesis of word meaning and pronunciation forms the uneven beauty of couplet structure, making it catchy, cadence and sonorous. Li Rulun, a modern poetry theorist, said: "The balance of Yu Sheng accords with the configuration of music, which makes poetry independent." "You can sing or not, you can sing or not, and it also has the beauty of music. Even if your eyes don't move and the word appears in your eyes, you can show its loudness because synaesthesia is at work. "
There are many books about flat tones. If you want to further distinguish the level tone, especially the clever use of entering tone, you need to read special reference books. Here I recommend several books for you to choose from: The Method of Chinese Poetry by Mr. Wang Li, The Manual of Ancient Chinese Characters by Mr. Guo Xiliang, The Manual of Ancient Chinese Characters by Mr. Tang Zuofan and The Sound of Confucianism by Mr. Krone.
Duality and duality are two very similar language forms. The so-called "similarity" means that they are more similar and less different, so it is more difficult to distinguish them. Even some reference books have vague explanations of these two concepts. For example, under the "antithesis" chapter of Ci Hai, the annotation says: "It refers to the duality of poetry and words." China Self-study Dictionary of Ancient Literature by Shaanxi Education Publishing House interprets antithesis as "a rhetorical method, ... which is called antithesis in poetry." This explanation of "duality" with "antithesis" and "antithesis" with "antithesis" leads to the confusion of concepts, and as a result, people mistakenly think that "duality" and "antithesis" are the same thing and two titles of the same concept.
So, what is "duality"? What is "duality"? What's the difference between them?
Duality is a metaphor. The two sentences used in pairs are "the number of words is equal, the structure and part of speech are roughly the same, and the meaning is related". This symmetrical way of language has formed a neat and harmonious expression and set off each other in content, which has a unique artistic effect.
Duality refers to a special form of expression and means used in poetry creation and couplet writing. It requires poetry conjunctions to be based on duality, and words with the same structural position in the upper and lower sentences must be "of the same part of speech and flat", so as to avoid the repetition of words with the same structural position in the upper and lower sentences. The antithesis of metrical poems makes the language sound and rhyme harmonious, enhances the sense of rhythm and musical beauty, and achieves a high degree of perfection in expression. Therefore, metrical poetry is very strict with antithesis, and the couplet that conforms to the above principles is antithesis; Otherwise, it is not confrontation or unstable confrontation, which is not allowed in poetry creation.
Knowing the characteristics of duality and duality, we can generally distinguish what is duality and what is duality. take for example
Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
These two sentences meet the requirements of duality in all aspects, but they are not suitable for antithesis because of their hierarchy and symmetry, lack of harmony in melody and repeated use of the words "Xia Tian", "Zhi" and "Er" in the same structural position. Look at the following example:
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower. (Liu Yuxi, "Return to Bai Letian")
This set of couplets is the neck couplet in the original poem, and it is the most typical antithetical couplet. No matter what, it completely conforms to the antithetical principle and is extremely stable.
Duality and duality are so different, mainly used in different styles. Because different styles have different requirements for their own expression, they also have different requirements for expression forms. As the antithesis of rhetorical methods, it is often widely used in various styles, especially in ancient Chinese prose and poems. It promotes the language, and the two even sentences complement each other and set off each other, making the language beautiful in form and expressive. Contradiction is a unique creative technique in metrical poetry. The metrical poems, which rose in Sui and Tang Dynasties, strictly require that couplets and necklaces in metrical poems must be opposed. At the same time, this method is also adopted by song creation. Later it was used to write couplets. Because the creation of rhymes and songs itself has high artistic requirements for the use of language, it pays attention to the choice of words and sentences, and confrontation can greatly improve the expression skills and aesthetic taste of poetry to a certain extent, with high artistry and expressiveness. These special functions of duality are obviously beyond the reach of duality. It can be said that "antithesis" is one of the important criteria for the creation and appreciation of metrical poetry, and naturally it has become a term exclusively for poetry. Because of this, although antithesis in metrical poems also meets the standard requirements of antithesis, in view of its own characteristics and in order to distinguish it from antithesis in general style, we usually call it antithesis instead of antithesis. Lily painting
Lily blooms at night and people are in love. When the moonlight enters the curtain, the brightness is illuminated.
Self-styled Seven-Star Rock Map (Not yet)
Cut off the shade of pale smoke, and the bamboo lamp is cold. The lonely crown is dyed in the lake, and the fairy source on earth can be found.
Self-proclaimed light crimson scenery
The feet are painted with faint autumn, and the mountains are thin, like the troubles of work. When to cover the cliff, pack up the clouds and have a lie-down tour.
Don't be white.
I failed to imitate Du, and I am proud of Jinling. As soon as the south tower order came out, Wutai city was no longer boarded.
Youshi house
When the jade screen meets the wind in Yuen Long, the people in Jiangshan see the spirit. 300 years later, who is looking for the Ten Friends Pavilion?
Jinjiling
* * * You should know * * * This cup is still on the stage. The golden rooster fluttered its wings to urge the levy to be urgent, but the Xiongguan Pass in Hunan and Guangdong could not be opened.
Visit Xinhui Museum to collect Chen Baisha's hand scrolls.
Destroy the evil rut and protect the treasure, reopen the scroll to make incense. Shan Maojian's pen has been handed down from generation to generation, writing lofty sentiments to the sun all over the world.
Topic Yu Juan Qiu Xi Tu
No more novelty, quite suitable for life. Cold spring washes the liver and lungs and makes me write more poems.