1. Appreciate the image, language, rhythm and expression skills of literary works.
2. Evaluate the ideological content of ancient poetry.
Teaching emphasis: how to determine what the poem has written; Specific methods and steps of appreciating poetry
Teaching assumption: strengthen understanding by combining more examples, and try to align the examples in supplementary exercises with the knowledge points.
Teaching time:
Second, the test center analysis
In 2002, a major reform was carried out in the Chinese examination questions of the college entrance examination, the main feature of which was to increase the proportion of subjective questions in the whole volume, among which the reform of poetry appreciation questions was particularly noticeable. According to the newly issued "Examination Instructions" of the 2002 National College Entrance Examination, the types and contents of poetry appreciation questions in the Chinese subject of this year's National College Entrance Examination have been greatly adjusted. Poetry appreciation used to include ancient poetry and modern poetry. Modern poetry appreciation will not be tested this year. The original question type was multiple choice. This year's appreciation of ancient poetry will be tested in the form of subjective questions. However, the test center is still reflected in the initial appreciation of the image, language and expression skills of the works and the evaluation of the ideological content of the works. We believe that the college entrance examination will not increase the depth or breadth of the questions because of the change of the proposition form, but will increase the difficulty of solving problems for candidates. Therefore, the influence of this change on the training ideas and methods in the specific teaching process is obvious. Facing the changes of the ancient poetry appreciation questions in the college entrance examination, candidates must carry out targeted adaptive training, which will directly help candidates improve the accuracy of answering the ancient poetry appreciation questions. Appreciation of ancient poetry, as we usually say, should include two aspects according to the examination instructions: first, appreciation; The second is evaluation. Appreciation includes three aspects: 1, appreciating its image; 2. Appreciate its language; 3. Appreciate its expressive skills. So what's the evaluation? It is the ideological (emotional) content of poetry. Another example: two poems by Meng Haoran and Du Fu:
The autumn water rises and almost blends with the shore, mixing water and sky with the sky. Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang. I'm going to cross the water to find a boat and paddle. It's a shame to return home in the sacred age. Sitting around watching other people's hard river fishing can only envy the fish caught in the fish. -Meng Haoran's A Letter from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang
I heard that Dongting Lake is magnificent before, but today's wish has finally reached Yueyang Tower. The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water. But no news of relatives and friends reached me, a lonely boat, in an ancient sick month. The battle of the north gate began again, and I cried through the railing. -Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower"
These two poems are both famous works, both of which have achieved the blending of emotion and shadow, and the combination of form and god. From the "environment" point of view, both of them are magnificent, which strongly shows the vast momentum and magnificent scene of Dongting Lake. But in terms of "meaning", the two are quite different. Meng Haoran's feelings are only personal feelings, but he just thought of "I want to cross the river, but I can't find a boat"-no one recommended him to be an official. Du Fu's feelings, though personal, are mainly concerned about the country and the people, thinking that "there are wars and mountains to the north of this wall"-the war to the north of Guanshan. Therefore, Meng Haoran's poems seem to have "big" and "small", while Du Fu's poems have "big" and "big", which are equivalent.
(3) Lyric way
All literary and artistic works need to be lyrical, and poetry needs to be lyrical. China ancient writers and critics generally realized this. For example, the author of Preface to Mao's Poems said: "Poets have aspirations, hearts have aspirations, and words have poems. Emotion moves in the middle and is shaped by words. Sigh if you don't talk enough. If they are not enough, they will sing forever. If they are not enough, they will dance without a hand. " This is the famous idea of "expressing ambition through poetry". The "ambition" here is "emotion" or "emotion"
For example, Du Fu's "Shu Xiang"
Du Fu worships Zhuge Liang very much. He wrote several poems praising Zhuge Liang. This poem was written by the poet when he first arrived in Chengdu in 760 AD. The first two sentences of the poem seem to describe the scenery, but in fact they express the poet's yearning for Zhuge Liang. The word "Qiu" in the first sentence shows that the poet came to Wuhou Temple with infinite longing for Zhuge Liang, not for sightseeing. Three or four sentences seem to write scenery, but they are actually lyrical. The word "zi" and "empty" are well used, which shows that although there are green flowers and plants under the steps of the ancestral temple and orioles on the trees, the natural scenery is left to fend for itself and no one appreciates it. Five or six sentences summed up Zhuge Liang's life and highly praised Zhuge Liang's great achievements. The last two sentences reveal the poet's extreme regret and sorrow for Zhuge Liang's "death before he could conquer" This poem is full of affection. At the end of the poem, the "hero" full of tears is the poet himself first. It is precisely because the poet's admiration and nostalgia for Zhuge Liang is so deep and his feelings are so sincere that the artistic image of the poem is full of high vitality and appeal, so that "dying unconquered, the hero will cry in his clothes" has become a swan song throughout the ages.
Another example is the music we have learned.
This is also a masterpiece praised by people. The first two sentences of the poem describe the place and scenery of seeing his friend off, and the last two sentences advise his friend to "drink more" before breaking up, because he can't see his "old friend" after breaking up. These two sentences are simple in language, but they not only express the poet's deep affection for his friends, but also express a general mood when people leave. No wonder this poem entered Yuefu at that time and became the famous "Three Chapters of Yangguan", which was widely sung in various places and caused many people to sing in later generations.
Lyric ways are:
Express your feelings by scenery or things. When the author has a feeling about a scene or an objective thing, he puts his feelings and thoughts to be expressed in this scene. College entrance examination in spring of 2000.
Love is in the scene (object), and the scene is harmonious. In this way, feelings are integrated into specific natural scenery or life scenes, and feelings are expressed by describing natural scenery or scenes. 200 1 College Entrance Examination (9)
Direct lyric. Also known as calling a spade a spade. The vast majority of ancient poetry is indirect lyric. 200 1 question 8
(4) Image
Images in poetry refer not only to the characters portrayed in narrative poems, but also to the lyric heroes in lyric poems, and more to the scenery or things described in poems.
(5) Contrast
There are many ways to create images in poetry, which can be described directly or indirectly, painted with thick lines and strong colors, paved and set off, and created through imagination and association.
Aluminum foil is divided into reverse aluminum foil and front aluminum foil. Positive contrast is also called contrast.
(6) Allusions (also an expression)
The ancients often used allusions to express their feelings in their works, either vividly and strongly, or implicitly, so as to enhance the expressive force and appeal of their works. To grasp the idea of allusions, we need to know the author's life experience and be familiar with the source of allusions. For example, Xin Qiji's "Adventure through the ages, Gubeiting in Jingkou Nostalgia" uses five allusions (Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Song Wendi, Beaver and Lian Po). Because these allusions are historical anecdotes of Jingkou, the thoughts of allusions are closely related to the thoughts and feelings of this word. Therefore, when Xin Qiji came to Gubeiting, it was easy to think of these allusions and use them to express his thoughts and feelings. ?
(7) Expression method
The imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed through various artistic techniques. Understand some common artistic techniques, such as contrast, reality (some are true, none is false; Evidence is truth, and false support is empty; Objective is true, subjective is virtual ...), the use of allusions, etc. , help to enter the mood.
Other techniques, such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition, etc., should also be understood in order to appreciate it easily.
(8) Style and genre
"Style" means that due to the author's different life experiences, emotional temperament and artistic accomplishment, he shows his unique style, style and interest in his creation, forming different styles of his works. For example, Li Bai's poems are fresh, elegant and free, Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated, Tao Yuanming's poems are diluted and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are splashed with ink, such as Su Shi and Xin Qiji's poems are unrestrained, and Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao's poems are graceful and subtle. Understanding the poet's style is conducive to grasping their thoughts and feelings in poetry. Similarly, writing about friendship, Li Bai said, "I am worried about the bright moon and stay with the wind until the long night." But Du Fu said, "So, instead of piling tears in the Qutang in advance, it is better to use brocade water to flow." To appreciate their poems, we should read them repeatedly and carefully understand their differences in style. Third, the analysis of students' situation.
In order to not only reflect the "preliminary appreciation" requirements put forward by the proposer in the exam instructions, but also achieve an ideal state in the distinction of topics, the materials for selecting poems in the college entrance examination should be relatively simple and easy for students to understand. After our usual training, students have a basic understanding of the propositional form of subjective questions in poetry, but their ability to truly understand the ideological content of poetry, analyze relevant expression skills in combination with specific poems, and accurately and standardly answer subjective questions needs to be improved.
Fourth, explain the knowledge points
Appreciation and evaluation ability is the highest level of Chinese reading ability, that is, E level. It is a special ability, which needs to be based on memory, understanding and analysis, and also needs the participation of many knowledge and abilities such as literature and style. However, as long as you are interested in poetry and have carefully studied similar works in class, it is not difficult to do such problems.
Realism and romanticism
Realism advocates objective observation of real life, accurate and delicate description of reality according to the original features of life, and true representation of typical people in typical environments. Romanticism is good at expressing the passionate pursuit of ideals, and often uses passionate language, magnificent and magical imagination and exaggerated methods to shape images.
(2) Artistic conception: As the name implies, "meaning" means emotion, that is, subjective thoughts and feelings; "Quiet" is a realm and a three-dimensional artistic picture. In literary works, "meaning" cannot be said naked, but needs to be expressed through things; "Context" cannot be a purely objective object, and needs to be triggered by intention. Therefore, the so-called "artistic conception" can be said to be an intriguing artistic realm formed by the organic integration of the poet's subjective thoughts and feelings and the life picture depicted in the poem.
Image is something that moves the author's feelings in poetry. When appreciating, we must first make it clear that the author wants to express his inner feelings through images. In addition, we should also know our traditional aesthetic habits, such as "looking at the moon and thinking about a distance", "hurting spring and mourning autumn", "thinking about the passing years when seeing the flowing water" and "worrying about the drizzle of phoenix trees", which are all in line with our traditional aesthetic characteristics. Artistic conception is the harmonious unity of meaning and context in poetry, and it is an appreciation of the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet. It is necessary to understand artistic conception, and to understand artistic conception, we must grasp the aesthetic characteristics of images.
For example, Zhang Ji's night parking near Fengqiao.
On a frosty night, Jiang Feng sleeps by fishing and fire; In the lonely Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, the bell that rang in the middle of the night reached the passenger ship.
This is a poem, but it is also a painting. Near this painting are the "fishing fire" of Jiangfeng (the name of the Second Bridge, namely Jiangcun Bridge and Qiao Feng Bridge) and the passenger ships moored at night. In the distance, first frost and the waning moon fall in the direction of "Wuti" (place name), which can be seen through the trees.
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About visiting temples. What a beautiful picture at night near Fengqiao! The poet is good at setting colors, the frosty sky is transparent, the fishing fire is bright, and they set each other off at a distance. The nearby fishing boat and the distant mountain temple are linked by bells. In this way, the distant view and the close view are interwoven into one chapter, which makes the whole picture colorful and full of vitality. In addition to colors, there are also sounds. The bells in the night sky are transmitted to the passenger ships one by one, knocking on the passengers' hearts. How can this not cause passengers' infinite reverie and enter the dream with sadness? The artistic conception of this picture of a night-mooring near maple bridge is lonely, but because of the rich and intense coloring and interesting description of the scenery, people are not attracted to the "sad" environment, but can get a sense of beauty.
This poem has emotion and realm. When we read this poem, we will naturally present a three-dimensional picture with both emotion and shadow, which is just like sitting in a cinema watching a three-dimensional movie. No wonder this poem has been widely circulated for a long time and spread abroad. It's really a rare poem with artistic conception!
Another example is Wang Zhihuan's In the Heron Villa.
The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea. By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
One of the important reasons why this short poem with only 20 words can become a swan song is that it creates a complete artistic conception.
The stork tower is located on the third floor of Yongji County, Shanxi Province (it has been washed away by the river). Because of the high terrain of the construction site, you can climb the building and overlook the surrounding scenery: Zhongtiao Mountain in the distance and the rushing Yellow River in the vicinity can vaguely see the wonders on both sides of Jinnan and Weihe River. Therefore, the mirage became a scenic spot in the Tang Dynasty.
In the poem "In the Lodge of Herons", Wang Zhihuan outlined the sunset, late mountains, the Yellow River, the sea and other scenery with thick lines, showing the characteristics of climbing high and overlooking. At the same time, through verbs such as "one" and "six", the natural scenery is given life and vivid life and expressive force. The word "Yi" is well written, which outlines the strange scenery of the sunset near the mountain. The word "Liu" is also used well, like an artery injected into this picture, which makes readers see the magnificent scene of the Yellow River returning to the sea thousands of miles away, and even makes readers seem to hear the sound of the surging Yellow River. Coupled with the contrast of different colors such as "daytime" and "Yellow River", people's imaginary "mountain" and "river" are also dyed with different colors. The last two sentences of the poem seem to explain a philosophy, but they are actually explaining that if you want to see a broader and better scene, you have to "go up a storey still higher". Because the first two sentences have laid a good foundation, the last two sentences are not dry at all, but they are well connected with the previous scenes, in the same strain, forming a novel and complete picture of climbing the building. The poet's subjective thoughts and feelings are also very good. From the perspective of mountain climbing, the poet's thoughts and emotions are positive. This poem can not only make people see an infinitely broad artistic picture, but also effectively stimulate people's desire to "go up a storey still higher" and improve people's spiritual realm.
(9) Language features
(1) fresh. Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. ② Plain, also known as plain. It is characterized by choosing exact words to state directly, or using simple drawings without modification, which is true, profound and approachable. (3) gorgeous. It is characterized by rich rhetoric, gorgeous literary talent and fantastic feelings. (4) lively. It is characterized by firmness and decisiveness. (5) Recessive. Its characteristic is that the intention is beyond the words, often not directly described, but tortuous, telling him this, or quoting without sending it, or trying to say it for readers to appreciate. (6) simplicity. Simple and clear.
To appreciate poetry, we should pay attention to the poet's choice of words and sentences, the mutual contrast and contrast between motion and stillness, sound and stillness, emotion and reason in the description of objects, and the rhetorical color of inverted word order. Poetry is the art of language. A concrete and in-depth exploration of the language expression of the work is helpful to accurately grasp the conception, thoughts and feelings of the work and enter the artistic conception of the work. Another example is the clever use of verbs "Zhao", "Liu", "Ghost" and "Xia" in his poem "Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains". The persistence of these verbs, whether long or short, makes us feel that Yueguang Guan gushes, the clear spring gushes, women are from far to near, and Lian Fang is from near to far. ?
Five, poetry appreciation methods
(A) the accumulation of wealth, focusing on peacetime accumulation
1. At ordinary times, read more famous books or poems that interest you, and read more articles on appreciation of ancient poems, so as to enhance the ability of perception and improve the ability of analysis and evaluation.
2. Make clear the terms related to poetry appreciation, such as lyricism by borrowing scenery, expressing ambition by supporting things, expressing one's mind directly, artistic conception, association, chanting things, narration, rhythm, reality, symbol, contrast rendering, foil, rhetoric (metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, contrast, pun, duality).
(2) Examining and reading works
1. Understand people and discuss poems to test them.
Of course, we should understand and master the experience style of all literary masters in past dynasties. For non-famous writers of poems and songs, we should pay full attention to their works and their bets (such as writing background, mood, etc. )
For example, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Gao Shi Cen Can were all poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
2. Grasp the characteristics of key breakthroughs
Carefully scrutinize the title of this poem to clarify the meaning
The title is the forehead of the article, which is rich in a lot of information (time, place, people's events, the poet's mood, the artistic conception of the poem, the type of the poem, etc. )
For example, "a night-mooring near maple bridge" can infer that the poem depicts the night scene of Qiao Feng, and the word "Bo" indicates that the poem expresses a feeling of being stranded.
English level 4 language entry
Develop the reading habit of tasting language word for word, analyzing images and reading repeatedly, so as to grasp the expression skills and artistic conception of works.
Artistic creation is often hidden, "there are many meanings, and the next word is three points." When we appreciate the work, because there is no option to use this ladder,
(3) the method of inspiration
It can be summarized as: what to write, how to write, and why to write like this, so that students can clearly understand the requirements of the college entrance examination and understand the angle of poetry appreciation.
Find out what it says first.
1. What did you write?
The content here can be some feelings of the author, such as homesickness, injury, nostalgia, chanting and worry; It can also be the author's views on life, society and life.
2. How to determine what is written?
Pay attention to the title of this poem.
The title of a poem often tells us the content of the poem. Determining the content of a poem can help us understand the theme of the poem and the author's emotions.
For example, think about Li Ning's Seclusion: What can be seen from this poem?
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The content of the suggested poem is to describe Li Ning's seclusion.
(2) Carefully scrutinize the key words.
(3) Pay attention to the implied information of words.
One of the characteristics of poetry expression is implication, which is often one meaning on the surface, but actually another meaning.
Such as "Do you know? Do you know that?/You know what? It is green, fat and thin. " Thinking: on the surface, it is the decline of leaves and flowers after the rain. What feelings did you actually express?
Tip: The author's nostalgia and farewell to spring.
(4) Mobilize knowledge accumulation.
For example, what do you think of when you mention Wang Wei and Yue Fei?
Tip: There are pictures in the poem, loyal to the country.
(2) Find out how it is written?
1. Understanding of typical details
In the description of details, the feelings and emotions of the protagonist in the poem are often revealed, so special attention should be paid to the analysis. For example, the detail of "knocking on a chessboard and leaving it in the snuff" in the college entrance examination in 2000 expresses the irritability of the protagonist in the poem because he didn't come to the invitation at night. Pay attention to the connection before and after when analyzing the details. If you don't pay attention to the above "I have an appointment to stay up late" and the following "I fell into snuff", it is likely that "knocking at the door casually" will be understood as expressing the leisurely and quiet mood of the protagonist in the poem.
2. Pay attention to the structure of the whole poem
The structure is always arranged to highlight the theme and the author's emotion. The structure includes general type, progressive type and contrast type. For example, in the college entrance examination of 1996, the whole Yuanqu begins with a title, describing the heroic achievements of the characters in the Three Kingdoms in different levels. Finally, it ends with an overview, and the whole article is divided into parts, echoing from beginning to end.