Poetry is a literary genre with emotion as the main body. It reflects social life in a lyrical way, is highly concise and concentrated, and expresses thoughts and feelings in the form of rich imagination, rhythmic language and line arrangement. Poetry is a rhythmic, rhythmic and emotional language art form, and also the oldest and most basic literary form in the world.
In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs. In modern times, they are generally called poems. It expresses social life and people's spiritual world according to certain syllables and rhythms. Poetry originated from ancient social life, which is a rhythmic and emotional language form due to labor production, sex and primitive religion. "Shangshu Yu Shu": "Poetry expresses ambition, song expresses Tao, sound is eternal, law and harmony." "Rites and Music": "Poetry expresses ambition; Song, chanting its voice; Dance, move its capacity; The three are based on the heart, and then the instrument follows it. " In the early days, poetry, song, music and dance were integrated. Poetry is the lyrics, which are always sung with music and dance in actual performances. Later, poetry, song, music and dance developed independently and became independent adults. Poems and songs are collectively called poems.
First, the category of poetry.
Ancient poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry in form. Classical poetry is relative to modern poetry. Judging from the number of words, there are basically four kinds: four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. The author is often before the Sui and Tang Dynasties; In the ancient poems of Sui and Tang Dynasties, there are generally symbolic words such as "line, chant, song and quotation" in the title. Modern poetry refers to the poetry that paid more attention to rhythm and rhythm in Sui and Tang Dynasties, also known as "metrical poetry", which can be roughly divided into quatrains and metrical poems; Quatrains and metrical poems are divided into five words and seven words respectively; Modern poetry has strict requirements on rhyme, paying attention to the rhyme feet of two, four, six and eight; There is also a limit to the number of sentences in a poem: four lines of quatrains and four lines of eight sentences, of which one or two are called the first couplet, three or four are called the parallel couplet, five or six are called the neck couplet, and seven or eight are called the tail couplet. The antithesis of couplets and the neckline of metrical poems are necessary.
Poetry in ancient style
(Antique) The characteristics of four-character ancient poems, such as The Book of Songs.
(1) The author is a poem before the Tang Dynasty, which is generally archaic. (2) In Tang poetry, all titles with symbolic words such as "line, chant, song and quotation" are ancient poems. ② There is no limit to the number of sentences in each poem, which can be long or short.
Five-character ancient poems, such as Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden.
Bai Juyi's seven-character ancient poems such as Pipa Xing.
Li He's Quotations from Li Ping
Miscellaneous ancient poems, such as: Li Bai's dream of climbing Tianmu Mountain, Du Fu's modern poem "Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage"
Five-character quatrains (metrical poems), such as the characteristics of Wang Zhihuan's modern poem Dengque Lou.
The number of sentences in a poem is limited, that is, four quatrains and eight verses. (2) Poetry has strict prosodic requirements, with 24 rhymes for quatrains and 2468 rhymes for metrical poems.
Seven-character quatrains such as Bo Qinhuai by Du Mu.
Five-character poems, such as Du Fu's "Spring Hope"
Seven-character poems, such as Du Fu's Ascension.
In addition, according to different standards and angles, poetry can be divided into different types. For example, in terms of artistic techniques, there are poems that describe scenery and express feelings, and poems that recite things and express their feelings; From the content, there are pastoral poems, frontier poems, homesickness poems, wandering poems, homesickness poems, boarding poems, boudoir love poems, philosophical poems, travel poems, farewell poems and epics.
Second, the image of poetry
Understanding and analyzing the images in poetry is the key to poetry appreciation. There are three kinds of images in poetry:
(1) the heroic image in the poem. For example, The Book of Songs depicts the image of a pair of young lovers. Young men are warm and simple, while young women are beautiful, lively, smart and playful. Zhang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, created a calm and self-adaptive fisherman image in The Fisherman's Song.
② The poet's own image. For example, in Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, through the description of the beautiful scenery of the mountain village, we also get a glimpse of the poet's hermit image.
③ Scenery and objects described in poetry. For example, lakes and mountains, rural Sang Ma, lonely desert cities and so on are all images in poetry. For example, in Du Mu's Mountain Walk, the scenery in the mountains, including mountain roads, people's homes, white clouds and red leaves, all constitute images, and the frosted red leaves in the maple forest have the most charm. Images in poetry are full of the poet's thoughts and feelings, so only by truly understanding the images of poetry can we deeply understand the thoughts and feelings of poetry.
Specifically, the common images in ancient poems are as follows:
(1) bold and free and easy image.
Li Bai's "Since God has given talents, let them find jobs!"! , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " (Into the Wine) shows his thoughts of being indifferent to wealth and despising sages, and also reflects Li Bai's arrogant and unruly character.
(2) the image of worrying about the country and the people, the shirt was wet with tears.
Du Fu's "There are thousands of spacious buildings in Qian Qian, and the poor in the world are happy." ..... "("Autumn wind breaks the thatched cottage "), the poet not only stays in personal sorrow, but also pushes himself and others, and his spirit of caring for the country and the people can be seen; Bai Juyi's "But who among them cries the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet "(Sapaxing) uses the words" cry "and" wet ",which greatly broadens the artistic conception of the poem.
(3) the image of seclusion in the countryside and love for mountains and rivers.
Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan ... arguing with true meaning and forgetting words" ("Drinking") describes the leisurely seclusion life and illustrates the poet's thought of being poor and happy. Wang Wei's "Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend, you entertain me at your farm ... I'll come back when I'm in the mountain holiday, chrysanthemum time" ("Passing by the old man's village") describes the scenery of the mountain village and the life scene where friends get together, like an idyllic scenery, which makes people linger.
④ The image of loving people and talents.
Gong Zizhen's "I urge God to shake hands again and drop talents in an unconventional way" ("Jihai Miscellaneous Work"), the desire for talents between the lines is not obvious.
⑤ The image of loving children.
Li Shangyin's "Time passed long before I met her, but since we separated, the time has become longer, and the east wind has started and a hundred flowers have blossomed. The silkworm will weave until it dies, and the candle will weep every night "("Untitled "). The poem describes the infinite sadness when he left the woman he loved in late spring and the continuous affection of acacia after leaving, expressing the praise for faithful love.
Third, thoughts and feelings
Poetry, whether describing scenery or narrating, chanting things or nostalgia, will contain certain thoughts and feelings of the poet, and the emotional appeal of poetry content is the focus of poetry appreciation.
The following points should be paid attention to when evaluating the ideological content of poetry:
(1) should be related to the poet's life story and creative style. For example, Xin Qiji fought bloody battles in the forefront of the anti-gold struggle, and was driven out by the capitulators after returning to the south. Therefore, most of his words are in full swing to recall the past fighting life, or to express the anger of serving the country, and the style is bold and sad.
(2) It should be related to the background of the poet. For example, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong, and most intellectuals who joined the army were heroic and spirited, which was reflected in the creation of frontier poems. Although there are descriptions of the harsh environment outside the Great Wall, there are also deep thoughts about relatives in my hometown, but more are common aspirations and determination to serve the country, so the style is high and the emotions are stirring. The song dynasty was very different. The poor and weak Song Dynasty lost the flavor of the Tang Dynasty. In the writings of intellectuals, there is less heroism, more sadness, less grandeur and more worries about home and country.
(3) Avoid preconceptions and analyze specific poems. Many great poets are often generalists, and their poetic styles are also rich and colorful. For example, Du Fu's poems are full of melancholy and often express his regret for the country and the people, but there are also vivid and beautiful poems like "two orioles singing green willows and a row of egrets soaring into the sky"; Although Li Qingzhao's ci style is graceful and sad, there are also "90 thousand Li Fengpeng lifts, the wind stops, Pengzhou blows away the three mountains!" Such a heroic poem. Therefore, when appreciating, we should analyze the specific works and avoid copying them mechanically.
④ Read the preface and notes carefully. Many ancient poems are preceded by a short "preface" or accompanied by comments. Some explain the creation time, some explain the creation reason, some explain the creation process, some explain the creation background, and some lay the emotional tone for the whole work. Understanding the ideological content of the work is also very important and cannot be ignored.
The thoughts and feelings expressed in ancient poetry are very extensive, involving the following aspects:
(1) Worried about the country and the people, the pain of war and dispersion: Du Fu's "Spring Hope" sympathizes with the sufferings of the people: "The hut was broken by the autumn wind."
Reflect the darkness of society and expose the decay of rulers: Du Fu "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones."
Expressing concern about the future and destiny of the nation: Lin Sheng's "The Inscription of Lin 'an Mansion" "Warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou Bianzhou. "
Expressing the pain of the degradation of mountains and rivers: Lu You's Xiuer and Wen Tianxiang's Crossing Zero and Ding Yang reveal that the rulers are exorbitant in taxes and levies, and they are militaristic: Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop.
(2) meritorious service to the country
The determination to protect our country and defend our country, and the lofty sentiments of making contributions: Wang Changling's Joining the Army (Huang Sha won every battle in shining armor, and he would never return it until he broke Loulan) and Lu You's Book Wrath.
Disgruntled and frustrated in exile: Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel and Su Shi's When Will the Moon Be?
Lonely and incompetent, resentful and unable to serve the country: Xin Qiji missed the ancient Jingkou Gu Beiting and the ugly slave teenager did not know the taste of sorrow.
Feeling of Time Passing and Sighing of Hard-to-Be-rewarded Ambition —— Sushi's Mink Head Red Cliff Nostalgia
③ Nostalgia and nostalgia
The melancholy of the journey to the end of the world: Meng Haoran's Sleeping at Jiande and his early journey to goodness.
Loneliness of missing relatives and friends: On Wang Wei's Mountain Living Holiday Thinking of Shandong Brothers and Su Shi's Ten Years of Life and Death.
Nostalgia Recruiter: Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride: Qiu Lai Scenery
Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart, Ouyang Xiu's Desperate Waiting for Plum Ginseng, and Li Bai's Yuefu (a bright moon hangs in the capital, and a hammer washes the face)
Feelings of parting: Liu Yong's mausoleum, Wang Wei's music, Li Bai's "To Wang Lun" and "To Ren Shuchuan"
(4) Super dust and free from vulgarity
Leisure of Mountains and Rivers and Seclusion in the Countryside —— Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei and Crossing the Village for the Aged by Meng Haoran
Tao Qian's return to the garden: the sinister aversion to officialdom and the ease of seclusion.
I felt sad at that time.
The vicissitudes of the past are better than the present, but the feelings of current affairs change: Yangzhou Slow by Jiang Kui and Wuyi Lane by Liu Yuxi.
The fleeting sadness of youth leaves no room for anxiety —— Like a dream, the rain dispersed last night by Li Qingzhao
Fourth, poetic artistic conception.
Artistic conception is the harmonious unity of poetic meaning and context. Meaning is the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet in the poem, and context is the artistic picture depicted in the poem. The so-called artistic conception is the thoughts and feelings that the poet wants to express and the life described in the poem.
An intriguing artistic realm formed by the organic integration of pictures. For example, Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden depicts a fresh, natural, quiet and beautiful rural working life scene, and the author's indifferent and quiet mood is contained here.
In the scene of life. This scene containing the author's feelings constitutes the artistic conception of this poem. Another example is Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading, which describes that it will never be exhausted because of the continuous injection of "flowing water from the source".
An old, never-polluted, forever deep and clear square pond, but the square pond in the poem is not only a natural square pond, but also contains the author's reading experience, thus forming the artistic conception of this poem, which not only gives readers beautiful enjoyment,
It also gives readers philosophical enlightenment.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) artistic skills
If you want to appreciate the artistic features of the given poems, you can generally start from the following angles:
From the perspective of word refining, this paper focuses on the expression effect of words and their functions in the theme.
From the perspective of famous sentences, this paper focuses on the emotional philosophy of famous sentences and its role in the theme.
From a rhetorical point of view. What rhetorical devices are used in this poem, and what expressive effect does it have? Common figures of speech include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, metonymy, pun and intertextuality (such as Wang Changling's Out of the Castle, Bright Moon in Qin Dynasty, Pipa Line by Bai Juyi, I, the master has dismounted and the guest has boarded the ship).
From the way of expression: narrative, description, discussion, lyricism.
From the means of expression: lyricism or scene blending, imagination and association, contrast or contrast (dynamic and static contrast, silent sound, etc.). ), expressing ambition by things, using allusions, expressing emotion by ancient times or satirizing the present by ancient times, coexistence of reality and reality, comparison and sustenance of interests, metaphor and symbol, etc.
⑥ From the phonological point of view: if long and short sentences are mixed together, they will be pieced together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade; With overlapping words and rhyming, it is catchy and musical.
The following focuses on several artistic expressions commonly used in ancient poetry.
1. Realism and romanticism:
Realism advocates observing life objectively, describing reality accurately and delicately according to the original features of life, and truly representing typical people in typical environments. Such as the "national style" in the Book of Songs, and the poems of Du Fu and Bai Juyi. Romanticism is good at expressing the passionate pursuit of the ideal world, and often uses passionate language, magnificent and magical imagination and exaggerated methods to shape images. For example, the poems of Qu Yuan, Li Bai and Li He all have distinctive romantic features.
Use scenery to express emotions
When a poet feels something about a scene or an objective thing, he entrusts his feelings and thoughts to the scene to express it, and expresses it through the description of the scene and the object. This lyric way is called borrowing scenery or borrowing things to express his feelings. In China's ancient poems, pine, bamboo, plum, banana, phoenix tree drizzle, duckweed, swan goose, crane, desert ancient road, roadside pavilion and so on. It is often the object of poets' expressing their feelings. These scenes are no longer purely natural things, but carry and convey people's extremely rich and complicated thoughts and feelings. For example, Liu Yong's Where Do You Wake Up Tonight, and Yang Liuan Xiao Feng's Canyue, the description of this scene contains the poet's infinite sadness and hatred. In general, it is the happy scene of Syaraku's feelings, and the sad scene expresses sadness, but there are also ways to write the sad scene with the happy scene, or write the sad scene with Syaraku's feelings. The most typical example is in the Book of Songs: "I wasn't there yesterday, Liu Yiyi. Today I think of it, it's raining. "Yi Yi Liu Yang, the beautiful spring scenery is intoxicating, but this is a sad parting moment; It's raining, it's raining, it's freezing, and it's time for my husband to return home! Writing mourning with music scenes or writing mourning with Syaraku can double the effect of mourning.
3. Take something and express your wishes.
Expressing one's ambition by holding objects is a kind of expression technique often used in poetry and prose, that is, the author expresses his thoughts and feelings or some character's ambition implicitly by describing something. Zhou Dunyi, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty, wrote a famous poem "Love Lotus", and expressed his pursuit of life with the image of lotus. In the Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen's "The Story of the Sick Plum Restaurant" expressed the author's resentment and urgent desire for improvement against the feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty. Mao Dun's Praise of Poplar expresses the indomitable spirit of the broad masses of soldiers and civilians in the liberated areas with poplars common in the Central Plains. In ancient poetry, such as Wang's ode to prison, through the depiction of the image of eating dew and drinking dew, it shows that its noble character is unknown. Many of Chen Ziang's poems about his feelings often use the technique of expressing his wishes, or with the help of vanilla Du Ruo, or with the help of rare birds and emeralds, to express his inner generosity.
Contrast and contrast
Contrast and contrast is a technique in Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of an object, making the object stand out obviously. Used in poetry creation, it is deliberately described from the side, as a foil, so that what needs to be expressed is clearly highlighted. People can be used to compare people. For example, in Qin Luofu, the amazing beauty of Qin Luofu is compared by the reaction of "walker" and "teenager". It can also be set off by things, such as "cicadas make the forest quieter, the sound palace mountain quieter", "monks knock on the door of the moon" and "birds are surprised when the moon comes out" to make the noise quiet; More scenery is used to set off the characters, such as writing the moon in the river three times in Pipa, which sets off the wonderful and charming timbre of Pipa and the desolate, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively. We should also pay attention to some common "artistic dialectics" techniques in ancient poetry. For example, when describing things or scenery, we often combine far and near, motion and stillness, sound and color, reality and emptiness to form a contrast, which has received good artistic effects.
Use allusions
That is, quoting historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only refine the language of poetry, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. For example, Xin Qiji successfully used five allusions: Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong and so on. With these historical facts, the poet expressed his complicated thoughts and feelings concisely and implicitly. 6. Association and imagination are mostly adopted by romantic poets. For example, Li Bai often integrates reality with dreams, fairyland, nature with human society. His "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" is full of poems that let go of thoughts, and the poet's imagination is like a wild imagination. The dreamland and fairyland depicted by him are the bright and beautiful ideal world he yearns for. "I don't know the moon when I was young, but I cried to Bai", "I am worried about the bright moon, and I travel west with you at night", "I sing. The moon encourages me, and my dancing shadow is messy "are all ingenious brushstrokes, combining whimsy with the truth of nature and heaven." Bold and rich imagination is often manifested in the use of exaggeration. The so-called exaggeration means deliberately exaggerating or narrowing things to express the poet's unusual feelings. In romantic poetry, exaggeration can be seen everywhere. For example, Li Bai's Tianmu Mountain rises in his dream, and there are hundreds of miles of ladder mountains, which are here and begin to turn to the southeast. This sentence uses exaggeration and contrast to express the loftiness and sublimity of Tianmu Mountain. Another example is Li He's "Dream of Heaven", "Looking at qi zhou in the distance, a glass of seawater flows backwards." In the poet's eyes, Kyushu on the vast land of China has become a trivial dust cloud at nine o'clock, and the vast East China Sea has become a thing in a cup. Through imagination and exaggeration, the poet expressed his deep feelings about personnel changes. 7. Bi Xing symbol
Metaphor is a rhetorical device that compares one thing with another with different essence. Used in poetry is also called "Bi Xing". This technique is often used in poetry to achieve the artistic effect of vivid image and turning reality into emptiness.
For example, Zhu Qingyu's "To Secretary Zhang on the Eve of the Examination" in the Tang Dynasty skillfully used the bride's nervous and hopeful psychology before meeting her in-laws, and wrote her nervous and eager to be appreciated before the exam. He Zhangzhi's "Liu Fu": "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " When the new leaves sprouted in spring, the poet suddenly had a whim in a surprise. It was Miss Chun who fiddled with spiritual scissors with her dexterous hands and cut out thin leaves! Metaphor makes description virtual, image more dynamic and emotion more intense. If this concrete image runs through the whole story, it is a symbol. For example, Li Bai often places his ideals and symbolizes his talents with magnificent and extraordinary things, such as Dapeng, Tianma, Xiong Jian and mountains and rivers. I like to choose the bright moon, phoenix, pine and cypress, beauty and other noble and beautiful things. Symbolizing moral integrity; He often chooses the events of people who were destroyed and imprisoned to compare his experience and situation. Qu Yuan's poems also have this feature, often using vanilla beauty as a symbol of talent, and using birds and blackbirds as a metaphor for villains.
Sixth, the style of genre
Because poets have different life experiences, emotional temperament and artistic accomplishment, they show their unique styles, styles and tastes in their creation, forming different styles of their works. Mature poets and poets have their own unique artistic styles. For example, Li Bai's poems are uninhibited and full of fairy tales; Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated, worrying about the country and the people; There are pictures in Wang Wei's poems, full of Zen, quiet and beautiful; Lotte's poems appeal to both refined and popular tastes, simple and lovely; Li He's poems are fantastic. Jia Dao's poems are bitter, thin and cold; Du Mu's poems are broad-minded, handsome, beautiful and natural. Li Shangyin is subtle and elegant, sentimental, and so on. The following words are often used to evaluate the style of ancient poetry:
(1) vigorous refers to the greatest strength, vigorous qi. Its characteristics are: strong bones, magnificent mountains and rivers, lofty universe, magnanimity, grandeur and grandeur. It is like a roaring sea, not like the rippling West Lake. If it turned out to be Kunlun Mountain, it would not be a small and pleasant Suzhou garden. In specific works, some are ambitious and resolute, such as Liu Bang's Song of the Wind; Some are generous and sad, such as Xiang Yu's Gaixia Song; Some are open-minded and full of lofty sentiments, such as Cao Cao's "Watching the Sea". Boldness is the era style of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which embodies the prosperous scene and vitality of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Changling's "Out of the Great Wall" and "Bright Moon in Qin Dynasty and Broken in Han Dynasty" are magnificent. Meng Haoran's Facing Dongting and Clouds Dream Up and Fog Valley Besiege Yueyang are magnificent. How sublime and magnificent Wang Wei's "make it to the top" and "the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen"! These poems are vigorous.
(2) bold and unrestrained, called bold and unrestrained. Its characteristics not only show the characteristics of the poet as the subject, but also show the characteristics of the depicted object as the object. As far as the subject matter is concerned, the emotion is stirring and the style is high; Imagination is strange and exaggerated; Ambitious and broad-minded; Suck into the universe and pull up mountains and rivers; Arrogant and rough, wild and unrestrained. As far as the object is concerned, it is often huge in size and strength, showing its unique grandeur and sublimity, or showing a vast and boundless scene, so it is magnificent, magnificent and ethereal. Li Bai is a master of the uninhibited school, which is characterized by intense emotion, high style, strange imagination and exaggeration. "Don't you see how the water of the Yellow River flows down from the sky into the ocean and never comes back?" ("Into the Wine") is magnificent and pours thousands of miles. Su and Xin are the most outstanding representatives of the unrestrained school of Song Ci. Su Ci pays attention to integrating impassioned, tragic and desolate feelings into Ci, is good at writing people and chanting things, and wins with heroic images, majestic momentum and vast and magnificent scenes. Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia is a masterpiece. The sentence "The River Never Returning" captures all the people who are active in the vast and long time and space, and it is magnificent. "West of the Old Base Area" to "Dust" is an ancient ode with lofty and deep feelings, while the sentence "Sculling in the Air" combines magnificent situation, bright colors and loud sounds, giving people a kind of "hug". A few words of "wandering in the old country" turned to myself, and my feelings also fell from excitement to depression. The whole word has a magnificent tone and sings "You must be a big shot in Kansai, holding an iron plate".
(3) If repression is bold, it is volcanic eruption, and repression is undercurrent. When the poet is elegant and chic, he is uninhibited; When the poet meditates and is anxious and angry, he becomes depressed. Li Bai is bold, light and lucid, so he rises to the sky, and wild cranes are free and elegant everywhere; Du Fu was depressed, and his weight made him fall heavily, diving into his heart, stirring his feelings and tossing and turning. What is depression? Depression refers to the profundity, richness, anxiety and suggestibility of emotions. "Sinking or not floating, it is not thin." Du Fu's poems are extremely rich. Sadness is the main content of Du Fu's poems. His sorrow is not only personal, but also national, national and people's. Therefore, this kind of sadness has rich emotional levels, which makes him depressed and gain deep feelings and lofty values. His Three Officials, Three Farewells, An Automobile Shop and Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage are all melancholy masterpieces.
(4) Touching the scene, seeing things hurting people, tragic and generous, is called sadness. Generally, poets lament the ever-changing diseases, the speed of youth passing away, the seriousness of people's disasters, the ups and downs of fate and the anger of unfulfilled ambition, while those who are concerned about the country and the people and are generous and sad look at them with sadness. It can be seen that compassion is the voice of the times and the cry of the poet. Faced with the turbulent reality, the poet expressed compassion out of a serious sense of responsibility. Chen Ziang's poems are famous for their sadness. Youzhou rostrum is the most exciting elegy. With great grief and indignation, the poet climbed the tower with tears in his eyes. Facing the vast land in the sky, draw a continuous picture of the past, present and future with a pen like a rafter, and draw a vast picture of the universe. Its solemn and stirring song resounds through the sky, and its generosity transcends space.
⑤ Dilution, which means rush and indifference, is characterized by leisure, quietness and deep indifference. Wang Wei's landscape poems are characterized by leisure, quietness and remoteness. He is a master of dilution. Such as "people idle osmanthus, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty." When the moon rises, the birds are startled, and when the stream is deep, the song is deep. There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I hear a voice. The sun shines on me from the green moss. "(Chai Lu) Here, there is no hustle and bustle of the city, no human disputes, no external interference, only the tranquility of nature and the vitality of birds and flowers. Poets indulge in enjoyment, admiration and intoxication, throw themselves into the embrace of nature and become an organism of nature. The nature described by the poet always beats the poet's pulse, whirls the poet's voice and shakes the poet's soul. Therefore, nature is personified. The nature described by the poet is the poet himself, reflecting the poet's diluted state of mind. The poet himself has integrated into nature. This kind of melting is to melt the subjective feelings into the objective scenery and pursue the quiet and ethereal realm of selflessness, which is the ultimate dilution.
⑥ Broad-mindedness refers to unrestrained, open-minded, elegant, noble and unique, and the representative writer is Su Shi. Su Shi's ci is not only bold, but also broad-minded in style. Su Shi, who has great talent but poor talent, should not only adhere to the tradition, but also conform to the current situation; We should not only do what we can, but also know the destiny, so that his character has typical broad-minded characteristics. Poems such as "Life is like a dream, and the moon is full of respect" ("Nian Nujiao's Red Cliff Nostalgia") and "Old People Chat About Juvenile Madness" ("Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou") are obviously broad-minded. Su Shi sometimes tries his best to get rid of himself and blend in with nature, so that his limited life can be eternal in the movement of nature without beginning or end; Let all kinds of troubles in life be freed from the pure and beautiful nature beyond reality, purify yourself from all kinds of contradictions with society, and live in harmony with the laws created by nature. For example, "When will there be a bright moon?" Equating life phenomena with natural phenomena and philosophy of life with natural laws obliterates the boundaries between time and space. Shang Kun regretted not being able to "go home by the wind" and immediately explained himself with "what is it like?" Xia Kun regretted that "people have joys and sorrows" and immediately explained that "the moon is full of rain and shine, and it is difficult to be complete in ancient times", thus getting comfort and inspiration from nature and getting rid of the troubles of life.
Poetry genre refers to the conscious or unconscious combination of poets with the same or similar ideas, artistic opinions and artistic styles. This poetry genre is the most typical in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There are pastoral poets represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, and frontier poets represented by Gao Shi, Wang Changling and Cen Can. The genre of Ci was the most mature in Song Dynasty, including graceful school represented by Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui, and wild school represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji. The works of poets of the same school are almost the same in style, and there are many similarities in the choice of theme, the shaping of image, the use of language, the choice and application of creative methods and so on. For example, graceful words are subtle, with eroticism as the theme and strict melody; Bold words reflect a broader social life, but their ideological content is not limited to traditional parting, nor does it strictly follow the melody. But there is more than one style for poets of the same clan, and they can have their own unique style, just as they are bold and unrestrained, and Su Ci is broad-minded and free-spirited, and Xin Ci is generous and cynical.
Seven, enjoy the program
Appreciation of ancient poetry is a very difficult subject. Let's see what kind of poem it is after we get the title. Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties are generally used in ancient poetry, with lyric poems as the majority. Lyric poetry can be divided into scenery description and lyric, ancient lyric and lyric. Writing lyric poems about scenery is mainly to grasp the relationship between scenery and emotion; Generally speaking, to grasp the relationship between the ancient and the present, it can be used to describe the present or satirize it; The first step is to understand the relationship between things and ambitions, and express ambitions by what things are.
The second step is to go to the second half of the poem and find the center of the poem (the author wants to express his feelings and heartfelt wishes).
The third step is to look at the first half of the poem and think about what images are written, what pictures these images constitute, what characteristics these pictures have and what role they play in the center of the poem (this is actually the collision between scenery and emotion, that is, the grasp of artistic conception).
The fourth step is to do five must-see: the topic (the topic is often the eye of the poem or the central event), the author (knowing the author's style), the notes (difficult knowledge allusions, sometimes the answer is in them), the famous sentences (the eye of the central poem is often here) and the stem (the stem is highly directional and requires attention).
The fifth step is to look at the techniques used in poetry, so that it is easy to appreciate ancient poetry. Generally, the expression program can be used when organizing writing: what kind of poem is this, what kind of scenery the poet absorbed to form what kind of picture scroll (or what kind of image description), and what kind of thoughts and feelings the poet contains from it. In terms of artistic features, what expressive techniques are mainly used and what expressive effects are achieved.
Now Tang poetry is generally divided into four periods: early, prosperous, middle and late;
In the early Tang Dynasty (6 18-7 13), the formalistic poetic style of the Southern Dynasties prevailed in the early poetic circles, and palace-style poems flooded the poetic circles. Shangguan Yi's "official style" based on "strangeness and interest" is the representative of this period. have only
Wang Ji is free from vulgarity, and his poetic style is fresh and simple. The "Four Masters" broke through the content of "Palace Poetry", and then Shen Quanqi and Song created a new form of metrical poetry. Finally, they rejected the poetic style of Qi Liang and advocated the style of Han Wei.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty (7 13-766), the poetry world was full of stars and flowers-Gao Shi and Cen Can frontier fortress were wonderful; Wang Wei, Meng Haoran pastoral; Li Bai is arrogant and whimsical; Du Fu devoted himself to the people, depressed and frustrated.
In the middle Tang Dynasty (766-835), poetry was rich and varied-Han Meng's poetry school pursued adventure; Han Yu and Li are magnificent; Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi are relaxed and smooth; Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan are beautiful; Gu Kuang's poetic rhythm is flexible and changeable; Wei is fresh and simple, exquisite and gorgeous, bright and elegant; Yao He and Jia Dao are round and meticulous; Meng Jiao's efforts are restrained and touching.
In the late Tang Dynasty (836-906), politics deteriorated and people's livelihood was miserable: Du Mu was free and easy on the surface, but in fact he was suffering from inner pain, with a vivid image and handsome spirit; Xu Hun's plan is mature and poetic; Li Shangyin is affectionate and depressed, beautiful and dense; The image of the text is exquisite and the structure is round. Li Qunshan was depressed and could not persist; Luo Yin lashed out at the current disadvantages and sharply criticized them; Han Wo's poems are beautiful, delicate and graceful.
According to the most classic theory of poetry, poetry styles are divided into vigorous, diluted, implicit, thoughtful, lofty, elegant, exquisite, vigorous, beautiful, natural, implicit, bold, spiritual, meticulous, wild, strange, tortuous, realistic, sad, descriptive, transcendent and elegant.