Basic information
document
Title: Document
GB/T4894- 1985 Definition: All carriers for recording knowledge.
Basic explanation
[file; Literature] Books, periodicals and laws of historical significance or research value. [ 1]
Citation interpretation
1. Written information about the system of laws and regulations and people familiar with their stories.
"The Analects of Confucius Eight Shu": "I can speak of Xia Li, and I can't argue; I can say Li Yin, but I can't sign Song Li. Insufficient literature. " Zhu Note: "Wen, who is also a sage, is also a sage." Song Poetry "Xie Xujunhou and Wang meet for wine": "Clothes go south, and Wen is always there. "
2 refers to books and materials with historical value or reference value.
Yuan Yang Weizhen's poem "Sending Monks to Japan" said: "If you want to travel to the east, you will complete the classics in the middle." In Qing Dynasty, Yuan's Preface to the Genealogy of Suiyang Yuan Family (Yuan Keli): "Although there are no elders left behind, there is no textual research in the literature, but what I have heard and seen is beyond description. I am loyal and virtuous, and I used to be strong, thinking of Gray's poems. " Wang Shizhen's Notes on Xiang Zu in Qing Dynasty (Volume 9): "The ancestor of Yu Yi, who had no literature, thought he hated it, so he recorded it when he met foreigners in the book." Lu Xun's letter to Bai Cao: "But this is a little literature, not a primer." Xu Chi's Goldbach conjecture: "Because of the persistence of these researchers, the Institute of Mathematics keeps ordering documents from all over the world." [1] Literature is a carrier that records human knowledge by means of words, graphics, symbols, audio and video, or is understood as knowledge solidified on a certain material carrier. It can also be understood as the floorboard of all social historical materials in ancient and modern times. Literature is called the material basis of information work.
origin
(1) The word "Wen" was first seen in The Analects of Confucius Eight Books. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Zhuzhu's Four Book Sentences thought that "Wen, Jing and Shu are also; Dedicated, virtuous. " Therefore, the literature at this time refers to ancient books and articles, refers to the knowledge and remarks of ancient sages, as well as their familiar etiquette and their own experiences. There are also relevant quotations in Yu Xia and Yi Shu Collection, which shows that the original meaning of the word "Wen" refers to ancient books and sages.
(2) In Song Dynasty, Ma Duanlin took literature and dedication as the basis of narration and discussion: "Literature" is a book of classics and history, with hundreds of biographies; "Dedication" is a record of courtiers' comments, Confucian comments, celebrity comments and officials' resignation. Under his influence, the understanding of documents is limited to general written records, and what cannot be expressed as written records cannot be called documents.
Basic meaning
develop
The literature we are talking about today mainly refers to the relatively important written materials with historical significance, and the broad definition of literature has become all the carriers of recording knowledge. According to the international definition, literature is the carrier of all information.
With the development of society, the concept of "literature" has changed a lot. In addition to ancient books, people also call monuments, antiquities, models, inscriptions and paintings "historical documents". 1984 the definition of "document" in People's Republic of China (PRC) national standard "general rules for document description" is: "document: all carriers for recording knowledge." In this definition, there are two key words: "knowledge" is the core content of literature, and "carrier" is the material shell on which knowledge depends, that is, some artificial solid attachments to record knowledge. That is to say, except books, periodicals and other publications, all Oracle Bone Inscriptions, epigraphy, bamboo slips, rubbings, maps, microfilms, videos, audio-visual materials, etc. Words containing words belong to the category of literature.
For thousands of years, our ancestors have created rich and splendid cultural achievements, which are mainly recorded in the voluminous ancient books and classics. These are classical documents. Among them, the books and materials directly related to a certain subject are the literature of that subject. The basic task of classical philology is to inherit the methods, experiences and achievements of ancient collators, use the viewpoints and methods of historical materialism and dialectical materialism to explore, collect, sort out and study these documents, discard the false and retain the true, research the origin of mirrors, make them known, mastered and utilized by professional workers at all levels in various disciplines, and create new scientific culture on this basis, thus making contributions to all mankind.
function
The role of literature in the development of science and society is as follows: (1) is the final expression of scientific research and technological research achievements; (2) It is the best means to spread information in space and time; (3) It is the basic means to confirm the priority of researchers to a discovery or invention; (4) It is an important index to measure the creative labor efficiency of researchers; (5) It is a means for researchers to express themselves and confirm their position in science, so it is an important incentive for researchers to carry out research activities; (6) It is an integral part of the treasure house of human knowledge and the * * * wealth of human beings.
First of all, literature is an important medium for people to acquire knowledge. Literature is the product of the development of human culture to a certain stage (when it has recordable content and recording tools and means), and it continues to develop with the progress of human civilization. The accumulation, summary, storage and improvement of society and knowledge of nature by human beings are mainly realized through the recording, sorting, dissemination and research of documents. Literature can make human knowledge break through the limitation of time and space and spread for a long time.
Second, the content of the literature reflects the knowledge level of people in a certain social and historical stage; The existing forms of documents (such as recording means, writing materials, composition and communication methods, etc.). ) were influenced and restricted by the development level of social science, technology and culture at that time. For example, before the invention of paper, the ancients in China could only make records on Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips and silk books; Before the invention of block printing, the ancients could only record documents by hand. However, it was on the basis of the accumulation of experience in the primary and primitive stage of literature that paper and block printing were invented, which made the recording method of literature more convenient, more widely spread and faster. People also learn from literature and contribute to society with knowledge, thus greatly promoting the development of social civilization. It can be seen that the level of social development determines the content and form of literature, and the inheritance, dissemination and creative application of literature react on society and become a powerful factor in social development. Gorky, a famous writer in the former Soviet Union, famously said that "books are the ladder of human progress" is in this sense.
Third, literature is the basis of scientific research. Any scientific research must extensively collect documents and materials, analyze various forms of materials on the basis of full possession of materials, explore their internal relations, and then conduct further research. For example, Professor Needham of Britain spent decades writing a world-famous masterpiece, History of Science and Technology in China, which was written on the basis of a large number of ancient scientific and technological documents in China. Throughout the history of traditional Chinese medicine, all physicians who have made great academic achievements attach great importance to the study of literature. Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage, is the sixteenth edition of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Sun Simiao, the most famous doctor in the Tang Dynasty, has been collecting medical literature before the Tang Dynasty for decades, and has successively written A Prescription for Emergency and A Prescription for a Thousand Daughters. Li Shizhen, a great scientist in the Ming Dynasty, "collected hundreds of books on fishing and hunting, including stories, history, classics, biographies, phonology, agricultural gardens, medical astrology, Yuefu schools and other books." "More than 30 years old, 800 books", compiled the immortal masterpiece Compendium of Materia Medica, known as "Encyclopedia of Natural History". According to statistics, he cited more than 900 kinds of documents directly and indirectly. They are all examples of studying and utilizing ancient documents. For example, the modern research on the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the modern research on ancient diseases, syndromes, treatments and prescriptions are all based on the collection, collation, analysis and study of classical medical literature.
To sum up, literature is very important for the progress of human civilization and society. Regardless of ancient and modern times, anyone engaged in scientific research needs to rely on relevant literature. Classical literature plays an increasingly important role in the modern research of many disciplines, and people pay more and more attention to it. I believe that in the modern information society, classical literature will play a greater role by making full use of modern scientific and technological means.
classify
Depends on the operator
The most important thing is that it is divided into printing type, miniature type, machine-readable type and audio-visual type according to the carrier.
(1) printing type: it is the most basic way of literature, including lead printing, mimeograph, offset printing, lithograph and other materials. Advantages: you can read directly, which is convenient and fast.
(2) Miniaturization: documents based on photosensitive materials can be divided into microfilm and microfilm. Its advantages are small size and convenient storage, transfer and transportation. But you must use a reader when reading.
(3) Computer readable: It is the latest form of carrier. Mainly through coding and programming, files are converted into symbols and machine language, input into computers, stored on magnetic tapes or disks, and then output by computers when reading. It can store a large amount of information, organize it in any form, and extract the required information from it at a very fast speed. The emergence of e-books belongs to this type.
(4) Audio-visual type: also known as direct sense type or audio-visual type, it is a file recorded on the carrier in the form of sound and image, such as records, audio tapes, video tapes, science and technology movies, slides, etc.
According to different publishing forms and contents
According to the different publishing forms and contents, it can be divided into books, serial publications and special literature.
(1) Books: Any document that is longer than 48 pages and constitutes a bibliographic unit is called a book.
(2) Continuous publications: including periodicals (including core periodicals), newspapers and annual publications.
(3) Special documents: patent documents, standard documents, dissertations, scientific reports, conference documents, government publications, archives and product materials.
document
According to the content, nature and processing of the literature
According to the content, nature and processing depth of literature, literature can be divided into zero-level literature, first-level literature, second-level literature and third-level literature.
(1) Zero-order documents refer to unprocessed and published manuscripts, original data records and other documents. It is the foundation of literature.
(2) Primary literature refers to the literature created on the basis of the author's own research results, such as journal papers, research reports, patent specifications, conference papers, etc.
Original documents include books, newspaper clippings, conference documents, dissertations, patent documents, government publications, product samples, scientific and technological reports, standard documents and archives.
Books cover a wide range, including masterpieces, general monographs, textbooks, popular science books, information reference books and so on.
Famous works refer to the most influential authoritative works of an era, a discipline and a school. Such as Danner's philosophy of art in France and Darwin's origin of species.
A monograph is a systematic, comprehensive and in-depth exposition of a certain subject and a special problem, with profound content, mostly the crystallization of the author's research results for many years. For example, Darwin's On the Origin of Species.
Textbooks are professional books, which are strictly scientific, systematic and logical. Popular science books are popular books aimed at popularizing scientific knowledge to the broad masses. Divided into primary, intermediate and advanced books, the text is simple, but the latest information content is low.
Newspapers are serial publications, which mainly publish news and comments. Such as Wen Wei Po and China Education News.
Periodicals are regular or irregular publications, including weekly, monthly, bimonthly and quarterly. It can be divided into academic journals, information journals, technical journals, professional journals and mass journals. There are three kinds of common periodicals. One kind is magazines. One is reports, periodicals, series, periodicals and university journals. There is also a kind of abstract and copy. Information reference books include manuals, dictionaries, encyclopedias, yearbooks, etc. Manuals often collect the most commonly used literature materials of a certain profession or a certain aspect that are often consulted. For example, the Handbook of Medicine and the Handbook of Photography. A dictionary is a reference book that collects words, arranges them in a certain way and explains them one by one. Such as Cihai, Dictionary of Philosophy, Dictionary of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dictionary of China Fine Arts, Dictionary of China Names, Dictionary of China Artists, etc.
Does encyclopedia discuss all categories of human beings or just one category?