1. Direct expression of emotion
The lyrical way of directly expressing love and hate attitudes towards relevant characters and events is direct expression of emotion, also called direct expression of one's heart. For example, in "Collection of Yuefu Poems? 6.1 Advocating Songs and Songs", "Shangxie! I want to know you, and my life will never fade. There are no mountains and mausoleums, the rivers are exhausted, the winter thunder shakes, the summer rains and snows, the heaven and the earth are harmonious, but I dare to be with you. "Jue" is about a woman confessing her feelings to "Jun", directly expressing the girl's true, kind and fierce love, which is frank, sincere and shocking. Another example is Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taige": "I never see the ancients before me, and I never see the newcomers after me. Thinking of the long journey of heaven and earth, I shed tears alone." The poet uses a generous and sad tone to express his resentment for not being recognized for his talent. , the depression burst out through the poems, directly expressing his feelings.
2. Indirect lyricism
The creation of Chinese classical poetry pays great attention to implicitness and conciseness. When poets deal with emotions, they generally do not express emotions directly, but express their emotions here and there. In narratives, they express emotions based on events, when describing scenes, they express emotions through scenes, when chanting about objects, they express aspirations by supporting objects, and when recording history, they chant history to express feelings.
1. Emotional expressions based on events: For example, in Li Bai's "Early Departure from Baidi City", "White Emperor's farewell speech is among the colorful clouds, and the thousands of miles of rivers and mountains are returned in one day. The apes on both sides of the bank can't stop crying, and the light boat has passed the Ten Thousand Mountains." The narrative contains the author's eagerness to go home and reunite with his relatives. Another example is Zhang Ji's "Autumn Thoughts" in the Tang Dynasty: "Seeing the autumn wind in Luoyang City, I want to be a writer with countless thoughts. I am afraid that I can't explain it all in a hurry, and travelers have to unpack before leaving." This autumn thought embodies emotions and events, and draws on daily life. An inclusive fragment - the details of his thoughts and actions when sending a letter home, expresses very truly and delicately the deep nostalgia of a visitor to his hometown for his relatives in his hometown.
2. Lyrical expression through scenery: When a poet feels something about a certain scene, he places the emotion he wants to express in the scenery and expresses it by describing the scenery. This method of expressing emotion is called expressing emotion through scenery. Generally speaking, happy scenes are used to describe happy feelings, and sad scenes are used to express sad feelings. However, there are also writing methods that use happy scenes to set off sad feelings or sad scenes to describe happy feelings.
Enjoyment and joy: Du Fu's "Looking for Flowers Alone by the River" "Huang Si's mother's house is full of flowers, with thousands of flowers hanging low on the branches. The butterflies dance all the time, and the orioles are at ease with their cries." After Du Fu experienced turmoil, he temporarily found a place to stay in a thatched cottage in Chengdu, and his mood was happy and peaceful. This poem describes scenery throughout, and the scenery is rich and beautiful, conveying the author's joyful feelings. This is an example of Lejing writing about Leqing. Xie Lingyun's "Spring grass grows in the pond, and garden willows turn into songbirds." From the spring grass, garden willows, and songbirds, the poet feels the vitality of spring and reveals his joyful emotions.
Sorrowful scenes and sentiments: For example, Yuan Zhen’s "Hearing that Letian Granted the Sima of Jiangzhou" "The lamps are broken and there are no flames and shadows. This evening I heard that the king was banished to Jiujiang. I sat up in shock in the dying illness, and the dark wind blew the rain. Entering the cold window. "Yuan Zhen was relegated to a foreign country and was seriously ill. His mood was not good. Now I suddenly heard that my best friend had also been unjustly demoted, and I was extremely shocked. All kinds of complaints and worries came to my mind. Looking at the scenery with such a sad state of mind, everything becomes gloomy and dim. The first and last two sentences are both landscape language and love language. They use sad scenery to express sadness. The emotion and scenery are integrated into one, "the wonderful combination is boundless".
The ancients said, "Use happy scenery to describe sorrow, use sad scenery to describe joy, and double the sorrow and joy." For example, Yuan Zhen's "The Palace": "The ancient palace is lonely, and the palace flowers are lonely and red. The white-headed palace maid is here, sitting idle and talking about Xuanzong." One or two sentences of this poem describe an empty and desolate ancient palace, with flowers blooming in the palace. Spring is here. Three or four sentences are written about a few white-headed palace ladies, sitting around and recalling the past during Xuanzong's time. It can be seen that these palace ladies were the palace ladies during Xuanzong's time, and are now old. It describes the desolation and sad feelings of the palace maid in her life, and expresses the poet's emotion about the past and present decline of the world. The poem expresses a desolate and sad mood, but it deliberately describes "Palace Flower Red". According to our experience in life, the warm color and blooming scene of red flowers often heighten the joyful mood and the lively atmosphere. The scene is full of vibrant youth, but in this poem, it contrasts with the "ancient palace" and "white-headed palace maid". The blooming red flowers contrast with the sparse palace. , giving people a sense of the ups and downs of the changing times. The red flowers in spring and the white hair of the palace maids contrast with each other, showing the emotion of life that beauty is easy to age; the beauty of red flowers contrasts with the desolate state of mind, highlighting the confinement of the palace maids. sad emotions. Red flowers play a big role here. They make use of the contradiction between good scenery and bad mood to highlight the central idea. Contrasting the sadness with the happy scene makes the sadness of the emotion even more intense.
Sad scenes and happy feelings: Sikong Shu’s "Happy Brother Lu Lun Meets with Me": "On a quiet night, there are no neighbors, and I live in desolation in my old industry and poverty. There are yellow-leafed trees in the rain, and white-headed people under the lamp. I feel ashamed that I have been alone for a long time. We meet each other frequently. We are friends of the Cai family." The first four sentences describe the deserted village in the quiet night, the poor people in the shabby room, the yellow leaves in the cold rain, and the white hair in the dim light. Through these, they form a complete picture. Pictures of life. This picture is full of bitterness and sadness. The last four sentences directly reveal the title of the poem, which is about his cousin Lu Lun coming to visit him. He was overjoyed to see close relatives and friends in the midst of desolation.
3. Entrust things to express one's ambitions: entrust, sustenance, and help; objects, objective things; words, expressions; aspirations, ambitions, wishes, thoughts, emotions, philosophy, etc. Simply put, expressing one's ambitions through objects means using specific external objects to express one's thoughts and emotions. For example:
In Li Chen's "Waterfall Couplet" "Thousands of rocks and ravines are covered without hesitation. Only when you look at it from a distance can you tell where it comes from."
"How can a stream be kept? In the end, the sea will become waves." The waterfall is used to express thoughts on social life: one should aim high, not be afraid of hardships, and strive to achieve life goals.
Wang Anshi's "Beipixing" "Flower" "A pool of spring water surrounds the body of the flower, and the shadows of the flowers are enchanting, each taking its own share of spring. Even if it is blown into snow by the spring breeze, it is better than being crushed into dust by Nanmo. "The apricot blossoms are gorgeous and refined. The apricot blossoms near the water are even more graceful and graceful. This poem is about the apricot blossoms blooming near the water. It is a poem that chants things. It also reflects the author's calm state of mind, noble personality, and peacefulness. Broken jade is the embodiment of a stubborn personality that will not be destroyed.
4. Songs of history and nostalgia: For example, Zhang Kejiu's "[Zhonglu]?6?1 The Sound of Selling Flowers" recalls the past: "The beauty committed suicide on the bank of the Wujiang River, where the war was burning." Chibi Mountain, General Konglao Yumen Pass. "Sad for the Qin and Han Dynasties, the lives of the people were in ruins, and the scholar let out a long sigh." This song laments that the wars between the rulers and the wars between various ethnic groups during the Qin and Han Dynasties caused serious disasters to the people, and expressed the author's thoughts and feelings of sympathy for the people.