pastoral poet
Wang Wei
Wang Wei is a representative of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He inherited and carried forward the landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, which was unique and reached the peak of landscape achievements, occupying an important position in the history of China's poetry. Wang Wei also has excellent works in other aspects. Some reflect the life of the army and the frontier fortress, some show chivalry, and some expose the shortcomings of the times. Some small poems that bid farewell to relatives and friends and write about daily life, such as "Farewell to Yuan Er Shi Anxi", "Acacia", "Thinking of Shandong Brothers in the Mountain" and "Farewell to Shenzifu Jiangdong", have been passed down from ancient times to the present. These poems are all five-character poems or seven-character poems, which are sincere, unadorned, simple and profound, comparable to Li Bai and Wang Changling, and represent the highest achievement of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His poems, which should be written, sung and preached to Buddha, are occasionally famous, but they are not enough. Wang Wei has the highest attainments in five laws, five unique skills and seven unique skills, and he is also good at other aspects, which is very prominent in the Tang Dynasty poetry circle. Its seven methods, either vigorous and gorgeous, or beautiful and elegant, are all imitations of the seven sons of the Ming Dynasty. The seven ancient forms are neatly arranged and the momentum is erratic. Prose is quiet and meaningful, full of poetry, such as The Mountain and Pei Xiucai's Book. Wang Wei enjoyed great fame both before and after his death, and was known as "the literate sect in the world" and "Shi Fo". Have a great influence on future generations.
It is precisely because he often looks at everything with the eyes of a Zen master that his poems have a kind of beauty of tranquility, openness and quietness that other poets can't reach. In particular, the dynamic images in his description of nature in A Moment are so pure and quiet and full of Zen, such as: "People are idle with osmanthus fragrance, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty." When the birds are startled in the moon and the springs are singing. ""Bird-watching Creek ""In the autumn rain, shallow pomegranates shed. The jumping waves splashed from themselves, and the egret was shocked. Famous phrases such as "Luan family color", "Moonlight in pine forest, crystal stone in stream" and "Autumn night in deep mountain" often purify readers' hearts and give people endless quiet reverie.
meng haoran
Poets in Tang Dynasty. Xiangyang Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei) Xiangyang is known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. In the first half of my life, I mainly stayed at home to study and adapted my own poems. Once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. At the age of 40, you should travel to Beijing and return to Xiangyang. I made friends with Zhang Jiuling and Wang Wei when I was in Chang 'an. There is a poem title. After roaming in wuyue, I was down and out, so as to relieve my frustration in my official career. He died of overeating. Meng Haoran's poems are mostly five-character short stories with limited themes. He writes more about landscapes, pastoral areas, seclusion and travel. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of a poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei also said that although his poems were not as broad as Wang's, they had unique artistic attainments, and he was the pioneer of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty after Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao. Meng Ke's poems are unpretentious, cordial and true, full of life breath and wonderful and complacent interest. Such as "Autumn Boasts Send Zhang Wu", "Passing the Old Village" and "Spring Dawn", which are light and elegant, integrated and elegant. Meng's poems are based on broad-mindedness and broad-mindedness, but there is also a vigorous and free spirit, such as Dongting Lake Newspaper, Clouds and Clouds, and Yueyang City Trapped, all of which are vigorous and free, overlooking everything. But this kind of poem is rare in Meng's poems. Generally speaking, the content of Meng's poems is thin, and it is inevitable to be embarrassed by the length. Meng Haoran's Popular Collection contains 263 poems, but some of them are the works of others.
"Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend. You entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I will come back in chrysanthemum time. " . Green trees, green hills, cottages, nurseries and Sang Ma blend harmoniously. This is a beautiful and quiet rural scenery, emitting a fresh earthy atmosphere. There is a strong atmosphere of life here. Here is "too light to see poetry" (Meng Haoran in Wen Yiduo's works), but there is no lack of artistic beauty and simple life beauty that are deeply integrated into the whole poem. Meng Haoran seems to have found the feeling of conversion here. The poet finally forgot all the setbacks and gains and losses of fame and fortune in his political pursuit, and even completely abandoned his lonely and depressed mood in seclusion. Finally, the mind is relaxed, and even the poet's movements are very flexible, which naturally shows its conquest here.
Sleeping sickness in spring unconsciously broke the morning, and the chirping of birds disturbed my sleep. But now I remember that night, that storm, I wonder how many flowers were broken? "These four poems are the works of Meng Haoran, and his artistic realm and spiritual realm have reached the realm of transformation. But now I remember that night, that storm, I wonder how many flowers were broken? Wang Guowei commented that Li Yu's words "have the meaning that Sakyamuni Christ bears human sins", and Meng Haoran's two poems also contain great and profound feelings. His feelings and feelings for all things have a * * * sound, and there is a deep sympathy for the universe and life. This poem expresses the highest metaphysical heart and the greatest romantic feelings. This is the most natural poem, and it is heavenly. Meng Haoran is happy. He changed the realm of life from the realm of utility to the realm of heaven and earth, and I reached the realm of no self. Although I suffered hardships during the period, I finally endured it.
Tao Yuanming
Tao Yuanming (365~427), a native of Chaisang, Xunyang, Eastern Jin Dynasty, was famous for his bright writing. He is known as Mr. Jing Jie in the world and calls himself Mr. Wu Liu, a famous poet. China's first pastoral poet. There is also a recluse poet, and Mr. Jing Jie evaluates him. Later generations called him "the Lord of the eternal pastoral, the eternal hermit."
Posterity evaluation:
Tao Yuanming was a very important poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was honored as a hermit poet, which initiated the literary trend of pastoral literature. His poems are full of pastoral flavor, and his celebrity style and love for simple living have influenced generations of China literati and even the whole China culture. Tao Yuanming is almost a household name in China. Everyone who went to middle school has learned his "Peach Blossom Garden", and many people will casually read: Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan; The teacher will also tell us his story of "five buckets of rice don't fold". However, I'm afraid it's a bit difficult to tell him anything further. There are always many factors that affect a person to become that person. If we want to know more about this reclusive poet, it is necessary to know his life and read more of his poems.
Tao Yuanming has a distinctive character. In his later years, he changed his name to diving. Posthumous title Jingjie. Xunyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty —— Chai Sang people in Jiujiang, western Jiangxi Province. Great-grandfather Tao Kan was a Jin Fu, and he was named Changsha Gong. Grandfather and father are both governors. But in Tao Yuanming's boyhood, the family's prominence has become history. Sometimes there are crises in daily life. When Tao Yuanming was young, he wandered between being an official and living in seclusion. At that time, being an official was the way for all literati to join the WTO; As the saying goes, learning to be excellent is an official. However, Tao Yuanming seems to dislike being an official. At the age of 29, he became a small official offering wine in Jiangzhou, but he soon resigned as an "unbearable official". Since then, he has been living in seclusion at home until he was forced to make a living after middle age and once went out to work. When he was a Peng, because he didn't want to "tie" Du You, he said, "How can I bow down to the children in the village for five buckets of rice!" Then he resigned and retired. This time I really retired to the countryside and never came out to be an official again.
It can be seen from his deeds that he is a man who loves nature by nature and doesn't like being bound. As he wrote in "Returning to the Garden", he loves Qiushan naturally. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. It must be very uncomfortable for such a person to let him be an official and take part in accidental amusement every day. When he really abandoned the so-called "fame and fortune", an infinitely stretched world opened to him. From his poems, we can see that his spiritual world has reached another realm: beans are planted at the foot of Nanshan, and the grass is full of beans and seedlings are sparse. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. Use your mouth to make people yearn for it.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was the end of troubled times, and it was also an era when Buddhism prevailed and respected the demeanor of celebrities. Therefore, Tao Yuanming is an idyllic poet who transcends the secular world. Many great poets since the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Lu You, etc., all admired Tao Yuanming and were deeply influenced by his artistic creation and attitude towards life. Tao Yuanming's poems represent "people's awakening", that is to say, people should not only have material life, but also spiritual life is very important. When we read the poem "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" again, we feel a kind of freedom, stretching out from the depths of our souls.
When I was a child, my family declined, my father died at the age of eight, my mother died of illness at the age of twelve, and my mother and sister lived alone. Most orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. In the future, his personality and accomplishment will largely be his grandfather's legacy. Grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".
Tao Yuanming rarely has the ambition of "making great efforts to govern, escaping from the four seas and thinking far away" and "miscellaneous poems" In the eighteenth year of Emperor Xiaozong of Taiyuan (393), he was appointed as Jiangzhou to offer a drink offering with the wish of "great help all his life". At that time, the gate valve system was strict. He came from a civilian family and was looked down upon. He felt that he couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days. (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin) After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he also declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his name to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Looking around, who knows, Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under the protection of Emperor Wu of Song. Tao Yuanming was put into the shogunate after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang. When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to Andi to Jiangling, and returned to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by the "abolition of all schools". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he was banned by force (banned in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all in awe and change customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain rises, Emperor Wu of Song killed Diao Kui and the innocent Wang Yu and his son in order to cut off the dissidents. And with an affair, Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, was appointed as an important official such as Shangshulu and Yangzhou Secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. After taking office for 8 1 day, I met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Welcome him as a leash." He sighed: "I can't bend over fifty meters for the children in the village." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not go along with the secular.
Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "land to the tiller, self-financing". His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, the back eaves of Liu Yin and the front of peaches and plums." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" ("Self-Miscellaneous Poems") has been well-known so far. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first. He said to the guest, "I'm drunk, so I can go." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." Fiber (enter) can be learned honestly, but it is not a mystery? And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "(Drinking) declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child (you) was born in the civilized world, why should he suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the middle of September in the fourth year of Yuan Jia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What if I die?" This shows that he views death so naturally.
Tao Yuanming was the most outstanding poet in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tao poems 125, mostly five-character poems. From the content, it can be divided into three categories: drinking poems, chanting poems and pastoral poems.
Chengda Fan
Fan Chengda (1126-1193): Most of the works of poets in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect rural life. His masterpiece is 60. Two of his poems were included in the interesting unit of the sixth grade Chinese textbook of Beijing Normal University.
Fan Chengda (1 127- 1206) was called a Shi Hu layman. Han nationality, Pingjiang, Wu Jun (now Wuxian, Suzhou). Poets in Southern Song Dynasty. Shi Wenmu. Starting from the Jiangxi School, he studied the poems in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, inherited the realistic spirit of poets such as Bai Juyi, Wang Jian and Zhang Ji and the new Yuefu, and finally became his own family. Simple style, fresh and charming. Poetry has a wide range of themes, and the works that reflect the content of rural social life have the highest achievements. The representative work that reflects rural life is "Four Seasons Pastoral Fun", with 60 songs, which describes the rural scenery in spring, summer, autumn and winter and the life of farmers, and also reflects the exploitation and hardships of farmers. This is one of them, which describes a scene of rural summer life. Four seasons 12 songs. Together with Yang Wanli, Lu You and You Mao, they are also known as the "Four Masters of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty.