Keywords: Zhengshi literature Ruan Ji's "Love Poem"
It was a chaotic era, and the struggle of the ruling clique had reached a feverish level, and many upright people were killed innocently. Many people live in seclusion in the mountains and rivers. Coupled with the prevalence of metaphysics, drinking and taking medicine became the fashion of this period. What's more, pretend to be crazy and sell silly to save your life. This period is the beginning of history. There is a bright pearl in Zhengshi literature, and that is Ruan Ji.
Ruan Ji, a writer and thinker in the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty, was one of the seven sages of bamboo forest. According to legend, The Drunk is a tune written by Ruan Ji, which can be used to summarize his life-the life of an alcoholic.
Ruan Ji is a heavy drinker, unrestrained and contemptuous of etiquette. "Alcoholic, good at playing the piano, drinking to play the piano, often a long sound. When he was proud, he forgot his body and even fell asleep immediately. " According to the 19th record of Biography of the Book of Jin (Ruan Ji), he can also have blue eyes and see people have customs. Therefore, people who are polite are ill if they are enemies. Sister-in-law tasted mothering and said goodbye. Or ridicule it, saying, "courtesy is evil for me!" " It is said that he also "often drives alone, not because the roads and tracks are not good, but because he comes back in tears."
It's true that Ruan Ji acted like an alcoholic, but Ruan Ji is a talented person, not an ordinary alcoholic. Living in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he not only saw the darkness and crisis of the officialdom, but also could not cope with the constant netting and wooing of the rulers, so he always kept his distance from those in power. Faced with the cruel alternation of Han and Wei dynasties and the cruel and bloody high-pressure rule of Sima's father and son, he didn't want to be involved in the political whirlpool like other celebrities and become a victim of the rebels' struggle for regime change. So, on the one hand, he witnessed the meanness and ferocity of Sima's family, on the other hand, he "didn't hide the characters" to protect himself, and covered up his inner worries and anguish with his dissolute appearance. This kind of anxiety and depression can be witnessed in his masterpiece Huai Shi.
In Yong Huai, some works show his depression and anxiety. These works do not explain the specific background of these depression and anxiety, but only mention the reasons in general. For example:
Can't sleep at night, sit up and play the piano. Thin curtains look at the bright moon, and the breeze blows on the chest. In the wild, lonely Hong is singing birds in the north forest. What will you see when you are wandering, and you will be sad when you are worried.
The first half of the poem describes the poet's lonely and depressed image and the environment at night. At the beginning, with the phrase "You can't sleep alone at night, and your clothes touch the piano" in Wang Canqi's wounded poems, the poet's lonely and depressed self-image is outlined with concise brushstrokes. The poet seems to have an unspeakable pain, trapped in his heart, so that he can't sleep. He sits up and plays the piano to relieve his inner loneliness. The beautiful scenery of "bright moon" and "breeze" increased his persistent worries and reflected his lonely and depressed state of mind. It also expresses the poet's loneliness, loneliness and sadness with the wailing of loneliness in the wild and the wailing of birds in the forest, implies the sinister social and political environment, subtly expresses the poet's dissatisfaction and anxiety about social reality, and reveals the poet's understanding of reality. The poet puts his self-image in a sad scenery environment, and expresses his loneliness, depression, sadness and hesitation in a subtle and tortuous way. Poetry expresses its theme in an obscure and tortuous way. In fact, this is related to the sinister social and political environment. As Shan Li said: "Heirs are always afraid of being slandered and suffering from disasters, so they are always worried about their own lives. Although I am determined to ridicule, the words are often obscure and unpredictable under a hundred generations. "
This kind of loneliness, loneliness and sadness constitute the keynote of the poem "Yong Huai", which comes from the poet's profound experience of his own survival dilemma. In the face of extremely harsh living environment, Ruan Ji was always in fear and anger, and he repeatedly recited in his poems:
Day after day, day after day. Change the color to normal and the spirit will disappear. There is soup and fire in the chest, and the change is the same. Everything is infinite, and seeking perfection despite difficulties is unforgiving. But I'm afraid that in an instant, my soul will drift away with the wind. I've been walking on thin ice all my life, but I'm worried
"There is soup and fire in his chest" and "Walking on thin ice all his life" profoundly revealed his inner anxiety and fear.
When the inner distress and contradiction could not be solved in reality, he turned to pursue the feelings of transcending reality and abandoning the world. In this way, there are some immortals in Yong Huai. As its eighty-first:
Once upon a time, there were some immortals who worshipped human beings and Qiao Song. ? Learn between the nine suns and ascend to the clouds. Life is happy for a long time, and a hundred years speaks for itself. During the day, I fell into the valley, and I will never face it again. If it is a masterpiece, it will float to the Ming Dynasty. .
The immortal realm revealed by this poem was originally an illusory vision, but many people in history pursued it as a beautiful ideal opposite to reality. Through this pursuit, they show their yearning for the realm of freedom and affirmation of their own life value. Ideologically, Ruan Ji worships Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. On the one hand, in view of the sinister political situation at that time, he needed to adopt a modest attitude towards life, and Taoist thought could just become his spiritual pillar, on the other hand, it was also influenced by the prevalence of metaphysics at that time. His poems about immortals are full of depressed emotions that are difficult to surpass real life, and have the cold, deep and dripping aesthetic characteristics that previous poems about immortals did not have. In the past, most of the poems about immortals expressed the happiness of poets entering fairyland, and laid out and rendered the environment and life scenes of fairyland. In Ruan Ji's works, the lyric hero no longer enters the celestial world as the subject of wandering immortals, but observes the ideal realm described by him as a bystander. For example, its first 19:
There are beautiful women in the west, and if the sun is white. I'm wearing a slim suit and a yellow dress on the left and right. Beautiful and graceful, the wind vibrates slightly. Climb high and look far, raise your hand like the morning sun. Message from the clouds, waving sleeves and flying away. Floating? In a trance, I looked around. Pleasure does not pay, and the words are sentimental.
Beauty is the ideal personality in the author's mind. She has an indescribable beauty, transcending all kinds of realistic relationships and flying freely. The life realm of "beauty" is the ideal realm that Ruan Ji pursues diligently. The main idea of poetry is to express the yearning for this ideal realm. Ruan Ji's poems about immortals deliberately opened the distance between the lyric hero and the celestial world, only to express his life feelings of pursuing spiritual freedom without surpassing reality. Mr. Lu Xun clearly pointed out in the relationship between Wei and Jin demeanor and articles and medicinal liquor that "he also said immortals in his poems, but he didn't believe them."
Some people say that Ruan Ji was born from a teenager to an old age, from a teenager to a middle-aged Taoist. The reason for all these changes is actually the sinister political environment, which makes his life ideal of "self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world" impossible to realize. Under the guidance of the attitude of "being poor can help the world", Mr. Lu Xun said in Metaphysics that "his drinking is not only due to his thoughts, but mostly due to the environment". But if you are as smart as Ruan Ji, how can you really go beyond the three realms and jump out of the five elements? He still pays attention to the outside world and never stops, so he will use his "eternal bosom" to express his chest and cry loudly in the poor part of the road. Ruan Ji's drunkenness, Ruan Ji's madness and Ruan Ji's crying are only the inevitable choices of a wise man in troubled times. Because I don't like it, I pretend to be drunk, because I'm awake, so I'm in pain, and because I'm in pain, I cried for a long time. Through his crying after drunkenness, we can see his helplessness and pain under elegance. Because of elegance, the pain is deeper; Because of pain, elegance is more cruel. Under such a social background, the heavy depression in the heart has caused the distortion of personality. His contempt for ethics is regarded as crazy by others. In fact, he deeply realized that conservative and hypocritical ethics is a tool for rulers to imprison scholars and bind the people! So his madness is actually a profound criticism of the whole feudal social system! "If there is no hero, there is a son's name", which shows us the image of a scholar-bureaucrat who always cares about the country and the people. Even if he plays the fool, his patriotic enthusiasm will not change.
Ruan Ji's frankness, his madness, and his tears of anguish all vanished with that long time, but we can listen to his music "Drunk Life and Dream Death", feel the pain of the pretender, feel his precious childlike innocence, desire for freedom, and persistence in life and belief, and guide us to pursue the real humanitarianism hidden under the appearance of madness and seek real humanistic care! Perhaps, in advocating the construction of a harmonious society today, this is what Ruan Ji's drinking life has brought us.
References:
[1] Book of Jin? Biography 19. Zhonghua Book Company, 1974.
[2] Book of Jin? Biography of Ruan Ji. Zhonghua Book Company, 1974.
[3] Shan Li note. Selected works. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 199 1 year.
[4] edited by Ma. History of ancient literature in China.
[5] Lu Xun. The relationship between demeanor and articles, medicine and wine in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
[6] Ding Guanzhi. An analysis of Ruan Ji's thought of China's philosophy history.