1 Dante (1265- 132 1). The pioneer of the Renaissance, which originated in northern Italy. It is generally believed that the first representative is Dante, and his representative is The Divine Comedy. His works criticized and exposed the corruption and stupidity of medieval religious rule in an implicit way for the first time, and were written in local dialect instead of Latin, the official literary language of medieval Europe. He believed that the ancient Greek and Roman times were the most perfect times of human nature, and it was against nature to suppress human nature in the Middle Ages. Although he studied Latin literature deeply and extensively, he wrote a large number of lyric poems in the form of sonnets in Italian dialect, which were warmly welcomed by the rulers of various cities and countries.
Petrarch is an Italian poet. 1304 was born in arezzo on July 20th, and 1374 died in Alqua on July 9th. The masterpiece is songji. Father is a noble family and lawyer in Florence. He went into exile in France with his father since childhood, and then studied law. After his father died, he devoted himself to literary activities and traveled around Europe. He also worked as a priest and had the opportunity to go in and out of the church and court, observe life and pursue knowledge. He proposed replacing "God's Thought" with "Man's Thought" and was called "Father of Humanism".
Giovanni Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), translated by Boccaccio, was an outstanding representative of the Italian Renaissance and a humanist. Decameron, the representative work, criticizes religious conservatism and advocates that "happiness lies on earth", which is regarded as the declaration of the Renaissance.
Three outstanding artistic artists
1 Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19) was the most famous artist, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, master of science, literary theorist, philosopher, poet, musician and inventor in the Italian Renaissance. Because he is an all-rounder, he is also called "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance". He was born in Finch, a suburb of Florence, and died in France. Mural The Last Supper, Altar Madonna in the Rock and Portrait Mona Lisa are three masterpieces of his life. These three works are one of the treasures left by Leonardo da Vinci to the world art treasure house and the cornerstone of European art.
Rafael Raffaello Santi (1483 ~ 1520) is an Italian painter. 1483 was born in urbino on April 6th, and 1520 died in Rome on April 6th. Formerly known as Raphael St. George. His series of portraits of the Virgin Mary are different from similar themes painted by medieval painters, and all of them embody humanistic thoughts with maternal warmth and youthful bodybuilding. Among them, Notre Dame de Orioles (Uffizi Art Museum in Florence), Notre Dame de Grasses (Vienna Museum of Art History) and Notre Dame de Gardens (Louvre Museum) are the most famous. 1512 ~1513 painted a large oil painting "The Sistine Madonna". The figures are similar in size to real people, and the triangle composed of the virgin and saints is solemn and balanced. The Madonna and Jesus are strong, showing the happiness and greatness of maternal love. The other, which is taller, is the Madonna of foligno in the form of altar painting, as well as the Madonna of Chair and Madonna of Alba later created, all of which can be regarded as his perfect works. After 1509, he was invited by Pope Julius II to paint the murals of the Vatican Palace, among which the murals of the signature hall were the most outstanding. These paintings all over the walls and roofs of the hall represent four aspects of human spiritual activities: theology, philosophy, poetics and law. In addition to his unique painting style, his works also pay special attention to the full harmony between painting expression and architectural decoration, giving people a solemn and rich feeling. Other important works in this period include: Eliodoro was banished from the Temple and Bolshenna Mass in Eliodoro Hall, Fire of Porgo by the Fire Department, and Victory of Galatia by Fanesina Villa. These works have reached a new level in image-building and the use of light and color, and are regarded as the pinnacle of ancient and modern mural art, and his portraits have also achieved great success. Both form and spirit are full of charm. Most of them use the micro-side half-length posture to hide the background, and only the natural and friendly manner of the characters stands out in the picture. Representative works include The Image in Castiglio and The Image of a Woman in a Yarn.
3 Michelangelo Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475- 1564), a great Italian painter, sculptor and architect in the Renaissance, is the representative of the highest peak of sculpture in the Renaissance. From 65438 to 0496, Michelangelo came to Rome and created the first batch of representative works, such as Bacchus, Dionysus and Mourning for Christ. 150 1 year, he returned to Florence and completed the world-famous statue of David in four years. 1505 In Rome, he was ordered by Pope Julius II to build the Pope's tomb. 1506 returned to Florence after the work was stopped. 1508, he was ordered to return to Rome, and it took four years and five months to finish the ceiling mural of the famous Sistine Chapel. 15 13 years, the construction of the Pope's Mausoleum was resumed, and Michelangelo created the famous "Moses, Bound Slave and Dying Slave". 15 19- 1534, in Florence, he created the greatest work of his life-the sculpture of medici family Mausoleum in the church of San Lorenzo. 1536, Michelangelo returned to the Ting Church in Romasis and spent nearly six years creating the great mural "The Doomsday Judgment". After that, he lived in Rome, engaged in sculpture, architecture and a little painting, until 1564 died in his studio in February.
Scientific achievements
Writers from all over the literature began to use their own dialects instead of Latin to create literature, which promoted popular literature and injected a large number of literary works into various languages, including novels, poems, essays, folk songs, plays and so on. In Italy, there were "three outstanding literary figures" in the early Renaissance. Dante wrote many academic works and poems in his life, among which the famous ones are "New Life" and "Divine Comedy". Petrarch is the originator of humanism and is known as the "father of humanism". He was the first to call for the revival of classical culture and put forward the idea that "humanism" opposed "theology". Petrarch mainly wrote many beautiful poems, among which the representative work is Lyric Sonnets. Boccaccio is the founder of Italian national literature, and decameron, a collection of short stories, is his masterpiece. In France, the Renaissance obviously formed two factions, one is optimates represented by Seven Star Poetry Society, and the other is Democrats represented by rabelais. The Seven Star Poetry Society, represented by Longsha and Du Beilai, has made outstanding contributions to language and poetry theory. They first put forward the idea of unifying national languages, which promoted the development of French national languages and national literature. But they rejected folk poetry and only served a few nobles. Rabelais is an outstanding humanist writer after Boccaccio and a representative of the French Renaissance Democrats. The Biography of the Giant, which he created in 20 years, is a realistic work interwoven with reality and fantasy, and occupies an important position in the history of European literature and education. In Britain, the representatives are Thomas Moore and Shakespeare. Thomas Moore is a famous humanist thinker and the founder of utopian socialism. 15 16 Utopia, which he wrote in Latin, is the first work of utopian socialism. Shakespeare is a gifted playwright and poet. He, together with Homer, Dante and Goethe, is called the four great European writers. His works have complete structure, vivid plot, rich and refined language and outstanding personality, which represent the highest achievement of European Renaissance literature and have a far-reaching impact on the development of European realistic literature. In Spain, the most outstanding representatives are Cervantes and Vega. Cervantes is a realistic writer, dramatist and poet. He wrote a large number of poems, plays and novels, of which Don Quixote, a long satirical novel, was the most famous, which had a great influence on the development of European literature. Vega is a dramatist, novelist and poet, the founder of Spanish national drama, and is known as the "father of Spanish drama". He is one of the few prolific writers in the world. He wrote more than 2,000 plays in his life, and more than 600 have been handed down to this day. There are religious drama, historical drama, divine drama, robe and sword drama, pastoral drama and other forms, which deeply reflect the social reality of Spain and are deeply loved by the masses. The most outstanding representative work is Yangquan Village.
The classical music works of the Music Renaissance mainly came from 1400 to 1600. The end of this period is more definite than the beginning, unlike other art categories. From 65438 to the beginning of the 5th century, there was no obvious change in musical performance, and it can be said that the musical characteristics of the Renaissance were gradually changing. To be sure, the music works in the early Renaissance mainly relied on the third interval as the chord. Polyphonic music, which began in the12nd century, became more detailed throughout the14th century, independent of sound expression. /kloc-The music in the early 5th century tends to be simple and smooth. By the end of 15, polyphonic religious music began to become complicated again, which was related to the extremely developed paintings at that time in a sense. Then in the early16th century, music began to simplify again. In the late16th century, music, especially minor, tended to be more complex and chromatic. At this time in Florence, musicians began to turn to the classical school, trying to restore the dreamy music form of ancient Greece through poetry. The ideas of works in the Renaissance embodies humanism: advocating individual liberation and opposing asceticism and religious views in the Middle Ages; Advocate scientific culture, oppose obscurantism, and get rid of the shackles of the church on people's thoughts; Affirm human rights, oppose theocracy, and abandon all authority and traditional dogma as the basis of theology and scholasticism; Supporting centralization and opposing feudal separatism are the main ideas of humanism. The representative works include Dante's Divine Comedy, Boccaccio's decameron, Machiavelli's The Prince, and rabelais's Biography of the Giant. Renaissance art praised the beauty of the human body, claiming that the proportion of the human body is the most harmonious in the world, and applied it to architecture. Although a series of paintings and sculptures still focus on religious stories, they all show the scenes of ordinary people and pull God to the ground. Humanists began to study the Bible by studying classical literature and translated it into the national language, which led to the rise of the Reformation. Humanism praises the secular and despises the heaven, flaunts rationality rather than the revelation of God, affirms that "man" is the creator and enjoyer of secular life, requires literature and art to express people's thoughts and feelings, scientifically seeks for the welfare of people, educates and develops people's personality, and requires people's thoughts, feelings and wisdom to be liberated from the shackles of theology. Advocating individual freedom has played a great role in historical development. Astronomy Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, published "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies" in 1543, in which he proposed a geocentric system different from Ptolemy.
Heliocentrism system. Bruno, an Italian thinker, declared in his works "On Infinity, Universe and World" and "On Cause, Origin and Unity" that the universe is infinite in space and time, and the sun is only the solar system, not the center of the universe. Galileo invented the astronomical telescope in 1609, published the Star Messenger in 16 10, and published the Dialogue between Ptolemy and Copernicus in 1632. Kepler, a German astronomer, put forward three laws of planetary motion in New Astronomy (1609) and Harmony of the World (16 19) by studying the observation data of Tycho, a Danish astronomer, and determined that the planetary motion around the sun along an elliptical orbit is not constant.
Mathematical algebra made great progress in the Renaissance, and the solutions of cubic and quartic equations were discovered. Cardano, an Italian, published a formula for finding the roots of cubic equations in his book Great Skills, but the discovery of this formula should be attributed to another scholar, Tattaglia. The solution of the quartic equation was discovered by Ferrari, a student in cardano, and also recorded in The Great Book. Bombelli expounded the irreducibility of cubic equations in his works, used imaginary numbers, and improved the popular algebraic symbols at that time. Symbolic algebra was founded by the French mathematician Veda in the16th century. He published "Introduction to Analytical Methods" at 159 1, systematically arranged algebra, and for the first time consciously used letters to represent unknowns and known numbers. In his other book, On the Identification and Correction of Equations, David improved the solutions of cubic and quartic equations, and established the relationship between the roots and coefficients of quadratic and cubic equations, which is known as Vieta's theorem in modern times. Trigonometry also made great progress during the Renaissance. On Triangle, written by German mathematician Reggio Montanus, is the first trigonometry work independent of astronomy in Europe. The book systematically expounds the plane triangle and spherical triangle, as well as a very accurate trigonometric function table. On the basis of redefining trigonometric function, Rhaticus, a student of Copernicus, made a more accurate trigonometric function table. After the French Descartes established the coordinate system in 1637, he successfully founded analytic geometry. Fermat founded tangent method, maximum method, minimum method and definite integral method, which made great contributions to calculus. It limits the study of indefinite equations to the range of integers, thus creating a mathematical branch of number theory. In the communication and work with Pascal, he established the basic principle of probability theory-the conceptual physics of mathematical expectation. In physics, Galileo discovered three laws of free falling, throwing objects and shaking through many experiments, which made people have a new understanding of the universe. His student Torricelli proved the air pressure through experiments and invented the mercury barometer. Pascal, a French scientist, discovered the law of pressure propagation in liquids and gases. British scientist Boyle discovered the law of gas pressure. Descartes used his coordinate geometry to engage in optical research, and put forward the theoretical derivation of refraction law for the first time in Refractive Optics. He also clearly put forward the law of conservation of momentum for the first time: the total amount of matter and motion will never change. Descartes made a preliminary study on collision and centrifugal force, which created conditions for Huygens' success later. Vesaliua Uus, a Belgian doctor of physiology and medicine, published the book Human Body Structure, which challenged Galen's "Trinity" theory. Spanish doctor Servit discovered the small circulation system of blood, which proved that blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs and reaches the left ventricle through a tortuous route. Harvey, a British anatomist, published the theory of heart-blood movement through a large number of animal anatomy experiments, which systematically explained the law of blood movement and the working principle of the heart. He pointed out that the heart is the center of blood movement and the source of strength. This great discovery made him the founder of modern physiology. Geographical navigation technology has made a revolutionary leap, and explorers from Portugal, Spain and Italy have started a series of long-distance navigation activities. The geographical discoveries of Columbus and Magellan provide strong evidence for the theory of the earth circle. The rediscovery of printing in Europe and the spread of papermaking, compass and gunpowder (the four great inventions of China) from the East promoted the rapid spread of scientific ideas. Architectural Renaissance architecture is an architectural style that was born in Italy with the cultural movement of Renaissance in the14th century. Based on the criticism of the supremacy of theocracy in the Middle Ages and the affirmation of humanitarianism, architects hope to reshape the harmonious order of the ideal classical society with the help of classical proportions. Therefore, generally speaking, Renaissance architecture pays attention to order and proportion, with strict facade and plane composition and column system inherited from classical architecture. There is a strong pursuit of the proportion of architecture, such as symmetrical modeling with multiples of 3 and 2, centralized restoration of "nature", drawing with a ruler, and opposing Gothic architecture dominated by circles and squares.
Historical function
The essence of Renaissance: The original meaning of the word "Renaissance" refers to "the regeneration of classical Greek and Roman culture". However, the cultural revolution movement of the emerging bourgeoisie in western European countries at that time included a series of major historical events, including the rise of "humanism", the renewal of artistic style, the emergence of utopian socialism, the beginning of modern natural science development, the application of printing and the dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge. This series of major events is not so much "the rebirth of classical culture" as "the beginning of modern culture"; It is not so much "revival" as "innovation". The Renaissance marked a great turning point in the history of human civilization. It is a new culture, a reflection of the new political and economic requirements of the society at that time, and an anti-feudal struggle of the emerging bourgeoisie in the ideological and cultural field. Simply put, the essence of the Renaissance is the bourgeois ideological emancipation movement. The core idea of the Renaissance is humanism. Humanism originated in Italy in the second half of the14th century, and then spread throughout western Europe. Humanists use "humanity" to oppose "divinity" and "human rights" to oppose "theocracy". They put forward the slogan "I am a human being, and I am everywhere in all human characteristics". They are very dissatisfied with the church's control over the spiritual world. They demand that man is the center, not God. They praise human wisdom and strength, praise the perfection and loftiness of human nature, oppose religious autocratic rule and feudal hierarchy, advocate individual liberation, equality and freedom, advocate individual development, demand secular happiness and human joy, and advocate scientific and cultural knowledge. Therefore, the concept of humanism focuses on "human", which is the exertion of "human instinct" and the driving force for "human" to pursue truth, goodness and beauty. The historical role of the Renaissance: Engels once spoke highly of the progressive role of the Renaissance in history. He wrote: "This is the greatest and most progressive change that mankind has never experienced. It is an era that needs giants and produces giants-giants in terms of thinking ability, enthusiasm and personality, versatility and erudition. " The Big Three refers to: Da Vinci (Mona Lisa), Shakespeare (Hamlet) and Dante (Divine Comedy). First of all, it is human discovery. In the Middle Ages, the ideal man should be inferior, passive and inactive, and his significance in the world is not commendable. Renaissance discovered man and his greatness, affirmed his value and creativity, and put forward that man should be liberated and his personality should be free. (1) attaches great importance to people's value, requires giving full play to people's intelligence and creative potential, opposes a passive attitude towards life, and advocates a positive and adventurous spirit. (2) Pay attention to the worldly life and despise the illusory myth about the afterlife or heaven, so as to pursue material happiness and sensory satisfaction and oppose religious asceticism. In literature and art, people's feelings are required to be expressed and hypocrisy is opposed. Such as: Petrarch's Song Collection, Boccaccio's decameron. (3) Attach importance to scientific experiments and oppose apriorism; Emphasize the use of human reason and oppose blind obedience; Require the development of personality and oppose the imprisonment of human nature; In terms of moral concept, it requires indulgence and opposes self-restraint; Advocate "civic morality" and think that success and wealth are moral behaviors. (4) Advocating an optimistic attitude towards life. These irresistible thirst for knowledge, the spirit of getting to the bottom of the matter, and the optimistic enterprising spirit of striving to create secular happiness liberated people from the shackles of Christian theology in the Middle Ages. It was in this spirit that the bourgeoisie created the modern capitalist world. Secondly, the Renaissance broke the situation that religious mysticism dominated the whole country, effectively promoted and influenced the religious reform movement, and provided an important boost for this movement. Renaissance advocated attaching importance to secular life and opposing authority, which aroused contemporary people's doubts and antipathy to the Catholic Church and theology. Renaissance humanists satirized and exposed the corruption and ugliness of the Catholic church through literature, art and other forms. Thirdly, the Renaissance broke the unification of scholasticism with theology as the core, cleared the way for ideological liberation and progress in the future, and made various secular philosophies rise. Among them is British empirical materialism (Bacon). It also promoted the development of political theory, Machiavelli laid the foundation for the later Enlightenment, and a large number of thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke developed theories such as "natural rights", "social contract", "people's sovereignty" and "separation of powers". Fourth, the feudal privilege was denied. In the Middle Ages, feudal privileges were granted and the concept of family status was deeply rooted. Renaissance made these things lose the weight of the measure of people in the past. People's nobility has been given a new connotation. Petrarch said: "True nobility is not innate, but self-made." In the social life of Italy at that time, talent, means and money replaced birth, and everyone from any birth climbed the high-level ladder of society. Fifth, get rid of superstition and emancipate the mind. The Renaissance restored rationality, dignity and the value of thinking. Although the Renaissance achieved little in philosophy, it destroyed the rigid scholasticism system, advocated scientific methods and experiments, and put forward that "knowledge is power", which created a new atmosphere for exploring people and the real world. People firmly believe in their eyes and brains, and believe that experiments and experience are reliable sources of knowledge. This realistic attitude, way of thinking and scientific method laid a solid foundation for the great development of natural science from 17 to 19 century. Sixth, during the Renaissance, a large number of charming and exquisite works of art and literary masterpieces were created, which became priceless treasures in the treasure house of human art. The medieval biblical legends flooded the art world, suffocating the life of art. The Renaissance not only turned the Virgin Mary into a human woman (Raphael), but also turned the image into a tribute to the human body, and began a direct description of daily life and real people. Anatomy, perspective and other sciences are also combined with art for the first time. Modern realistic art in western Europe began at that time.
Italy and its representative Florence, as the birthplace of the Renaissance, have made outstanding achievements in poetry, painting, sculpture, architecture and music. The famous medici family in Florence was the most important patron of art at that time. Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, three famous Renaissance figures, were all born in Italy. Representative figures: poets: Dante, Petrarch; Philosophers: Erasmus, Machiavelli; Writers: Boccaccio, Machiavelli; Painters: Giotto, Botticelli, Da Vinci, Raphael, Titian; Sculptor: Michelangelo; Architect: Filippo Brwnelle-Schi; Musicians: Palestrina, Lasso, etc.
Spain and its representatives entered the "golden age" in the second half of16th century and the beginning of17th century, and made remarkable achievements in novels and dramas. Representative figures: Cervantes, the writer, Lope de Vega, the dramatist, Germany and its representative figures in Germany: The main achievements are in religious reform, peasant war, satirical literature and scientific and technological inventions. Representative figures: Martin Luther, Diu Lei, etc.
France and its representatives are in France: free thinking and skeptical thinking are quite developed. Representative figures: essayist: Montaigne, novelist: rabelais, etc. Britain and its representatives in Britain: poetry and drama are unprecedentedly prosperous. Representative figures: writer Shakespeare, etc. Philosopher: Thomas Moore Among them, Shakespeare, Dante and Leonardo da Vinci are called the "Renaissance Big Three".
education
The Renaissance in Europe generally refers to the historical period from the middle of the 4th century to the end of the 6th century. During this period, in western Europe, with the decline of feudal system, the germination of capitalist production and the development of exchanges between the East and the West, a new bourgeoisie and a new aristocratic class appeared. In order to seek their own economic interests and political status, they set off a movement against feudal culture and created a new bourgeois culture in the form of reviving ancient Greek and Roman culture. The Renaissance originated in Italy in the14th century. /kloc-After the middle of the 5th century, it spread to Holland, Spain, France, Britain, Germany and other places.
The progressive thinkers in the Renaissance advocated anti-feudal and anti-theological humanistic culture, advocated "people" as the center, demanded the liberation of individuality, attached importance to secular life, and advocated rationality and knowledge. Its ideological core is bourgeois individualism, and its theoretical basis is bourgeois "theory of human nature". However, it attacks the imprisonment of feudalism and religious theocracy on human thought and spirit, thus promoting the religious, economic, political and educational reforms in some western European countries.
At that time, some humanities scholars paid great attention to the research and excavation of ancient educational ideas and educational materials in order to oppose feudal education and church education. On the eve of15th century, P.P. Verjerius, Italy's earliest humanist education thinker, wrote On Gentleman's Manners and Free Education, demanding the implementation of education in line with the value of free people, so that the educated can get good physical and mental development. 14 1 1 year, Guarino published a translation of Plutarch's On Children's Education. In 14 17, humanist Jiao Bo found the manuscript of M.F. quintilian's Principles of oratory in St. Gallen Abbey. Five years later, Cicero's rhetoric was discovered in Rorty. Since then, other books or works on ancient education have appeared one after another. By the16th century, not only all the major classic works on education have been familiar to humanists, but also some teachers, educational thinkers and publishers have published many works on "new education". What they want to train is no longer monks and clergy, but mainly social, political, literary and business activists and entrepreneurs. Their educational ideal is to cultivate healthy, knowledgeable and versatile new people, and they demand educational innovation (see humanistic education). The widespread spread of humanistic education thoughts has generally impacted the feudal education system, broken the monopoly of the church on school education, and appeared many types of new schools, expanding the educational objects. Some schools run by humanist educators not only educate the children of princes, nobles and wealthy businessmen, but also accept individual children of civilians.
In order to get rid of the control of the church on education, Italian humanists also established a new court school with the support of some princes and nobles and local rulers. One of the most famous is the court school named "Happy House" hosted by Vitorino and located in the suburb of Mantova, and the Ferrara court school hosted by Guarino. These two schools had a great influence on early humanistic education. These schools employ famous scholars to recruit students from all over Europe and conduct so-called general education. After returning to China, overseas students spread Italian humanism widely.
At that time, the Netherlands, where capitalist production developed rapidly, was the first country to accept the influence of the Renaissance. Since14th century, education in the Netherlands has been relatively developed, and the most successful one is the school sponsored by "Civic Life Brotherhood". By the16th century, these schools had been reformed according to the humanistic education thought.
As early as 1458, France opened a lecture on Greek literature at the University of Paris. However, due to the obstruction of conservatives, the spread of humanism is slow. By the end of 15, the trend of Renaissance was gradually spreading in France. Bede, a famous scholar who studied Roman law, strongly advocated humanistic education thought. Under his active initiative, King Francis I established the French Academy in 1530, which later opened a wide range of disciplines and enjoyed great freedom of thought. /kloc-in the 6th century, rabelais, Montaigne and other outstanding humanist educators appeared in France, and they became the center of the Renaissance in Western Europe.
The trend of Renaissance reached England very late. Until the beginning of16th century, a group of humanist scholars, such as T. Moore, J. Colette, W. Lily, etc. Influenced by the new Italian learning, the activities of promoting humanities, culture and education were carried out in London, which was supported and encouraged by the royal family and etiquette. Erasmus, who taught at Cambridge University for a long time, played a great role in promoting the new humanism in Britain and the development of Oxford University and Cambridge University, grammar schools and public schools at that time. T Eliot, a humanist politician, combined Italy's humanistic education thought with the specific situation in Britain and advocated the educational goal of cultivating aristocratic gentlemen with new humanistic thought. Among his many translations, The Book of Rulers published by 153 1 is the first educational monograph in Britain. Because his educational thought was more in line with the interests and needs of the British ruling class at that time, there was an upsurge of discussing "gentleman education" in Britain, and British humanities education was pushed to the direction of new noble.
When humanist P Luther returned from studying in Italy in 1456 and taught new research in universities such as Heidelberg and Leipzig, the Renaissance began to be introduced to Germany. 1476, R. agricola, a famous Dutch scholar, went to the University of Heidelberg to teach after studying in Italy. By the beginning of16th century, new schools had been established in Wittenberg, Jena and other universities. At the same time, a new type of liberal arts middle school first appeared in some commercial cities. Especially since the 1940s, influenced by the educational reform of J. Sturm, a humanistic educator in Strasbourg, this kind of liberal arts middle school has been popularized.