Modern poetry began in Shen Yue and others in the Southern Dynasties, and "Poems" said that "Wang Yuanchang (Wang Rong) created its first poem, and Xie Tiao Shen Yue promoted its wave". In the early Tang Dynasty, Song Zhiwen, Shen Quanqi and Du Shenyan contributed a lot to the perfection of metrical rules.
The so-called five words and seven words mean that there are five words and seven words in a poem. China literature begins with poetry, but the number of words in each poem is not fixed. The earliest poems are as follows:
Playing Songs. Broken bamboo, continued bamboo. Fly the soil and eat the meat.
This poem tells the story of a dutiful son. In ancient times, there were no coffins, but they were buried directly in the ground, and the bodies would be dug out by some animals for food. A dutiful son couldn't bear to see his loved ones suffer. He made a slingshot out of bamboo and guarded it day and night in the place where his loved ones were buried. Broken bamboo and bamboo refers to the process of making slingshots. Fleeing the soil and chasing the meat refers to the process of driving away wild animals with slingshots.
hit the soil song. Work at sunrise and rest at sunset. A well can have water to drink, and the crops will not be hungry. What is Dili for me?
Qing Yun Ge. The clouds are rotten, and the clouds are awkward. The sun and the moon shine brilliantly, but the sun shines brilliantly.
there are three poems, each with two characters, four characters and seven characters. But the broken bamboo can be read continuously, that is, four words. The last two songs are mainly four words. In the Book of Songs, the situation became more and more clear, and four-character poems have dominated. Later, although the status was replaced by five-character poems, there was still a lingering charm until the Southern Dynasties. "Yesterday I don't cloud, CangGeng singing. Today also met, Gao Xue fell ",Tao Qian's" Answer Pang Join the Army "also; "Frost dew flies, the sun and the moon are like donations. Facing each other, the words turn to words, "Xie Lingyun's" Answering Chinese Book Poems "also.
The ancient saying "Five Words" began with "Poems for Answers from Su Wu's Liling", but many scholars later verified that they were written under the guise of later generations. Together with Ban Jieyu's "Song of Sorrow" during the reign of Emperor Han, it was verified as a work of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, we can think that five-character poetry began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Nineteen Ancient Poems is one of the masterpieces. But in the Jian 'an period, Cao Zijian in man of great talent was born, and five-character poems gradually entered the grand occasion. "There are many hentai on the high platform, facing the sunshine and facing the north forest" and "Turning the canopy away from its roots and drifting with the long wind", only Seven Miscellaneous Poems are enough. In the meantime, later, the characters flourished. Zhong Rong commented in "Poetry": "Chen Si (Cao Zhi) is the outstanding figure in Jian' an, and the business (Liu Zhen) is supplemented by Zhong Xuan (Wang Can); Lu Ji is the English of Taikang, supplemented by An Ren (Pan Yue) and Jingyang (Zhang Xie); Xie Ke (Xie Lingyun) is the hero of Yuanjia, supplemented by Yan Yannian (Yan Yanzhi). Si is the crown of five words, and the life of the words is also the world. " It can be seen that there were at least these poets who were good at writing five-character poems at that time. Of course, Ruan Ji's poems about nostalgia, Zuo Si's poems about history and Guo Pu's poems about immortals all have their own characteristics. There are also Xie Tiao, praised by Li Bai as "the bones of great writers are your brushes, in the School of Heaven, and I am a Lesser Xie growing up by your side", Yu Xin and Bao Zhao, praised by Du Fu as "fresh Yu Kaifu, Junyi Bao joined the army", and He Xun, who was drafted by Jiang Kui, "He Xun is getting old now and forgets the spring breeze" and so on. The big and small thanks are especially true, such as "the bright moon shines on the snow, the north wind is strong and mournful", "Spring grass grows in the pond, and the willow in the garden becomes a songbird", "The afterglow is blooming, and the Chengjiang River is as quiet as practice", "The river flows day and night, and the guest's heart is sad", "Spring grass is greener in autumn, and the son has not returned to the west" and so on. Of course, there is also the well-known Tao Yuanming, and the article "The Fifth Drinking" is famous enough for the world. Personally, I also like Fan Yun, and I have never forgotten it since I saw it. Looking at the poems of this period, I recommend the book "The Source of Ancient Poetry".
In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, there were many poets, so I won't go into details. Five-character poems are especially praised by Wang Wei, Wei Yingwu (promoted as "the master of five characters" by Sui Han Tang Shi Hua), and Liu Changqing ("the Great Wall of five characters" in New Tang Shu). Wang Wei's "Flying birds in the sky, sitting for a long time, falling flowers", Wei Yingwu's "I wish I might take him a cup of wine, far away from the rain and evening", Liu Changqing's "Chai Men smells dogs barking, and the snow returns to people at night", Li Bai's "orange pomelo, old phoenix tree in autumn", Meng Haoran's "and a mist from the Yun and Meng valleys, has beleaguered the city of Yueyang", Bai Juyi's "wildfire never quite consumes them, they are tall once more in the spring wind" and Li Jiayou's "Wild Crossing" When the army is defeated, the drums beat to death; Yao He's "Birds make noise in the mountains, but the rain overwhelms the apricot blossoms"; Du Xunhe's "birds flock and sing when the wind is warm, flower-shadows climb when the sun is high"; Zhang Hu's "yet ask her for this song and, with the first few words of it, see how she tries to hold back her tears"; Chen Yaozuo's "The spider silk in the rain network is broken, and the birds in the wind dream to shake"; Yan Wei's "The spring water in Liutang is full, and the sunset in Huawu is late"; Wen Tingyun's "The chicken sings in Maodian Moon". Du Fu's five or seven words are all excellent, and his five-word masterpieces include a night abroad, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Jianghan, Spring Hope, Climbing Yueyang Tower and so on, which are unforgettable.
it is said that the seven-character poem began with the poem of Bailiang in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, the authenticity of "Bai Liang Shi" is also debated by many scholars, and it is more likely to be false. Aside from this, there is no doubt that the seven-character poem will not mature until the early Tang Dynasty. As for the representative poets and poems, the Tang Dynasty was already in its heyday. Cui Hao's "but I look toward home, and twilight grows dark, with a mist of grief on the river waves", Wang Wei's "over the quiet marsh-land flies a white egret, and mango-birds are singing in the full summer trees", Wang Zhihuan's "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and there is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain", Wang Jian's "Listening to chickens comb their hair in the middle of the night, marching into the world of mortals at dawn", Cen Can's "Meeting immediately without paper and pen, reporting peace by your message", Liu Yuxi's "Surrounding the old country with mountains, the tide hits the empty city and returns to loneliness", and Han Yu. Ken will decline and cherish the old age ",Huangfu Ran" Jiangke is unbearable to look north, why does Saihong fly south ",Jia Dao" crossing mulberry dry water for no reason, but looking at Bingzhou as his hometown ",Wang Changling" Luoyang's relatives and friends are like asking each other, a piece of ice heart is in the jade pot ",Zhang Nanshi" has been taught by autumn wind, and even more heard of cold rain to persuade him to fly ",Du Mu. It seems that there is nowhere to pass through the hibiscus, Li She's "I have to live for half a day because of the monk's words in the bamboo courtyard", Xue Neng's "Youth carries me on my back, white hair urges people to live in the past", Wen Tingyun's "Poets should know me when they have a spirit, and tyrants should only pity you when they have no owner", Zhao Huan's "The remnant stars are crowded with geese, and people lean on the floor with a flute", and he came to visit. Li Shangyin's seven-character accomplishments are particularly profound. His famous sayings include "Poor people sit empty in the middle of the night, don't ask the ordinary people to ask ghosts and gods", "The rain always floats in a spring dream, and the wind blows all day long, and he is dissatisfied with the flag", "The longing for love is not * * * flowers compete for hair, and of even this bright flame of love, shall there be only ashes?" and so on. As for the words "though I have for my body no wings like those of the bright-coloured phoenix, yet I feel the harmonious heart-beat of the Sacred Unicorn" and "and a moment that ought to have lasted for ever, has come and gone before I knew", they are well known everywhere. Our poet Du Fu, Two Poems in Qujiang, Night at the Pavilion, Climbing to the Building, Shu Xiang, Neighboring to the South, Climbing to the Top, Jiangcun, etc., are all worth reading until they are ripe.
Many ancient poets advise people to learn poetry from two aspects: 1. Take Du Fu as a model; 2. It should be based on the poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and before, because the style of Tang poetry in the middle and late period is gradually weak. In the Song Dynasty, reasoning prevailed again. Since then, poetry has been decadent, and Qing poetry has only slightly recovered some aftermath. But when we read poetry now, it seems that we don't need to be so formal, as long as we can infect our interest. Lin Bu's "The shadows are horizontal and the water is shallow, and the faint fragrance floats in the dusk of the moon", Mei Yaochen's "The bear rises in first frost, and the deer in the forest drinks the stream", Su Shi's "What is life like everywhere, it should be like flying in the snow and mud", Wang Anshi's "The spring breeze is green and Jiang Nanan, when will the bright moon shine on me", Huang Tingjian's "Everything in heaven will help me, and all the officials in intelligence and efficiency are relatives" and Ye Shaoweng's "Spring scenery is full of love".
Song poetry is beyond my grasp. As for Qing poetry, it's completely a blank for me, and I don't know it again. Let me stop talking.
there are four quatrains and eight regular poems. The quatrains that don't pay attention to meter are called ancient quatrains, and the nature that pays attention to meter is the quatrains. There are eight * * * quatrains in four, the first couplet is called the first couplet, the second couplet is called the parallel couplet, the third couplet is called the neck couplet, and the fourth couplet is called the tail couplet. The two couplets in the middle should fight each other. There are also more than eight sentences in a metrical poem, which is called "arrangement", and the number of sentences is theoretically unlimited.
This is actually related to the practical problem of beginners writing poems.
rhymes are divided into ancient rhymes and modern rhymes, which are quite different. For example, salt and salty can rhyme for us, but not in ancient times. Winter and East are also in different rhymes. If you want to know the ancient rhyme, it is also simple, and there are rhyme books to look up. When writing modern poems, look up Ping Shui Yun, and when writing lyrics, there is A Compendium of Lyrics. If you write classical poems, the rhymes are very wide, so you can combine several adjacent rhymes, and it is not bad to refer directly to The Compendium of Rhymes. But for beginners, there is no need to set up so many rules in rhyme, ancient and modern rhymes can be used, no matter how convenient it is. Add requirements to yourself when you get started.
it's the same with ping. Our modern Chinese is pronounced in one, two, three, four tones, right? Generally speaking, one or two tones count as flat tones, and three or four tones count as flat tones. Just start with this requirement.
if you are strict with yourself, or want to know more about it after getting started, then the ancient four tones are actually divided into flat, up, going and entering. Ping and Shang belong to Pingsheng characters, while Qu and Ru belong to Cuo characters. Ping and Shang are basically classified as one or two tones in modern Chinese, but they are basically three or four tones. However, modern Chinese is based on northern dialect, and there is no Rusheng, so the ancient Rusheng characters are distributed in 1234 tones. For example, Yi, Di, Xue and Yue are all ancient Rusheng characters. In other words, first, the flute belongs to the word "Yi Sheng", which needs attention.
how to distinguish which ones are entering tones? 1. If your mother tongue is Wu, Minnan and Cantonese, read them in the dialect and you will know. Because these dialects are the legacy of ancient pronunciation, such as Wu dialect is the legacy of Tang pronunciation, they still have entering tones. 2, look up the rhyme book. There are ***17 rhymes in the rhyme, and there are not many words. 3, or you can read more words with rhyme, which is more boring than reading rhyme books. For example, Dimfragrance, Manjianghong, Bodhisattva Man and other epigrams are generally put into rhyme.
Let me say it again. Eight verses of the law are in quadruplicate.
The first sentence of each couplet is called a sentence, and the next sentence is called a antithesis. Between sentences, couplet and couplet, we all talk about the relationship of leveling and leveling. The level relationship between the previous sentence and the next sentence is called right, and the level relationship between the previous couplet and the latter couplet is called sticky. Take a five-melody as an example, Du Fu's a night abroad.
a light wind is rippling at the grassy shore, through the night, to my motionless tall mast.
the stars are as wide as Ping Ye and and the moon comes running up the river.
if only my art might bring me fame, and free my sick old age from office!.
flitting, flitting, what am I like, but a sand-snipe in the wide, wide world!.
according to what I said before, we know that "a light wind is rippling at the grassy shore, through the night, to my motionless tall mast" is the first couplet, "Stars grow wider with Ping Ye, and the moon comes running up the river" is the parallel couplet, "if only my art might bring me fame, and free my sick old age from office!" is the neck couplet, and "flitting, flitting, what am I like, but a sand-snipe in the wide, wide world!" is the tail couplet. For example, in the first couplet, "a light wind is rippling at the grassy shore" is a sentence and "through the night, to my motionless tall mast" is a antithesis.
let's go back to the level relationship we want to talk about. The level and level relationship of the five laws mainly depends on the second word and the fourth word (seven words are the second, fourth and sixth). So in the first couplet, grass and wind are flat, right? The so-called "right" means that the next sentence should be reversed. Therefore, the night is flat and quiet. The so-called "sticky" means that the sentence in the next couplet should be the same as that in the previous couplet, so Suiye and Yeye are still flat and even. According to this, Yong and Jiang will be flat and flat. Qi and Zhang are also flat and flat, and stress and illness are flat and flat in turn. Floating, the corresponding is flat and flat, while the ground and sand are flat and flat.
here is the pen for the time being. Please wait for the next chapter "Understanding Ancient Poetry in 3 Minutes (Continued)" (published) for the knowledge of saving, fu Bi Xing and antithesis. If you don't understand anything, please leave a message in the comments or write to me privately.