Every time you appreciate a masterpiece, your imagination will wander.
Sitting slumped in the chair, motionless, only his eyes were spinning around in a dazed manner: recalling his words, listening to his words, and appreciating his people.
This is often the case when reading classics.
Every time I read a classic, I face the author and think about him, as if his voice floats to my ears through the colorful time and space, through the rich history, and across the constantly changing dynasties. It's as if he has gone through thousands of mountains and rivers, broken through all kinds of obstacles, opened up the tunnel of time, and stood peacefully in front of him.
Sigh for his greatness and envy for his wisdom.
Chinese culture has a long history. There are so many classic works.
Therefore, from the pre-Qin to the Ming and Qing dynasties, we select outstanding representatives, read their works or famous sayings, explore their experiences, and admire their personalities. ***It is listed as nine chapters:
The scholars of the pre-Qin period were each independent and formed their own family. They expounded their opinions and formed a hundred schools of thought. Choose Laozi, Confucius, and Qu Yuan to describe it.
Laozi, the founder of the Taoist school, Hu Shiyou said: the originator of Chinese philosophy and the first true philosopher in the history of Chinese philosophy.
Laozi wrote the "Tao Te Ching", which is only more than 5,000 words long. It is rich in meaning, broad and profound, all-encompassing, and covers the essence of many cultures.
If you want to listen to the original philosophical voice of China, you only need to concentrate and hold your breath in a pious attitude:
Lao Tzu’s voice is like a loud bell, penetrating the mottled sky of history, resounding throughout the world, slowly To my ears, lingering in my mind for a long time. It is also like the thunder that breaks the world. When people are confused and helpless, they suddenly become enlightened and realize the true meaning between heaven and earth.
Since ancient times, in traditional Chinese culture, almost all wise men are old men who are plump, plump, generous-hearted, and even a little naive. Undoubtedly, as the top representative of Chinese wisdom, Laozi's image is no exception: white hair like snow, silver eyebrows hanging on the temples, ears hanging down from his shoulders, white beard hanging down to the knees, red face and plain robe.
Only with such an image can we understand the ways of heaven, earth, and the world, and can we erupt with powerful sounds that shock mankind and the universe.
Since the day the Chinese nation was born, it has attached great importance to the "unity of nature and man" and even more emphasis on the "unity of knowledge and action".
Laozi is the author and practitioner of the Tao Te Ching.
When I was young, I was smart and eager to learn. After he became an adult, he joined the Zhou Dynasty's collection room as an official. The collection room was where the classics of the Zhou Dynasty were collected. At this time, I was like a fish in water, like a bird spreading its wings in the sky. A tree is born from the smallest grain; a nine-story platform is born from tired soil; a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."
Lao Tzu read poetry and books, gradually reached a better state, and realized his state of being a human being: "The best is like water, water is good and benefits all things without fighting." This is the highest state of being a human being. Water nourishes all things, but it does not compete with all things.
Finally, Lao Tzu rode a green ox to Hangu Pass. Official Yin Xi came to see Lao Tzu. He had heard of Lao Tzu’s reputation and begged Lao Tzu to write a book, which would benefit future generations and benefit all generations. Ever since, the "Tao Te Ching" was born, and then Lao Tzu rode an ox and rode away to the west.
Here, Lao Tzu's magnificent turn explains "retirement after success is the way of heaven." It was only in his later years that I wrote books to establish my virtue, which proves the so-called "generousness has no corners, and great achievements come late". A "Tao Te Ching", with just over 5,000 words, proves what "great skill is like clumsiness, great argumentation is like indifference, and great wisdom is like foolishness".
When Lao Tzu was riding a green ox to the west to bid farewell, Confucius was leading his disciples on their journey to various countries, which was only at the end.
In terms of age, Laozi is older than Confucius and is the senior; Confucius once asked Laozi for courtesy, so it can be said that Laozi is still Confucius's teacher.
Laozi’s thoughts elaborate on the origin of all things in the universe and the changes of natural yin and yang, emphasizing nature and inaction; while Confucius focuses on “benevolence” and “propriety”, emphasizing people’s social responsibilities and constructing "Morality" ideological system.
The voice of Confucius, rich and sincere, filled the world. He taught earnestly and eloquently, moving the listeners' faces and lingering in their hearts. Listening to his voice and thinking about his person, Confucius, as a wise man, seems to be standing right in front of us, with fair hair and a childish face, amiable and amiable, sparing no effort to guide us.
Just imagine, a person who founded and devoted his life to a moral doctrine with "benevolence" as the core, would he be a person with a fierce appearance and a sinister heart? Of course not! In other words, Master Kong should be a lovely old man with a kind heart and full of compassion. He smiles all day long, often helps others, is honest with others, and is especially generous.
Confucius traveled around the world for thirteen years in his life, promoting and practicing his moral doctrines and political opinions. He always kept in mind "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and tried hard to encourage himself to follow the principles of life, "The beauty of a gentleman is the beauty of being an adult, and the evil of being an adult". He made a summary of his life at each age: "I am fifteen years old and am determined to learn." "At thirty, you stand firm; at forty, you have no confusion; at fifty, you know the destiny; at sixty, your ears are attuned; at seventy, you follow your heart's desires."
Although the books and theories written by Confucius have limitations of the times, one-sidedness, and even a lot of dross, their essence and core content have withstood the test of many feudal dynasties and have survived for more than two thousand years. Screening has been passed down to this day, nurturing and nourishing the children of China, and it is also a pioneer in the teaching profession. For Confucius, such an evaluation as a saint through the ages and a teacher for all generations is not an exaggeration.
In the pre-Qin Dynasty when talents abounded, Qu Yuan was definitely the benchmark of an era, with his dazzling light and mountain scenery that made people look up to him.
As a great patriot and patriotic poet in Chinese history, Qu Yuan’s voice was shocking and unprecedented:
This declaration that resounded throughout the world was Qu Yuan’s A strong response after being slandered and exiled. Although he was in pain and displaced, he was still attached to the Chu Kingdom and his heart was devoted to the king. He did not give in or compromise, and upheld his own personality and beliefs.
This sentence is not only Qu Yuan’s high standard, but also praised as a model by later generations. It has been frequently written into powerful and majestic calligraphy, serving as a tribute to those with lofty ideals who diligently pursue and work hard. Worship it and put it on your desk or hang it on the wall to inspire yourself.
Just this sentence, like a bolt of lightning, cut through the hazy sky of the pre-Qin princes and countries; like a thunder, shaking the entire land of China. Qu Yuan's great image of bemoaning the suffering of the people with compassion was vividly written on paper and became a model for future generations to learn from.
When Qu Yuan was wandering by the river, he was groaning and miserable, aloof and miserable, disheartened and completely desperate. The sky of Chu State was covered with dark clouds, and the earth was the shadow of swords and swords. He jumped and ran straight into the river. His body disappeared forever on the vast earth, but his soul remained forever.
Tragic, Qu Yuan! Great, Qu Yuan!
During the Han Dynasty, there were many talents.
Sima Xiangru, a poet and poet who had a love story with Zhuo Wenjun, Ban Gu, who joined the army and wrote "Han Shu", Yang Xiong, a metaphysician who wrote "Tai Xuan", and so on. But the most outstanding one is Sima Qian.
In the history of China, a book not only attracts the attention of historians, who quote scriptures from it and obtains solid historical knowledge; it also makes writers admire it, benefit a lot from it and feel its thoughts. With his sophisticated writing skills, there is no doubt that this masterpiece is "Historical Records".
China’s historical literary styles can be generally summarized as follows: Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, Ming and Qing novels, the weakest of which is Han Fu. It can be described as carved, piled, gorgeous, and even flattering, but the style and tone of "Historical Records" are completely different from it: it understands the changes of ancient and modern times and becomes a family story.
A "Historical Records" is eloquent and has more than 520,000 words, which made Sima Qian devote all his energy and blood. Almost all the pages in the book are classics, and many of the words are even more penetrating. They have been widely circulated, spread throughout the Chinese books, and passed down from generation to generation in the mouths of the people. Such as the following classic statement.
Sima Qian’s father, Sima Tan, once served as the Taishi Order and regarded compilation of history as his mission, but his ambition was not fulfilled. On his deathbed, he informed Sima Qian of his will: "... As long as I die, you will be the Taishi and never forget me. You can write whatever you want..." Therefore, Sima Qian followed his father's ambition and wrote "Tai Shi Gong Shu".
In 98 BC, the third year of Tianhan, Li Ling was defeated by the Xiongnu and surrendered. Sima Qian defended Li Ling, which angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He was thrown into prison and sentenced to death by castration. Sima Qian suffered great physical and mental trauma. After he was released from prison, he endured the humiliation and continued to write with determination. After 14 years, he finally completed "Historical Records".
For a scholar-bureaucrat who was well-read and proficient in Confucianism, castration was a great shame and humiliation. Sima Qian said in "Report to Ren Shaoqing": "Therefore, do not blame your misfortunes on the desire for gain, do not grieve because of heartbreak, do not humiliate your ancestors, and do not do more dirty things than palace punishment." However, Sima Qian was not afraid of humiliation, motivated and enterprising, and used his ancestors to do anything. People are role models, "King Gaiwen was arrested and performed "The Book of Changes"; Zhongnieu wrote "Spring and Autumn"; Qu Yuan was exiled and wrote "Li Sao"; Zuoqiu was blind and wrote "Guoyu"; Sun Tzu was blind and edited "The Art of War" "List..." He not only understands but also practices "doing great things without caring about details, and doing great things without hesitating small concessions."
He praised Li Ling in "The Biography of General Li": "The peach and plum trees do not speak, but they make their own mistakes." In fact, Sima Qian was also euphemistically, obscurely, and insinuating himself: Although he was tortured by the palace, his father's legacy has never been forgotten. If you give up, people who come after you will be able to clearly distinguish the right from the wrong and give me justice. Needless to say, this is just the beginning of the journey.
The Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties are absolutely unique in the history of the development of the Chinese nation.
This was a truly troubled time, especially during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, when dark clouds appeared and disappeared, always shrouding its suffocating sky. Heroes emerge in large numbers and killings continue. The ancient land is filled with smoke and war.
The style of Fu Tai is becoming more and more vigorous, the style of metaphysical talk is getting stronger and stronger, and the style of etiquette is declining day by day. The lifestyle advocated by celebrities during this period was completely different from that before the Qin and Han Dynasties: drinking, talking, taking medicine, and being in love with mountains and rivers.
The "Seven Sons of Jian'an" and the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest" are the most talked about by the world, especially Ruan Ji and Ji Kang. Compared with the two, Ji Kang is more fascinating.
Ji Kang is a handsome man, a standard handsome boy. His appearance is better than that of Song Yu, and he is as good as Tan Lang. "Shishuo Xinyu" says: "Ji Kang was seven feet eight inches tall and very graceful.
Those who saw it sighed and said: "Xiaoxiao is solemn, refreshing and clear." ’ Or say: ‘Serious as a pine tree under the wind, high and slow. '"
In Ji Kang's daily life, "He often doesn't wash his head and face on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It's not enough to nourish him, so he can't take a bath." He Xiangxiu was forging iron under a big tree; as for his "Book of Breaking Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan", it is unprecedented in Chinese history. There are poems in "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" as follows.
From his behavior and reading his poems, we can know the general character of Ji Kang: he is bold in his generosity, he despises the powerful in his arrogance, and he is righteous in his boldness.
The behavior and behavior of Ji Kang, a handsome guy, are today. It seems to be unique and unique, but in the environment at that time, it was common and popular. Drinking water, sipping fragrant and mellow wine, and talking loudly and enthusiastically
Even the most unrestrained days have an end.
For feudal rulers, everything is not the same. Those who serve our class are likely to serve other political forces. Coupled with the villain's slander, Ji Kang was eventually imprisoned.
Before his execution, he played "Guangling San" for the last time. Passed away calmly.
The song disappeared, and the life withered. The wind of Wei and Jin moved further and further away.
But there was something fresh, beautiful and stunning in its wind. Breath. This breath came late, a hundred years after the death of Ruan Ji and Ji Kang - the pastoral natural wind. Undoubtedly, the person who created this pastoral wind is Tao Yuanming.
< p> During Tao Yuanming's time, the gentry was prevalent. Although Tao Yuanming's life was not a stormy one, it was still full of ups and downs. His thoughts were originally difficult to decide between career and farming, but after witnessing the darkness of the gentry and the corruption of officials, he became determined. He reluctantly chose the latter. As a result, he refused to give up for five buckets of rice, resigned from office, and lived in seclusion among the mountains and rivers, reveling in the fields.Mr. Wu Liu might have expected that. When he bid farewell to officialdom, waved his hand gracefully, not taking away a single cloud, and then chose a pastoral life without any regrets, he had already nurtured a heart of stone that would be in love with nature for the rest of his life, creating a character that was different from many literati in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Pursuit and taste also indicate that life will move towards a state of tranquility, few desires and straightforwardness.
Mr. Wuliu lives in a shabby house, drinks from a pot of wine, eats game, faces the countryside, and feels at ease with nature. Lines of poems that are meaningful, plain and unique, and shocking to the heavens and the earth are gushed out, resounding throughout the world, and rippling through the mountains and rivers.
Mr. Wuliu lives in a poor family, " The Yu family is poor, and farming is not enough to support themselves." "It is still blocked by the wind and the sun; it is short and brown, and the baskets and ladles are often empty." But he has been smart since he was a child and loves reading. , and happily forgot about it." He was fond of drinking by nature, which made him the first poet in the history of Chinese literature to write a large number of drinking poems. Drunk.
The ingenious combination of wine and poetry is vividly reflected in Mr. Wu Liu. The realm of wine is experienced by the body, while the artistic conception of poetry is felt by the spirit. Wine is the catalyst of poetry and the key to inspiration; poetry is the sublimation of wine and the expression of the mind. More than three hundred years later, there was another famous poet who was similar to him, or even worse.
Perhaps, Mr. Wuliu could not have imagined that when he integrated nature and mountains and rivers into one, exhaling the fragrance of nature, he wrote "Miscellaneous Poems", "Peach Blossom Spring", "Returning Letters", etc. At that time, he had already opened up a new territory of Chinese literature with his frail body, and carried a literary banner full of natural scenery on his frail shoulders - the Pastoral Poetry School.
Among all the scholar-bureaucrats in China, Tao Yuanming was the only one who completely retired into seclusion and always loved the countryside.
In the Tang Dynasty, the economy was prosperous, the culture was splendid, and poetry was at its peak. The world-recognized Chinese cultural circle originated from this.
Reading Tang poetry can make your eyes brighten, your eyebrows spread, your ears solidify, your nose tremble, your lips open and close. In short, it can make your five senses change. And impressed.
Reading Tang poetry can give people a sour feeling, which then goes deep into the heart, and sadness arises spontaneously; there is a bitter taste, which brings about sorrow in the heart; there is a pungent feeling, and the spicy moment arises It hits my heart; it also has a salty taste, mixed with sour and spicy, which is really hard to describe; mostly it has a sweet and wonderful feeling, which is beautiful in my heart and tastes in my mouth. In short, I am fascinated by the five flavors.
When reading Tang poems, I am absorbed and breathless for a while, and surging for a while; sometimes my eyes are wandering in my heart, sometimes my heart is dancing; sometimes I am like a fish swimming in the shallow bottom to find out the true meaning; sometimes I am like an eagle fighting in the sky, Find its high realm.
The setting clouds and the long autumn sky are a shocking landscape picture; the bright moon shines, the clear springs and rocks flow, this is a quiet and wonderful realm; the sunset is at Xiangguan, on the river It makes people sad, this is the heart-broken feeling of a guest; the cicadas are noisy in the forest, the birds are singing more quietly, and the ethereal artistic conception comes to my heart; the swallows in front of the Wang Xie Hall fly into the people's homes, the prosperity comes to an end, and the world changes again, and the sense of vicissitudes of life is vividly written on the paper. Above; people are reduced to each other at the end of the world, and they meet and get acquainted again. The wandering people are all sympathetic to each other; lying drunk on the battlefield, how many people can return? Without the feeling of being shrouded in horse leather, how can you protect your home and country? There has been a vast sea, except for Wushan, where big winds and waves have already been experienced, so why bother to be limited to the small pattern in front of you? Where is the restaurant? There is only Xinghua Village, where you can remember your ancestors, feel sad, and get drunk...
The poets of the Tang Dynasty, there are so many, are like stars, shining brightly. While illuminating the paradise of Chinese classical literature, they also created their own distinctive styles and feelings, and established their own unique coordinates. Its representatives are Li Bai and Du Fu.
Du Fu is known as the "Sage of Poetry" and Li Bai is known as the "Immortal of Poetry". Two flowers bloom, one on each side. Let’s talk briefly about Li Bai first.
For Li Bai, Huang Laoliezhuang's thoughts had a great influence on him. It can be said that it is deeply rooted in the bone marrow, confirmed in the trajectory of his life, and reflected in various activities. Li Bai had a bold and generous personality, drinking, writing poems, and making friends.
Throughout Li Bai's life, if he was not tasting wine from other places and reciting poems, he was enjoying the magnificent rivers and mountains and making friends while riding horses and swords.
In the history of Chinese literature, Li Bai was the first person to integrate a large number of magnificent rivers, mountains and natural scenery into poetry, achieving a high degree of unity of content and art, and full of romanticism. The artistic charm of his poems has reached the state where, as his friend Du Fu said, "when the pen falls, the wind and rain startle, the poem becomes weeping ghosts and gods." Reading Li Bai's poems, one can imagine the grandeur of the ancient Shu Road, think of the stunning waterfalls, and marvel at the majesty of the great Yellow River. Not only is it both elegant and popular, it is also catchy and catchy. It can be said that women and children all know it. They chanted it and memorized it when they were children. I have recorded three poems here.
There is no joy without wine, and no inspiration without wine. This is vividly reflected in the poet Li Bai. He is exactly the same as Mr. Wu Liu three hundred years ago. They are strikingly similar: both are poets, and regard wine as their life. Only when you think about it can you be inspired. Most of Li Bai's poems were written in a state of intoxication and ecstasy, with witty words flowing in the hazy state. "Lanling fine wine brings tulips, and jade bowls hold amber light." If you don't like fine wine, how can you have such a wonderful description? "A pot of wine among the flowers, drinking alone without any blind date." Drinking this wine makes me feel a little sad and sentimental. "Tao Yuanming was killed with a smile, and he did not drink the wine in the cup." His drinking pattern and heroic spirit far surpassed that of his idol Tao Yuanming. "In life, there is wine and must be enjoyed to the fullest. Don't let the golden cup empty to face the moon." Open-minded feelings and generous humanity.
Li Bai’s feelings and personality are not only reflected in his poems about wine. "Raise your head to look at the bright moon, lower your head to miss your hometown." Li Bai wandered around and called home all over the world. No matter how strong a wanderer is, he will inevitably miss his hometown. "An Neng bows down to the powerful, which makes me unhappy." It can fully reflect Li Bai's strong pride. When facing the powerful, he will not yield or compromise, and maintains an independent personality. "There will be strong winds and waves, and the clouds and sails will sail across the sea." It is not an exaggeration to regard this as Li Bai's motto. Li Bai was not afraid of hardships and dangers, adhered to his own nature, sought immortality and asked questions. Under the influence of Taoist thought, he pursued and explored his own life value and goals.
Li Bai had a restless heart and an unstable soul. It is like an untied boat, wandering everywhere, with the end of the world as its home. Time and time again, he rode a horse to meet his friends, stay with the mountains and rivers, and embrace time. But time and again, we bid farewell to our relatives and friends on horseback, bid farewell to the mountains and rivers, and waved to the past. The mountains are majestic, the trees are lush, and the scenery is pleasant. Li Bai went up the mountain and then down the mountain. The water is clear, rippling, sparkling, and its beautiful shadows are scattered all over the blue water.
Although Li Bai has passed away, his soul and works are still vibrant and enduring. In particular, his works are like the radiant sun, illuminating the earth and nourishing the world; they are also like delicacies, full of color, flavor and flavor, which frequently go in and out of the mouths of Chinese people, not only satisfying the needs of the body, but also nourishing the soul.
And Du Fu is undoubtedly another shining star in the Tang Dynasty.
Du Fu and Li Bai were eleven years old, and their friendship was as close as glue. We got to know each other in Luoyang, deepened in Liang and Song Dynasties, and said goodbye to Yanzhou. Du Fu was a die-hard fan of Li Bai and regarded Li Bai as his idol.
The encounter between the two superstars is a blessing for the Tang Dynasty, a blessing for poetry, and a blessing for culture. Li Bai focused on "Tao", while Du Fu focused on "Confucianism". Taoism and Confucianism are the two most important sections of Chinese philosophy. They complement and penetrate each other. His ideas and thoughts have always influenced the entire Chinese nation and are witnessed in life, work and study. Therefore, the meeting of the two is also a blessing for Confucianism and Taoism.
In terms of poetry style and language, Li Bai focuses on romance and is mostly unrestrained and lyrical; while Du Fu focuses on realism, which is often melancholy and frustrated. Therefore, Li Bai belongs to romanticism and Du Fu belongs to realism.
The Tang Dynasty was prosperous, and Li Bai's heroic temperament created the romance of Li Bai's poetry; the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, and Du Fu's ill-fated life created the realism of Du Fu's poetry.
Du Fu lost his mother when he was young. After he became an adult, he took several exams and failed in his career.
He had no choice but to offer gifts to the emperor, give gifts to dignitaries, and recommend himself. However, his official career was still frustrated and his ambition was difficult to realize. The embarrassment of life, miserable experiences, and the outbreak of war did not knock down his will to care about the common people and have the world in mind. They could not stop him from crying out for the miserable lives of the hungry and toiling people caused by the war, let alone stop him. The expression of the Confucian spirit of benevolence and sense of worry, on the contrary, inspired his creative desire. There are many classic works, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Three of them are currently selected.
The Anshi Rebellion plunged the Tang Dynasty into a state of catastrophe. The entire society was in turmoil, the people were in dire straits, and life was in ruins. The body was like duckweed. Du Fu, who was wandering and miserable, cried with joy when he heard that the army had recaptured Jibei. Du Fu's worries originated from the country; his joy originated from the country. This sense of caring about the country and the people and the sense of social responsibility that takes the world as its own responsibility are precisely Confucian. The concrete manifestation of a man of lofty ideals. "The young Du Fu harbored the spirit of Confucianism. "With tens of thousands of mansions, it will shelter all the poor people in the world with joy! Unmoved by wind and rain, it is as peaceful as a mountain. " Inspired by the plight of his own house, which is leaking and his quilt is like iron, he then associates it with the difficult lives of others. He takes his own misfortune and thinks of the suffering of others. This kind of compassionate image can be said to be a lesson for heaven and earth, and a symbol for the sun and the moon. . This voice of sighs and cries not only shocked the declining Tang Dynasty, but also passed through the Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is still moving to this day when I read it. , the road is frozen to death. "This famous sentence for thousands of years vividly reveals the social reality of the disparity between rich and poor under the rule of the feudal class, exposes the debauched and extravagant corrupt life of the ruling class, and also contains deep sympathy for the suffering masses of the people. and infinite sorrow.
Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" by later generations. His poems are famous for their rhythmic poetry. In the history of China, especially in the history of literature, there are two people whose works focus on reflecting the suffering of the people as their style and theme: Qu Yuan of Chu and Du Fu of Tang. Especially the latter, with his keen insight and rich imagination, With superb expressive power, it provides an all-round description and exposure of the turbulent Tang Dynasty.
Du Fu is indeed a sage in poetry. His works are great and have been passed down through the ages, but the most important thing is. His spirit of caring about the country and the people and his kindness have been inherited and carried forward by descendants of the Yan and Huang Dynasties for thousands of years. Today, they still have great practical significance.
If you want to read Li Bai, please go into the mountains and rivers; if you want to read Du Fu, please go among the people.
"To be continued"