In ancient Chinese literature, Wei literature has always been in an inconspicuous position. In many people's thinking: Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, Ming and Qing novels have always occupied the main place in the history of literature. status. When it comes to Wei literature, since the Song Dynasty, it has always been discriminated against, devalued, and even ignored by people. In fact, the charm of Wei literature lies in the fact that the development of literature from spontaneous to conscious has produced great breakthroughs and transcendences in ancient Chinese literature. What is more, Wei is a special era, and its complexity, bizarreness and weirdness are somewhat confusing. It is difficult for many people to get a clear interpretation from conventional thinking, and its diversity and complexity have even kept many historians and writers away from it. Perhaps this is one of the reasons why Wei literature has always been left out and alienated. If we look at it from another perspective, a culture that is bright in color, extraordinary in charm, extraordinary and yet is ignored by people cannot but be said to be a shortcoming of the culture. As we all know, the Three Kingdoms was an era of turmoil and war, which resulted in the diversity and complexity of literature. It is the result of the combined effects of various factors in society. Since society was basically divided during this period, with frequent wars and frequent dynasty changes, rulers had little energy to take care of ideological and cultural undertakings. There is little political interference in literature, and ideology and culture are left to their own devices. The literati's laments about life and death in chaos and the scholars' thinking about becoming an official provided material for literary creation. The spread of Buddhism and the penetration of metaphysics made the entire literary trend break away from the need for political enlightenment emphasized by Confucianism. Seeking the meaning of independent existence of literature itself and returning to the characteristics of literature itself make literature become a personal behavior. Expressing personal life experiences and emotions shows that Wei literature has gradually become a non-utilitarian pure literary creation.
The deep meaning of the charm of the exquisite mechanism of Wei literature is to express people consciously. Express people's feelings and aesthetic preferences; express people's character; pay attention to people's arbitrary actions. People's talents, emotions, temperament, style, style, and demeanor are of concern to people, and ultimately formed the thinking and thinking of Wei literati. Adaptability, aristocratic scholar-bureaucratic demeanor, poetic talent and other eternal charms. This article attempts to reinterpret the extraordinaryness of Wei literature from the perspective of the natural formation and literary personality of the Wei and Jin literary schools, demonstrate the trend of literary self-consciousness, and explore the fate of literati and the development of literature.
Literary consciousness is a very long process, which lasted throughout the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and took about three hundred years to achieve. Relevant to the pre-Qin period, literature emerged spontaneously as a form of entertainment for people after work. In that era, it was almost impossible to consciously engage in literary professional creation. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the establishment of the feudal system and political power, literature, as an accessory to politics, was a tool of education used to serve politics, even if Texts like Han Fu were written to a large extent to please the rulers. The literature at that time could only be generally said to be a kind of imperial literature or palace extension literature, which was basically still in a spontaneous state. During the Jian'an period, the emergence of the "Three Cao" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and the "Seven Sons" (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Jun, Liu Zhen) opened a new situation for Chinese literature. , and established the "Jian'an style" as a model of poetic aesthetics. Their poems and essays are all full of talents and distinctive personalities. They are expressions of personal experiences, talents, emotions and aspirations. Because Jian'an literati suffered from the chaos and chaos, their political enthusiasm for making achievements and becoming famous for future generations resulted in the characteristics of the poetry at that time that were "elegant and generous", "profound in vision and long in writing", and "rich in summary". "Generosity" has almost become a commonly used word in the poetry of Jian'an literati. For example, Cao Cao's "Short Line Song": "Generosity should be used as generosity, and worries are unforgettable." Cao Pi's "Poetry by Yu Ren": "When you are generous, you are inspired." Chen Lin's "Poetry": "Generous chanting of the tomb sutra." Wu Zhi's "Missing" "Poetry": "Generous self-respect, common people are fierce husbands." Cao Zhi's "Xiaolu Xing": "Generosity is unique", "Noda Huangque Xing": "Qin Zheng is so generous"; "Poetry to Xu Qian": "There is sadness in generosity" "The heart, the poem becomes its own chapter"; "Poems of Abandoned Wife": "There is a lingering sound in generosity, but it should be wonderful, sad and clear", etc. It is the generosity and sadness of Jian'an poetry that reflects the distinctive personality of Jian'an literati. Another example is the Jian'an literati who faced social turmoil and lost their lives. They said, "Life in this world is like grass in late spring," (Xu Qian's "Room Thoughts on Poems"); "Seven Sorrows Poems"); "I am often afraid that when the years are over, my soul will suddenly fly high" (Ruan Yu's "Poems"). It reflects their attitude towards life and thinking about personal value, whether it is Cao Pi who downplays his father's sorrow into sorrow, or the Jian'an disciples are either aloof (such as Liu Zhen), depressed (such as Wang Can) or soothing (such as Xu Qian)..., they all reflect the dual projection of poetry and personality to varying degrees. Jian'an poets often had literary talents. When creating poetry, they broke stereotypes, found new ways, and showed their own unique style. For example, Cao Cao's poems are ancient and sad, with majestic charm; Cao Pi's poems are graceful and graceful, and have literary morale; Cao Zhi's poems have "extraordinarily high bones, brilliant words, elegance and resentment, and elegant body and texture" (Zhong Rong's "Poetry") ; Wang Can's and Liu Zhen's poems: "Zhong Xuan is impetuous, so he is outstanding and talented, and his public spirit is strong, so his words are strong but his emotions are terrifying" (Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long·Ti Xing").
In terms of poetic language, Cao Cao and Ruan Yu are relatively simple, while Cao Pi, Wang Can and others are more beautiful; Cao Zhi has both character and literary talent: the personality and expression of Jian'an literati's poems, from the perspective of their new creative motives, are completely It is a voluntary display of the soul. They dare to face their own subjective world, face the suffering society and life, express their own emotions and wishes, sing the poet's own songs, and confide the poet's inner depression and his love for life. It is the unique perceptual feeling that gives Wei (Jian'an) literature its vivid color and personality, and the charm of literature and art.
[175 AD] (the fourth year of Xiping)
Cao Cao was promoted to Xiaolian, awarded the title of Lieutenant of the North of Luoyang, and then changed to Dunqiu Ling, and was later recruited as Yilang .
[184 AD] (the first year of Zhongping)
Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty made Cao Cao the Cavalry Captain and suppressed the Yellow Turban Uprising in the Yingchuan area (today's Yu County, Henan).
He was promoted to the Prime Minister of Jinan for his military merits and served for three years. He punished corrupt officials and banned obscene sacrifices.
[187 AD] (the fourth year of Zhongping)
Cao Cao offended the powerful and was demoted to the prefect of Dongjun, so he resigned due to illness.
Wang Fen, the governor of Jizhou, Xu You of Nanyang, Zhou Jing of Pei State and others planned to depose Emperor Ling and invited Cao Cao to join the rebellion against the Han emperor, but Cao Cao refused.
[188 AD] (the fifth year of Zhongping)
Cao Cao was appointed as the captain of the Xiyuan Dian Army to guard Luoyang, the capital.
[AD 189] (Sixth year of Zhongping)
Dong Zhuo entered the court to take full power and represented Cao Cao as a knight in charge of cavalry. Cao Cao refused Dong Zhuo's solicitation and changed his name and left the customs. He was arrested on the way. He was later released and went to Chenliu to recruit volunteers and prepare to attack Dong Zhuo.
In December, Cao Cao raised troops in Jiwu County (southeast of today's Sui County) with five thousand soldiers.
[190 AD] (the first year of Chuping)
In the first month of the year, Yuan Shu, Han Fu, Kong Wei, Liu Dai, Wang Kuang, Yuan Shao, Zhang Miao, Qiao Mao, Yuan Yi and Bao Xin responded to the call and launched an army to attack Dong Zhuo at the same time. They elected Yuan Shao as the leader of the alliance and Cao Cao as General Fenwu.
In February, Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang and moved the capital to Chang'an. The allied forces of the princes waited and watched, but Cao Cao fought alone and was defeated by Dong Zhuo's general Xu Rong. Cao Cao was wounded by an arrow and managed to escape.
After the coalition of princes fell apart, Cao Cao refused Yuan Shao's attempt to win over and began to develop his power independently.
[191 AD] (the second year of Chuping)
Cao Cao led his troops to Dongjun and defeated the Black Mountain bandits in Puyang (now southwest of Puyang, Henan). Yuan Shao represented Cao Cao As the prefect of Dongjun, he governed Dongwuyang.
[AD 192] (the third year of Chuping)
In the spring, Cao Cao wiped out the Black Mountain bandits and the Xiongnu Yufuluo tribe.
Bao Xin and others went to Dongjun to welcome Cao Cao to lead Yanzhou Mu. Cao Cao advanced to attack the Yellow Turbans in the east of Shouzhang (southwest of today's Dongping County, Shandong Province).
In winter, Cao Cao collected the Yellow Turban Army and surrendered more than 300,000 soldiers, named Qingzhou Soldiers.
The brothers Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu were at odds. Gongsun Zan assisted Yuan Shu and ordered Liu Bei to garrison Gaotang, Shanjing to garrison Pingyuan, and Tao Qian to garrison Fagan. Cao Cao and Yuan Shao joined forces to attack the three armies and won a complete victory.
[AD 193] (the fourth year of Chuping)
In the spring, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shu repeatedly, but Yuan Shu was defeated and fled to Huaibei. In the summer, Cao Cao returned to Dingtao.
In autumn, Cao Cao's army conquered Tao Qian and captured more than ten cities in succession. Tao Qian defended the city and did not dare to fight.
[AD 194] (the first year of Xingping)
In the spring, Cao Cao's father, Cao Song, was killed by Tao Qian, and Cao Cao wanted to avenge his father's murder.
In the summer, Cao's army attacked Xuzhou, massacred tens of thousands of people, and captured Xiangbi (now Lianshui County, Jiangsu Province).
Lu Bu, Zhang Miao, Chen Gong and others attacked Cao Cao. Cao Cao's army turned around and fought with Lu Bu. They were defeated by Lu Bu's cavalry and suffered a disastrous defeat. Cao Cao was burned.
Cao’s army and Lü Bu’s army faced off for more than a hundred days, and Lü Bu’s army ran out of food and retreated.
In September, Cao Cao returned to Junjuancheng.
In October, Cao Cao's army arrived at Dong'a (now Dong'a Town, Pingyin County). There were frequent locust plagues that year and there was a severe shortage of military rations.
[195 AD] (the second year of Xingping)
In the spring, Cao Jun attacked Dingtao.
In the summer, Cao Cao used an ambush strategy to defeat Lu Bu's army, and Lu Bu defected to Liu Bei.
In August, Cao Cao's army surrounded Yongqiu (now Qixian County, Henan).
In October, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty worshiped Cao Cao as the shepherd of Yanzhou.
In December, Yongqiu was captured, Zhang Chao committed suicide, and Cao Cao defeated the Zhang Miao clan. Later, Zhang Miao was also killed, Yanzhou was pacified, and Cao Jun attacked Chendi (Huaiyang and other places) eastward.
[196 AD] (the first year of Jian'an)
In the first month of spring, Cao Cao's army captured Wuping.
Cao Cao sent Cao Hongxi to welcome Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, but it failed due to military chaos.
In February, Cao Cao marched to defeat Runan, Yingchuan Yellow Turban Army He Yi, Liu Pi, Huangjun, Baoman, etc. Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty worshiped Cao Cao as General Jiande.
In June, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty faked Cao Cao's festival ax and recorded the affairs of the minister.
In September, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty named Cao Cao a general and a Marquis of Wuping.
Cao Cao forced Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty to move the capital to Xu (now Xuchang, Henan), and began to coerce the emperor to order the princes and take over the military and political power of the court.
In October, Cao Cao conquered Yang Feng.
Cao Cao asked the general and Yuan Shao to appoint him as Sikong, a riding general.
Cao Cao began to farm.
Liu Bei's army was defeated by Lu Bu, and Cao Cao accepted Liu Bei.
[197 AD] (the second year of Jian'an)
In the first month of spring, Cao Cao attacked Wancheng. Zhang Xiu surrendered, but later went back on his word and fought with Cao's army. Cao Cao's army was defeated and Cao Cao became a target. , the eldest son Cao Ang and nephew Cao Anmin died in battle.
Cao Cao led his troops to return to Wuyin (now northwest of Biyang, Henan), and later defeated Zhang Xiujun and returned to Xudu.
When Yuan Shu wanted to proclaim himself emperor, Cao Cao sent troops to fight Yuan Shu's army and won a great victory; later he was attacked by Liu Biao and Zhang Xiu's army.
In November, Cao Cao personally marched south to Wancheng, defeated Liu Biao's army, and captured Huyang and Wuyin. (Huyang and Wan are also today's Huyang and Wan in Henan Province)
[198 AD] (the third year of Jian'an) liquor. (Central, front, left, and right military divisions, etc.)
In March, Cao Cao's army surrounded Zhang Xiu Yu Rang (today's Deng County, Henan).
In May, Liu Biao sent troops to rescue Zhang Xiu. Cao's army was attacked front and back, so he dug a dangerous tunnel late at night, passed the baggage, and set up surprise troops to defeat Zhang and Liu's coalition forces.
Lu Bu's general Gao Shun defeated Liu Bei. In September, Cao Cao personally conquered Lu Bu.
In October, Cao's army massacred Pengcheng (now Xuzhou) and besieged Xiapi (now east of Xuzhou).
Cao Cao used the strategy of Xun You and Guo Jia to flood the city with water from Si and Yi. In more than a month, Xiapi City was defeated. Cao Cao executed Lu Bu, Chen Gong and others, and surrendered Zang Ba and other generals.
[199 AD] (the fourth year of Jian'an)
In April, Cao Cao marched into Linhe (now Linhe County, Inner Mongolia) and defeated Suigu and others.
In August, Cao Cao marched into Liyang (now Junxian County, Henan Province).
In September, Cao Cao returned to Xudu and divided his troops to guard Guandu.
In November, Zhang Xiu surrendered and was made a lord.
In December, Cao Cao sent troops to Guandu.
Liu Xun, the governor of Lujiang, led his troops to surrender and was granted the title of marquis.
Liu Bei conspired with Dong Cheng and others to betray Cao Cao. Cao's troops Liu Dai and Wang Zhong failed to attack Liu Bei.
[200 AD] (the fifth year of Jian'an)
In the first month of spring, Dong Cheng and others secretly plotted to kill Cao Cao, but were executed after failure.
Cao Cao's army conquered Liu Bei eastward and won. Liu Bei defected to Yuan Shao. Cao Cao surrendered Guan Yu, captured Liu Bei's family, and returned to Guandu.
In February, Yuan Shao sent Guo Tu, Chunyu Qiong, Yan Liang and others to attack Liu Yanyu Baima, the prefect of Dongjun, and Yuan Shao led his troops to Liyang in person.
In April, Cao Jun went north to rescue Liu Yan. Following Xun You's plan, he defeated Yuan Shao's army at Baima, beheaded Yan Liang, and broke the siege of Baima.
Yuan Shao's army crossed the river to pursue Cao's army. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao's army in the south of Yanjin by using baggage to lure the enemy. He killed Wen Chou and returned Jundu. Yuan Shao's army entered Baoyangwu and Guan Yu returned to Liu Bei's camp.
In August, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao joined forces to fight for dozens of miles. Yuan Shao's army entered Linguandu and set up Tushan tunnels. Cao Cao also made Tushan tunnels in response.
Sun Ce took advantage of the turmoil in the battle in Guandu and intended to attack Xudu secretly, but was killed by assassins before he sent troops.
Cao Cao used Xun You's plan and sent Xu Huang and Shi Huan to burn Yuan Shao's grain transport convoy.
In October, Yuan Shao sent trucks to transport grain, and sent Chunyu Qiong and other five generals with more than 10,000 troops to escort him, and stayed forty miles north of Yuan Shao's camp.
Yuan Shao's adviser Xu You defected to Cao Cao and offered his plan to burn grain. Cao Cao led five thousand men on foot and cavalry to attack Chunyu Qiong's tribe at night. All the soldiers fought to the death, defeated Yuan Shao's army, and beheaded Chunyu Qiong and other generals.
Yuan Shao sent Zhang He and Gao Lan to attack Cao Cao's camp. Generals Zhang and Gao surrendered to Cao Cao after hearing that Chunyu Qiong's troops were defeated. Yuan Shao's army was defeated. Yuan Shao, his eldest son Yuan Tan and others fled north in haste.
[201 AD] (the sixth year of Jian'an)
In May, Yuan Shao died of illness.
In September, Cao Cao attacked the remnants of Yuan Shao's two sons. Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang retreated repeatedly and could not escape.
[203 AD] (Eighth Year of Jian'an)
In March, Cao Jun defeated Yuan Tan and Yuan Shangjun.
In April, Cao Cao marched into Ye (now Anyang).
In May, Cao Jun returned to Xudu, leaving Jia Xin to garrison Liyang.
In August, Cao Cao conquered Liu Biao. Yuan Shao's two sons fought each other, Yuan Tan lost and took refuge with Cao Cao.
In October, Cao's army resumed its northward advance, but Yuan Shang's army was defeated.
[204 AD] (ninth year of Jian'an)
In February, Cao Jun attacked Yecheng.
In May, Cao Cao flooded the city with Zhang River, and most of the people in the city starved to death.
In July, Cao Jun defeated Yuan Shang's reinforcements.
In August, Yecheng was defeated. Cao Cao beheaded the judge, mourned Yuan Shao, and treated Yuan Shao's family well.
In September, Cao Cao was exempted from taxes in Hebei for one year, and Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty named Cao Cao the shepherd of Jizhou.
In December, Cao Cao marched into Nanpi to rectify the local situation.
[AD 205] (the tenth year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Cao Cao's army defeated Yuan Tan, Yuan Tan died in battle, and Cao Cao pacified Jizhou.
In April, the Black Mountain bandit Zhang Yan surrendered to Cao Cao with more than 100,000 soldiers and was named a lord.
In August, Cao Cao conquered Karasuma.
[AD 206] (the eleventh year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Cao Cao's army surrounded Huguan to conquer Yuan Shao's nephew Gao Gan. Gao Gan was defeated and later killed.
In August, Cao Cao's army conquered the pirate Guan Chengbu and won.
[207 AD] (the twelfth year of Jian'an)
Cao Cao followed Guo Jiaji and conquered the three counties of Karasuma in the north.
Cao's army was blocked by the Bohai Sea, so he led his army out of Lulongsai (today's area from Xifengkou to Lengkou, Hebei Province) and marched into Liucheng (today's southwest of Chaoyang, Liaoning Province).
In August, when he climbed Bailang Mountain, Cao Cao's army won a great victory in the Battle of Wuhuan, killing King Tadun of Wuhuan, and more than 200,000 troops of Hu and Han surrendered.
In September, Gongsun Kang killed Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi, and Cao Cao unified the north.
[208 AD] (the 13th year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Cao Cao returned to Yecheng and built the Xuanwu Pool to train his navy.
In June, Cao Cao was named prime minister.
In July, Cao Cao marched south to conquer Liu Biao.
In August, Liu Biao died of illness, and his youngest son Liu Cong took the throne and settled in Xiangyang, while Liu Bei settled in Fancheng.
In September, Cao Cao's army arrived in Xinye, Liu Cong surrendered, Liu Bei fled to Xiakou, and Cao Cao marched to Jiangling.
In the Battle of Chibi in December, Cao Cao's army was not used to water warfare and the plague was prevalent. They were defeated by the coalition forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi and were forced to retreat.
[209 AD] (the 14th year of Jian'an)
Cao Cao organized a large-scale naval control to consolidate his own power and stabilize the political situation in the north. He also established Yangzhou county magistrates and started farming in Shaopi.
[210 AD] (the fifteenth year of Jian'an)
In winter, Cao Cao was operating the Bronze Bird Tower.
[AD 211] (the 16th year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Shang Yao and others in Taiyuan rebelled, and Cao Cao sent Xia Houyuan and Xu Huang to encircle and break it.
In March, Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao to attack Zhang Lu.
Ma Chao and Han Sui raised their armies to rebel. Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to attack, and Ma Chao and others settled in Tongguan. Cao Cao ordered them to stay strictly guarded.
In July, Cao Cao marched westward to fight Ma Chao's army. He sent Xu Huang, Zhu Ling and others to cross Pugujin at night and set up camp in Hexi.
When Cao Cao crossed north from Tongguan, Ma Chao intercepted Cao Cao's army. Cao Cao was rescued by the captain Ding Fei who used a trick to bait the enemy.
Cao Cao's army refused to enter the Wei River and set up many suspicious troops. They secretly carried troops into the Wei River by boat and built a pontoon bridge. They divided their troops and camped in Weinan late at night. Ma Chao robbed the camp at night and was ambushed by Cao Cao.
Ma Chao and others settled in Weinan and asked Cao Cao for peace, but Cao Cao refused.
In September, Cao Cao marched across the Wei River, alienated Ma Chao and Han Sui, and defeated the Guanxi Army. Ma Chao was defeated and fled to Liangzhou.
In October, Cao Cao went north to conquer Yang Qiu and besieged Anding. Yang Qiu surrendered.
[212 AD] (the seventeenth year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Cao Cao returned to Yecheng. Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty ordered Cao Cao to pay homage to Wu Ming, enter the court without following, and go to the palace with swords and shoes, imitating the story of Xiao He in the early Han Dynasty.
In October, Cao Cao once again attacked Sun Quan.
[AD 213] (the 18th year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Cao Cao marched into Ruxukou, broke through Sun Quan's Jiangxi camp, and captured Sun Quan's military commander Gongsun Yang.
Merged the fourteen states of China and changed them to nine states.
In May, Cao Cao was granted the title of Duke of Wei.
In July, Cao Cao began to build the Wei Sheji Ancestral Temple.
In September, Cao Cao used Jinhu Terrace to dig a canal to divert Zhangshui into Baigou to dredge the river.
In October, Cao Cao divided Wei County into the east and west parts and set up captains.
In November, Cao Cao first appointed Shangshu, Shizhong and Liuqing.
[AD 214] (the 19th year of Jian'an)
In the first month, Xia Houyuan fought with Ma Chao and Han Sui, and Cao Jun won.
In March, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty placed Wei Gong on the throne of the princes and kings, and was awarded the golden seal, red silk ribbon, and distant travel crown.
In July, Cao Cao once again attacked Sun Quan.
Xia Houyuan pacified Liangzhou.
In November, Queen Fu of the Han Dynasty was deposed and executed by Cao Cao.
[AD 215] (the 20th year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Cao Cao's daughter was named queen by Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty.
In March, Cao Cao marched westward against Zhang Lu.
In May, Cao Jun destroyed King Dou Mao’s army.
In July, Cao Cao's army arrived at Yangping, attacked Yangping Pass at night, and defeated Zhang Wei's army. Zhang Lu fled to Bazhong. Cao Cao's army entered Nanzheng and recovered Ba and Han.
In August, Sun Quan besieged Hefei, and Zhang Liao and Li Dian defeated Sun Quan's army.
In November, Zhang Lu surrendered and was made a lord.
[AD 216] (the 21st year of Jian'an)
In March, Cao Cao plowed the fields himself.
In May, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty elevated Cao Cao to the title of King of Wei.
In October, Cao Cao once again attacked Sun Quan.
[217 AD] (the 22nd year of Jian'an)
In February, Cao Cao marched into Haoxi, west of Jiangxi Province. Sun Quan built a city at Ruxukou and refused to defend it. Cao Jun forced the attack, but Sun Quan retreated.
In March, Cao Cao led his army back north.
In April, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty ordered Cao Cao to set up the emperor's flag and call it "Jingzhi" (the emperor's vehicle and road) when going in and out.
In May, Cao Cao built Pan Palace.
In October, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty ordered the king of Wei to wear twelve pins on his official hat, ride in a gold-rooted chariot, drive six horses, and be equipped with five auxiliary chariots, and established Cao Pi as the crown prince of Wei.
[AD 218] (the 23rd year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the first month, Ling Jiben, the imperial physician of the Han Dynasty, conspired with the Shaofu Geng Ji, Sizhi Weihuang and others, and was defeated and killed.
In March, Zhang Fei and Ma Chao were defeated by Cao Hong's army and retreated to Hanzhong. Shu Han general Wu Lan was killed.
In April, Daijun and Shanggu Wuwanwuchendi rebelled, and were quickly suppressed by Cao's army.
In July, Cao Cao organized the army and marched westward against Liu Bei.
In September, Cao Cao's troops arrived in Chang'an.
In October, Wancheng guard Hou Yin and others rebelled.
[219 AD] (the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the first month, Cao Ren's tribe massacred Wancheng and beheaded Hou Yin.
Xia Houyuan fought with Liu Bei in Yangping and was killed by Liu Bei's army.
In March, Cao Cao's army came out of Xiegu from Chang'an and pressed on Hanzhong, but Liu Bei refused to defend.
In May, Cao Cao led his army back to Chang'an.
In July, Cao Cao took his wife Bian as his queen.
In August, the Han River surged, and Yu Jin was defeated by Guan Yu. Guan Yu besieged Cao Ren, and Cao Cao sent Xu Huang to relieve the siege.
In October, Cao Cao marched south from Luoyang to conquer Guan Yu. Before the army arrived, Xu Huang had already defeated Guan Yu's army and Cao Ren's troops were able to relieve the siege.
[AD 220] (the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an)
In the first month of the year, Cao Cao returned to Luoyang. Sun Quan attacked and killed Guan Yu and presented Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao.
On the 23rd of the first lunar month, Cao Cao died in Luoyang at the age of sixty-six and was posthumously named King Wu.
On February 21, Cao Cao was buried in Gaoling.
Cao Pi - Historical Chronology
The fifteenth year of Jian'an (210 AD)
Cao Pi was recommended by Situ Zhao Wen, and Cao Cao thought that Zhao Wen recommended him Zhao Wen's son was dismissed from his official position by the minister Shou Guang Luxun Xi Lu and by Chi Jie's policy, not because of his true talents.
In the 16th year of Jian'an (211 AD)
He was the chief minister and deputy prime minister.
In the 22nd year of Jian'an (217 AD)
He was established as the prince of Wei.
In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (AD 220)
Cao Cao died, and Cao Pi succeeded him as prime minister and king of Wei. The Yuan Dynasty was changed to the first year of Jiankang. In February, Jia Xu was appointed as Taiwei. Geng Wu, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty took the Zen throne, changed the Yuan Dynasty to the early Huang Dynasty, and granted amnesty. Sun Quan sent envoys to offer sacrifices. Mengda, the general of Shu, led his troops to surrender. Yang Pu, the Di king of Wudu, led his people to join him and settled in Hanyang County.
In the first year of Huangchu (AD 220)
In the eleventh month of Guiyou, ten thousand households in Shanyang City in Hanoi worshiped the Han Emperor as Shanyang Gong.
In the second year of Huangchu (AD 221)
In the third month of spring, Gongsun Gong, the prefect of Liaodong, was granted the title of Chariot and Cavalry General. In April of summer, Cao Ren, the chariot and cavalry general, was appointed as the general. In the fifth month, Zheng Gan rebelled again and sent Cao Ren to attack and kill him. Ding Mao, his wife Zhen died. In the eighth month of autumn, Sun Quan sent envoys to Feng Zhang and Yu Jin to return them. Ding Si sent Taichang Xingzhen to worship him as a general, granted him the title of King of Wu, and added nine tins.
In the third year of Huangchu (AD 222)
In March Yichou, Qi Gongrui was made king of Pingyuan, and eleven people including the emperor's brother Yanling Gongzhang were all kings. In the fourth month of summer, Wushen established Hou Zhi of Juancheng as the king of Juancheng. In the leap month, Sun Quan defeated Liu Bei at Yiling. When Cao Pi heard that Liu Bei led his army eastward to fight Sun Quan, and the Shuzha company camp was more than 700 miles away, he told his officials, "If we don't prepare enough troops, how can we resist the enemy with a 700-mile camp?" Bao Yuan Xi Those who join the army in danger will be preyed upon by the enemy. This is a taboo for soldiers. Sun Quan's mission has come to an end. "Seven days later, the Po Bei letter arrived. In August, Shu general Huang Quan led his troops to surrender. In the tenth month of winter, Sun Quan rebelled again. Cao Pi marched south from Xuchang, and all the troops advanced together, but Sun Quan refused to defend along the river.
In the fourth year of Huangchu (AD 223)
Ding Wei, the great Sima Cao Ren passed away.
In the sixth month of the Jiaxu period, Rencheng Wang Zhang passed away in Kyoto. Jia Shen, Taiwei Jia Xu died.
In the fifth year of Huangchu (AD 224)
In April of Xia, Taixue was established, the method of the Five Classics lesson examination was formulated, and Dr. Gu Liang of the Spring and Autumn Period was appointed.
In the sixth year of Huangchu (AD 225)
In the tenth month of winter, I visited the old city of Guangling and watched the troops along the river. There were more than 100,000 soldiers and hundreds of banners. According to the book of Wei, the emperor wrote a poem on his horse and said: "Looking at the soldiers approaching the river, how can the water flow! The mountains and forests are formed by swords and spears, and the black armor shines in the sun. The fierce general is furious and courageous. Who knows that the river is so vast that a reed can be used to navigate? After defeating the enemy, the soldiers were praised as virtuous. In fact, Meng Xian camped in Hulao, and the Zheng people were responsible for farming. During the period, all the houses were built in Xu Fang. It was appropriate to transport power, and the Sixth Army was in good health; it was not like the Dongshan poem, which was full of sadness.
In the seventh year of Huangchu (AD 226)
Ding Si, Cao Pi died at the age of forty.
Cao Xiong, the son of Cao Cao, was born to the Bian family along with Cao Pi, Cao Zhang, and Cao Zhi. He died early and was posthumously named Xiao Huai Gong and Xiao Huai Wang. Cao Xiong's son Cao Bing passed away a few years later without leaving any descendants, so the country canceled the title.
Cao Zhang, named Ziwen, was born in Qiao County, Pei State. He was the second son of Cao Cao and the Bian family. His beard and temples were yellow. He has been good at archery and riding horses since he was a child. He has extraordinary arm strength and can fight wild beasts with his bare hands. He is never afraid of avoiding danger. When he was young, he joined the army many times and was very ambitious. Seeing this, Cao Cao often lectured him and said, "You kid just doesn't want to study or admire the holy way, but only likes riding horses and fencing. What's the big deal if you can just become a common man!" So he urged Cao Zhang to study the Book of Songs. ", "Shu Jing", Cao Zhang was very dissatisfied, and told his left and right: "A real man should be like Wei Qing and Huo Qubing (both famous generals in the Western Han Dynasty), leading an army of 100,000 to gallop through the desert, drive out the Rong and Di, achieve great achievements, and establish titles. How can it be so? Are you just here to be a doctor?" Cao Cao once asked his sons what they wanted to do and ordered them to express their ambitions. Cao Zhang said, "I like to be a general." Cao Cao asked, "What does it take to be a general?" Cao Zhang replied, "You have to be strong and tenacious, stand up when in danger, don't hesitate to look back, take the lead, and be rewarded for your merits. , guilty will be punished." Cao Cao laughed after hearing this.
<216 AD> In the 21st year of Jian'an reign of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty:
Cao Zhang was granted the title of Marquis of Yanling.
<218 AD> The 23rd year of Emperor Xian'an of the Eastern Han Dynasty:
In April of summer, the incompetent ministers Di and others of Beiwuhuan rebelled, and Cao Zhang paid homage to General Beizhonglang. , Xingxiaoqi General led the army to attack. Before setting off, Cao Cao admonished Cao Zhang: "You and I are father and son when we are at home, but we are king and minister when we are ordered to do so. Now everything must be done in accordance with the king's law. You must be vigilant!" After admonishing, Cao Zhang set up his army to march north. The army entered the border of Zhuo County and suddenly encountered about thousands of Wuhuan rebels riding on horseback. At that time, Cao Zhang's army had not gathered its troops and horses. There were only about a thousand infantry and only a few hundred horses. So Cao Zhang used Tian Yu's plan to hold on to the key gap and resist the enemy. Hu Qi couldn't attack Cao Zhang, so he retreated. When Cao Zhang saw this, he went out of the camp to chase after him. He fought with him personally and raised his arrows to shoot at Hu Qi. Many of them fell down in response to the string. After fighting for half a day, Cao Zhang was hit by several arrows in his armor, but his spirit became even more fierce. He took advantage of the victory and chased north, pursuing and fighting until Sangqian, more than 200 miles away from Daijun. At that time, the commander of the army, Shi, and all the generals thought that the army had just traveled to a distant place, the troops and horses were exhausted, and the trip had already been restricted by Jiedu (military scheduling restrictions), so they ordered us not to pass through Daijun and go further north. , so we can’t go any further now, lest we violate orders and underestimate the enemy. Cao Zhang then said: "When leading an army to go on an expedition, we will do whatever is beneficial to our army. What do you mean by temperance? The Hu army has not gone far. If we pursue them, we will definitely defeat them. If we indulge the enemy because we obey military orders, It's not the work of a good general." So he went out into battle, mounted his horse, and ordered the troops: "If anyone stays behind, he will be killed." He raised his army to pursue, and met the Wuhuan rebels one day and one night. Cao Zhang fought hard and defeated the enemy. , thousands of people were beheaded and captured alive. Cao Zhang rewarded the soldiers with double the reward than usual, and the soldiers were all happy. At that time, Xianbei Kebi was able to lead tens of thousands of cavalry to observe the strength of the two armies. He saw that Cao Zhang was fighting hard and all the attackers were defeated, so he asked the Wei army for submission. All the northern forces were pacified. At that time, Cao Cao was in Chang'an and summoned Cao Zhang to meet him. When Cao Zhang came back from Daibei, he passed through Yecheng. Prince Cao Pi said to Cao Zhang: "You have just achieved great success, and now you are going to the west to see your Majesty. It is best not to be self-deprecating about your achievements, but to go there with the attitude of always feeling that you have not done enough." Respond." As a result, Cao Zhang arrived in Chang'an, as the prince said, thanks to his subordinates. Cao Cao was overjoyed. He stroked Cao Zhang's beard with his hand and said, "What a surprise it is to have a yellow beard!"
In the ninth month of autumn, Cao Cao was fighting a fierce battle with the Shu army in Hanzhong, while Liu Bei was stationed on the top of the mountain. Go up and order Liu Feng to go down the mountain to challenge. Cao Cao then scolded: "You, a straw sandal seller, actually sent your adopted son to lead the army to resist me, ah! Look at me calling my (biological) Huang Xu'er to come and let him defeat your adopted son." So he gave the order. Call Cao Zhang to help in the battle. Cao Zhang then doubled his advance day and night. However, when he reached Chang'an in the west, Cao Cao had already returned from Hanzhong. After Cao Cao returned to the east, Cao Zhangxing, the general of Yueqi, stayed in Chang'an.
<220 AD> The twenty-fifth year of Emperor Xian'an of the Eastern Han Dynasty/the first year of Yankang and the first year of Emperor Wen of Wei Huangchu:
After Cao Cao arrived in Luoyang, he became seriously ill and sent a post horse to summon Cao Zhang. , but Cao Zhang has not yet arrived, and Cao Cao has passed away.
Cao Pi took the throne, and Cao Zhang and other princes submitted to the country. Emperor Wen issued an edict: "The way the previous king (referring to Cao Cao) did it was to appoint people with meritorious deeds, to be close to relatives, and to bring mothers and brothers to me to found the country and inherit the family, so he was able to establish a vassal state to protect the large clan. People, guarding against foreign aggression, were tired of fighting. Cao Zhang, the Marquis of Yanling, was ordered to go to the north to pacify the northern territory. His achievements were now prosperous, and he now had 5,000 towns and 10,000 households.
<221 AD> In the second year of Emperor Huangchu of Wei Wen:
Cao Zhang was promoted to Duke.
<222 AD> In the third year of Emperor Huangchu of Wei Wen:
Cao Zhang was named King of Rencheng.
<223 AD> In the fourth year of Emperor Huangchu of Wei Wen:
Cao Zhang went to Beijing for pilgrimage. During this period, he became seriously ill and died suddenly in his mansion. The posthumous title is Wei.
Cao Ang is the eldest son of Cao Cao. He was born to Mrs. Liu and raised by Mrs. Ding. After being crowned weak, he was promoted to Xiaolian.
In 197, Cao Ang followed Cao Cao in his southern expedition to Zhangxiu. Later, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Zhang Xiu. During the retreat, Cao Ang gave his horse to Cao Cao. Cao Cao escaped from danger, but Cao Ang died in the chaos. Cao Ang had no children, so he was later posthumously named Duke Fengduo, King Fengduo, and posthumously named King Min. He adopted Cao Wan, the grandson of Cao Cao and the son of Cao Jun, Duke of Fan An, as his successor. Emperor Wen of the Wei Dynasty, Cao Pi, often said: "The brother of the family is filial and honest, and it is his own destiny." This means that if Cao Ang had not died, he would have become the heir, and it would not be Cao Pi's turn to be the emperor.
When Cao Zhi was in his teens, he was already able to recite hundreds of thousands of poems, treatises and poems, and was good at writing articles. Cao Cao once read his article in person and said to him: "Did you ask someone to write this for you?" Cao Zhi hurriedly knelt down and said: "I can make an argument with my words and a chapter with my writing. You can test me in person, so there is no need to doubt. I asked someone to write it for me." At that time, the Tongjue Platform had just been built, and Cao Cao took his sons to the stage and ordered them to write a poem each. Cao Zhi picked up the pen and wrote well in one go, so Cao Cao looked at him differently. Cao Zhi has an easy-going and frank personality, does not put on airs, and does not advocate gorgeous carriages and horses. Every time he comes in and is asked some questions, he can answer fluently and is deeply loved by Cao Cao.
[211], Cao Zhi was granted the title of Marquis of Pingyuan.
[214], Cao Zhi was renamed Linyihou. Cao Cao went to attack Sun Quan and asked Cao Zhi to stay in Yecheng and warned him: "I was twenty-three years old when I was the magistrate of Dunqiu County. When I recall what I did at that time, I still don't regret it. Now you are also twenty-three years old. How can we not work hard?" Cao Zhi not only had outstanding talents, but also had the support of Ding Yi, Ding Xian, Yang Xiu and others. Therefore, Cao Cao was hesitant about establishing an heir. He wanted to make Cao Zhi the crown prince many times but in the end Not implemented. Cao Zhi was willful in everything he did, never hiding himself, and did not know how to control his drinking. Cao Pi was careful in everything he did and deliberately concealed himself. As a result, everyone in the palace lobbied for him to be the prince, so Cao Pi was eventually made the prince.
[217], Cao Zhi added 5,000 households to the city, plus the previous 10,000 households.
Cao Zhi once violated the rules and took a car out of the Sima Gate of the palace. Cao Cao