Chai Lu was written by Wang Wei and was chosen as one of the 300 Tang poems. This is a landscape poem. Describe the quiet scenery in Chai Lu in the evening. The beauty of poetry is that it is dynamic and static, local and global, fresh and natural, unpretentious. Write "empty mountain" first, and then turn to "but smell", which leads to "human voice" and the valley becomes more and more empty; After human language, the more empty it is. Finally, I wrote some reflections of the sunset, which triggered a feeling of darkness. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
"Chai Lu" is one of the representative works of the landscape poems of the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei, and it was his work when he lived in seclusion in Wangchuan. This poem depicts the quiet scenery of the empty mountains and deep forests near Chai Lu in the evening, which is full of the realm of painting and reflects the poet's love for nature and boredom with earthly officialdom. In Song Dynasty, Liu Chenweng said in Volume 39 of Poems of Tang Dynasty: "There are no words like pictures." In the Qing Dynasty, Shen Deqian's "Tang Poetry" volume 19 said: "Beauty lies in language, which is in the same strain as Tao Gong's" picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely ". "Wang Wei's poems are similar to Tao Yuanming's ethereal seclusion. In other words, the advantage of this poem lies in the sentence that Su Shi said when commenting on Wang Wei: "There is a picture in the poem".
original text
Chai Lu
Author: Wang Wei
No one can be seen in the silent valley, only the voice is heard.
Go back to the depths of the forest and shine at me from the green moss.
To annotate ...
Luzhai (zhài): a place where deer are raised, and "firewood" is the same as "village".
But: only. Smell: I heard it.
Return to the scenery: the light of sunset. "Scenery" is the same as "shadow" in ancient times.
Shine: shine
Rhyme translation
There was no one in the mountains, only noisy voices were heard.
The golden light of the setting sun shone into the depths of the forest, and the moss showed a dim light.
Comment and analysis
This poem is the fifth in Wang Wei's five-character quatrain "Wang Chuan Ji". Chai Lu is the place name of Wangchuan.
The first sentence, "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain", first describes the empty mountain positively. Wang Wei especially likes to use the word "empty mountain", but in different poems, the realm it expresses is different. "Empty mountain after rain, beginning of autumn evening" ("Mountain in Autumn Night"), focusing on the autumn mountain after rain; "Sweet-scented osmanthus falls when people are idle, and the night is quiet and the spring mountain is empty" ("Bird Watching Creek"), which focuses on expressing the tranquility and beauty of the spring mountain night; There seems to be no one on the empty mountain. On the other hand, it focuses on the emptiness and tranquility of the mountain. Because there is no trace, this mountain, which is not a vacuum, appears empty and empty in the poet's feeling, just like the ancient land. "Seeing no one" embodies the meaning of "empty mountain". For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
If you only look at the first sentence, the reader may think it is ordinary, but it is unexpected that "there seems to be no one on the empty mountain" is followed by "but I think I heard a voice". The word "but smell" is quite interesting. Under normal circumstances, although the silent empty mountain "does not see people", it is not silent. The chirping of birds, the chirping of insects, the rustling of the wind and the gurgling of water are intertwined, and the sounds of nature are actually very colorful. At the moment, however, all this is silent, only occasionally there is sound, but there is no figure (because the mountains are deep and the forests are dense). This "human voice" seems to break the "silence" In fact, it is a partial and temporary "ring", which reflects the overall and long-term emptiness. The more empty the valley, the more empty it is; The more people talk in an empty mountain, the lonelier they are. After the voice sounded, the empty mountain returned to the realm of silence; And because people's voices sounded just now, the sense of emptiness at this time is more prominent.
The three or four sentences in the above picture describe the empty mountain and then the deep forest. From the sound to the color, the deep forest is already dark, and the moss under the trees in the forest highlights the lack of sunshine in the deep forest. Although silence and darkness are related to hearing and vision respectively, they often belong to the same category in people's general impression, so silence and tranquility are often linked. According to Nature, when writing about the darkness in the deep forest, we should focus on describing that it can't see the sun, but these two sentences are specially written into the deep forest and reflected on the moss. When readers suddenly see it, they will feel that this oblique light brings a ray of light to the depths of the dark forest, a little warmth to the moss in the forest, or a little business to the whole forest. However, if you appreciate it carefully, you will feel that the author's subjective intention and the objective effect of the work are just the opposite. Blind darkness sometimes makes people unaware of its darkness, but when a touch of afterglow shines into the dark forest, mottled tree shadows are reflected on the moss under the tree, and the sharp contrast between that small piece of light and shadow and the boundless darkness makes the darkness in the forest more prominent. In particular, this kind of "dead light" is not only weak, but also short-lived. After a touch of afterglow disappears in an instant, it is followed by a long darkness. If we say a word or two, there is a sound contrast between silence and silence; Then three or four sentences are about fighting darkness with light. The whole poem is like adding a little warm color to most cool pictures, which makes the impression of cool color more prominent.
Static beauty and magnificent beauty are two types of various forms of beauty in nature, among which there is no distinction between elegance and lightness. But the quietness is almost ethereal, and the seclusion is slightly cold, which shows the unique side of the author's aesthetic taste. Similarly, the writing about "empty mountain" also focuses on the expression of quiet beauty. Autumn Night in a Mountain is brightly colored, and there is a peaceful and quiet atmosphere floating in the quiet tone, which contains lively vitality; Although Bird Song Jian describes the tranquility of Spring Mountain, the overall artistic conception is not deserted and ethereal. The clear glow of the moon, the fragrance of osmanthus and the singing of mountain birds all have the breath of spring and the tranquility of the night. Chai Lu has a cold and empty color, though it is not so lonely. Wang Wei is a poet, painter and musician. This poem embodies the combination of poetry, painting and music. Silent, dark and dark, it is easy for ordinary people to perceive; But silence with sound and darkness with light are less noticed. It is precisely because the poet's unique painter and musician are sensitive to color and sound that he grasped the unique quiet realm at the moment when the voice of the empty mountain man sounded and the deep forest saw the light again. But this sensitivity is inseparable from his careful observation of nature and his focus on silence.
explain
Chai Lu (Zhai Cun), also known as Abatis. Wood, fence. Chai Lu has a place in Wang Weichuan's other industries. This poem is one of the twenty poems in Wangchuan Collection.
Generally speaking, writing landscapes is inseparable from specific scenery, or describing rugged rocks, or depicting towering ancient trees, or rendering waterfalls and suspended springs, with the focus on the strangeness of the scenery. This road begins with a strange phenomenon: "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I hear a voice." The rocks are stacked on top of each other and look empty. But sometimes I suddenly hear loud laughter, but because of the repeated reflections of the echo, it is difficult to judge where the human voice comes from. People have had similar experiences, which is normal. But it is a kind of creation to express this method of observing things with complementary vision and hearing in the form of poetry. Judging from the performance of poetry, it is innovative and unconventional; From the receiver of the work, it is so novel and interesting, just like being there, causing positive emotional activities. The language written in these two poems is plain, slightly touched, and the realm comes out.
The objective environment that causes the effect of inaudible people is different. So, what is the situation in the poem? The word "empty mountain" at the beginning of the poem not only shows that there is no one, but also shows that the poet's vision is relatively broad and can be seen in a glance; If you are in a virgin forest, you can't get the image of an "empty mountain". From these two sentences, we can also get a glimpse of the characteristics of the scenery situation in the mountains. The word "ring" in the antithesis echoes the word "empty mountain": only when there are not too many obstacles can the sound echo back and forth in the valley, and people can say "human voice". So the surrounding scenery must be sparse. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
The first two sentences are quiet because of sound and move because of sound; The last two sentences are written deeply, with the color of light.
The scenery on the mountain will change from time to time because of dusk and wind and rain. This poem chooses the scenery in the evening as the description object. At this time, the sunset shone back into the depths of the forest, and some light fell on the moss. It's getting dark, and all kinds of scenery are many-hued, with sharp contrast between light and shade. Not far away, the gloomy shadow cast on the ground gradually elongated; Deep in the Woods, it's quiet because of the darkness. The period of this landscape is late summer and early autumn, and it must be a sunny evening, so it can't rain all the time.
The first perspective of this poem is deep in the forest. People's senses can't directly perceive the depths of the forest. This poem describes deep affection with "infinity" and "mystery" that are invisible or unimaginable. And that affection is deepest in the sunset in late summer and early autumn. Another perspective point is Moss. This scene is at the bottom of your eyes. You can observe its shape and distinguish its color. Moss lives in dark and humid places. Its growth is the result of dense trees blocking the sun, but now it is in the sunset. These two perspectives are combined and reflect each other, which makes poetic truth and reality coexist.
Some of Wang Wei's landscape poems are quite forgetful and even reveal a sense of disillusionment. In Wang Chuan Ji, this kind of sentence can be seen everywhere. In addition to this article, it is another example: "Who is a newcomer? Let bygones be bygones" ("Dream City Pride"); "If you sneak into the mountain road, you don't know who the firewood is" (gold); "Looking back on the lake, green mountains and green waters, white clouds rolling" (Gui Hu), "No one in the stream, falling in succession" (Wu Xinyi). This is the negative side of Wang Wei's poetry creation.
comment
Chai Lu, the place name of Wangchuan, is the residence of Wang Wei.
The poem depicts the quiet scenery of empty mountains and deep forests near Chai Lu in the evening.
The first sentence "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain" vividly describes the empty mountain from the front, showing the emptiness and coldness of the mountain. The word "empty mountain" not only shows that there is no one, but also shows that the poet has a broad vision and can see it without obstacles. "Not seeing people" is the embodiment of mountains and sky. Although the mountain is empty, it can't be silent, so the next sentence is followed by "However, I think I heard a sound". We can also guess the scenery from "sound" and "empty mountain"-only when there are not too many obstacles can the sound reverberate back and forth in the valley. This breaks the silence from the hearing, but it is actually a way to resist the static by moving. Think about it carefully, after this "human voice", it will return to the realm of silence. This will be a huge auditory shock. This highlights the quietness of the empty mountain. These two sentences show the objective environment of deaf people by observing things in a complementary way of vision and hearing. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
Three or four sentences, "where the sun shines, enter a small forest, and then cast moss." From hearing to sight. Write the reflection of the deep forest in the evening, corresponding to the oblique view of moss under the tree. At first, I thought this oblique light brought a ray of light to the dark forest belt, a little warmth to the moss in the forest, or a little vitality to the whole forest. However, if you appreciate it carefully, you will find that it is not. After the afterglow, the gloomy shadow projected on the ground gradually elongated. Therefore, the depths of the forest are very quiet. Moss-grows in dark and humid places, and its growth is the result of dense trees blocking the sun. You know, blind darkness sometimes makes people feel gloomy, but when a little light shines in, there is a strong contrast between that small piece of light and shadow and the boundless darkness, which makes the darkness of the deep forest more prominent. This is a way to fight silence with light.
This poem runs through the technique of contrast, writes silence with sound and darkness with light, embodies the combination of poetry and painting, and embodies the expression of "painting in poetry and poetry in painting", which has eternal aesthetic value.
Distinguish and appreciate
Chai Lu's poem was written in the mountains after Wang Weishi's official disappointment, which shows the wonderful beauty of nature, the harmonious relationship between man and nature, and his carefree and indifferent state of mind. Through the description of the scenery in the deep forest in the evening, the whole poem shows us a harmonious scene of nature, which is refreshing and desirable.
The first sentence "there seems to be no one on the empty mountain" is unpretentious, which shows that the mountain is deserted and very peaceful and quiet. And the word "empty" is worth pondering. This word appears many times in Wang Wei's poems. For example, in the first sentence of "Mountain in Autumn Night", the mountain is empty after the rain. This kind of "emptiness" not only means that there is no one in the mountain, but also gives us a feeling of vast space, indicating that the mountain is very empty and big. There is also such a sentence in "Birds Singing", which brings us an ethereal inspiration and gives people a sense of picture. Everything is so quiet and warm in the empty mountain forest at night. Wang Wei's vivid use of space also brings a sense of space and empty inspiration to the whole poem. And "not seeing people" seems to be the deep embodiment of the empty mountain, because it is empty, so there is no one. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
The second sentence, "however, I think I heard a voice", immediately broke the original dullness with a turn of the pen. The word "Dan" is a good turning point to be described below. Although the mountains are empty, people's voices can be heard. Chai Lu is also called Luzhai, which is a local name. This poem describes the natural scenery of Luzhai, so there will still be voices, but no one can be seen. This can not only give people a secular noise, but also reflect an artistic conception. It highlights the quietness and emptiness of the mountain. If the mountain is not quiet, how can you hear the sound in such an empty place?
The first two sentences well reflect the beauty of harmony between man and nature, which is meaningful and interesting.
When the last two sentences are combined to see "the sunshine there enters a small forest and shines back on me from the moss", the whole scene is suddenly pulled into the depths of the forest, and the sunset light in the evening passes through the forest and reflects on the moss. This kind of picture is very tense, which makes this scene very beautiful and romantic. The first two sentences are about sound, and these two sentences are about color. The combination of hearing and vision pushes the artistic conception of the whole poem to a climax. At first glance, the afterglow of the sunset reflected on the moss. Think about this picture carefully. In fact, Wang Wei is not describing how bright and warm the deep forest is, but actually reflecting that it is difficult to have light in the dark deep forest and moss. This inevitably gives people a sense of melancholy. Warm colors highlight cool colors, making them darker and colder. Just like the first two sentences of Lin Jing are full of people, it is more silent and ethereal in the Woods.
Wang Wei's poems vividly reflect the characteristics of Tang poetry, and the changes of everything in the universe are reflected in just a few poems. More profoundly, his poems are full of Zen and understanding, which makes us memorable. If we don't appreciate them well, we really can't see the subtlety and the poet's indifference and faint melancholy to secular disappointment.
Make an appreciative comment
This is a landscape poem, depicting the quiet scenery in the mountains in the evening.
In the first half of the poem, "there seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I hear a voice." The word "empty" highlights the quietness of the mountain. "However, I think I heard a voice" sets off the depth of the mountain through hearing. Visually, "people can't see" and audibly, "people can hear" combine people's feelings and situations, and integrate people with nature.
In the second half of the poem, "the sunlight enters a small forest and reflects to me from the green moss." It's about the poet returning to the depths of the forest and seeing the sunset shining on the moss. At first glance, it is contradictory to the first half. Because the poet is in the depths of an empty mountain, his vision is narrow, he can't see pedestrians, and he can only hear voices. But writing back to the mountains gives people a different feeling. If you think about it carefully, it should be understood as follows: the poet should get up and walk back when it is getting late, because in the deep mountains, his vision is not wide, he can only hear the laughter of passers-by, but he can't see the man, and he feels the silence of the empty mountain, and then he goes back to the deep forest and sees the sunset "shining back on me from the moss". For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
With this understanding, the whole poem is only twenty crosses, but the poet's heart has undergone two changes, from the sentimental landscape mapped in the first two sentences to the deeper emotion triggered by the empty mountain scene in the last two sentences.
This poem should have been written by him later. In his early days, the poet was keen on politics and had great ambitions. Because of the Anshi Rebellion, the poet lived in seclusion in the mountains, and his enthusiasm for life did not completely disappear, so he became interested in nature.
The last two sentences of this poem are attached to the scenery. The author's lofty ideals for the country and his future are like the afterglow of this sunset shining "moss". I'm not completely disheartened, but I hope my country will be as brilliant as the sunset, and I can make contributions to my country. The whole poem reveals the poet's helplessness.
Brief introduction of the author
Wang Wei (70 1-76 1) was a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Qi zhou (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province) was born and later moved to Zhou Pu (now Yongji, Shanxi Province). Born into a bureaucratic landlord family, Wang Wei is versatile. He is not only highly accomplished in poetry, but also proficient in calligraphy, painting and music. In the 9th year of Kaiyuan (72 1), Wang Weizhong was a scholar, who successively collected the remains and supervised the empire. When An Shi Rebellion invaded Chang 'an, they were captured and forced to hold a fake post. After the recovery of Chang 'an, it was reduced to Prince Zhongyun. This official eventually became the right minister of Shangshu, that is, Wang Youcheng. The world calls it "Shi Fo".
Wang Wei's pastoral poems can be divided into two periods. Wang Wei is proud of the early spring breeze, has the ambition to make contributions and has a positive attitude towards life. In his landscape poems, he chose magnificent mountains and rivers to describe them, in order to entrust his heroic and cheerful thoughts and feelings. In his later years, he lived in seclusion as an official, withdrew from the political arena, converted to Buddhism, and lived in an idyllic world. Therefore, a large number of landscape poems written by him in his later period are basically elegant verve, which regards nature as a pure ideal kingdom, and mostly depicts the charm of quiet rocks and clear streams and pastoral songs, showing the pleasure of wandering around and the satisfaction of jumping out of the hubbub, and twists and turns entrusted him with his dislike of dark officialdom. In his works, the lives of working people are mostly carefree, dull, harmonious and calm.
Wang Wei's pastoral poems directly inherited Tao Yuanming's elegant, indifferent and far-reaching artistic style, which is famous for his meticulous observation and keen feeling. "Painting in poetry" is a remarkable feature of Wang Wei's poetry. Su Dongpo once said: "There are poems in paintings, poems in ink and paintings in poems." His poems are often poetic and picturesque, creating a memorable artistic realm, with fresh and elegant style and distant artistic conception. In his later years, Wang Wei fasted for a long time to worship Buddha, and his pastoral poems were obviously imbued with Zen. This is Wang Youcheng.
Contrast between English and Chinese
Chai Lu
Wang Wei
No one can be seen in the silent valley, only the voice is heard.
The shadow of the sunset shone into the depths of the forest, and the scenery on the moss was pleasant.
Luyuan seclusion suo
Wang Wei
There seems to be no one on the empty mountain. ....
However, I think I heard a voice,
Sunlight enters the Woods,
Reflected from the green moss to me.