Rose belongs to Rosaceae. Rose is a thorny shrub or a green climbing plant similar to vines. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate compound leaves. Flowers solitary or arranged in corymbs and panicles; Petals; Fragments or double petals. There are many kinds of fragrant flowers. After flowering, the receptacle expands, that is, it becomes a rose fruit with red, yellow, orange red, black purple and other colors, which is round, flat and lasting. Rose is an evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub with hooked thorns. 3 ~ 5 pinnate leaflets, often clustered, slightly fragrant, single, pink or nearly white. The flowering period is 65438+ 10 month. For example, perfume rose is a natural hybrid of rose and giant rose. Branches are long, often climbing, with 5 ~ 7 leaflets, shiny surface, and new branches and young leaves are often bronzed. Flowers are pink, light yellow, orange yellow, pure white and other colors, fragrant, blooming in the growing season. However, modern Chinese rose is a hybrid Chinese rose variety group which has been bred through many crosses and long-term breeding. Shrubs or vines; The leaves are thick, large and shiny; The bud is oval, with rich flower shapes, double petals to double petals, and the fragrance is light to strong. Flowering lasts, and May-June and 9- 10 are the peak flowering periods.
Rosaceae plants are native to the northern hemisphere, almost all over Asia and Europe, and China is one of the origins of Chinese rose. Now it is cultivated in all provinces. Rose has strong adaptability to the environment, likes warm and cool climate and sufficient sunshine, and is drought-resistant and cold-resistant. Rose is a native variety in China, which has been cultivated for thousands of years. Rose is known as the queen of flowers in the world. It was introduced to Europe from 17 to 18. They used European roses to cross repeatedly, and after more than 200 years, they created more than 20 thousand horticultural varieties. These varieties can be divided into rose, miniature rose, ten sisters rose, multi-flowered rose, extra-large rose, single-flowered rose and vine rose. The roots, leaves and flowers of Chinese rose can be used as medicine, which has the effects of promoting blood circulation, detoxifying and reducing swelling; Fragrant varieties can also be extracted and eaten.
Rose is one of the top ten traditional flowers in China. According to legend, in Shennong era, wild Chinese rose was moved into the home for cultivation. A large number of plants were planted in the palace gardens of the Han Dynasty, which was more common in the Tang Dynasty. As early as 1000 years ago, roses became a famous flower in China. It has the reputation of "romantic life on earth", with excellent color, appearance and fragrance. The flowering period is more than half a year, and it can last from May to 165438+ 10, so it is called "moon red", "moon bright", "periwinkle" and "rose of the four seasons". Roses are famous for their strange colors and Leng Yan's struggle for spring. /kloc-At the end of 0/8, the rose was introduced to Europe through India, and it enjoyed the reputation of "the queen of flowers" abroad.
Introduction of rose varieties: there are many varieties of rose, which have reached 20 thousand at present, ranking among the best in the world. It is divided into rose, hybrid perfume rose, big-flowered rose, multi-flowered rose, ten-sister rose, vine rose, emblem rose and so on. Rose is native to China, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Henan, Hebei and other provinces. Tianjin Ziya River and South Canal are the world-famous hometown of roses.
The legend of Chinese rose
The rose of peace was cultivated by Frenchman Francis Milan in 1939 under the fascist iron hoof. He sent this rose to America under the code name 3-35-40. After receiving this variety, American gardener Beye immediately distributed it to important flower beds in the north and south of the United States for breeding. A few years later, this new variety made a comeback and made a sensation in America. 1945, the American Pacific Rose Association named this variety Peace, and declared: We firmly believe that the greatest new rose variety in the contemporary era should be named after the greatest wish of the people in the world today, and we believe that Peace Rose will become a model and will grow in the gardens of our descendants forever.
The peace rose was named on this day, which coincided with the Allied conquest of Berlin and the demise of Hitler. The time of peaceful rise is the unconditional surrender of American imperialism. When the United Nations was founded and held its first meeting in San Francisco, there was a bouquet of peace roses presented by the American Rose Association in the vase in each representative room. There is a note on it, which says: We hope that the "peace" rose can influence people's thoughts and bring lasting peace to the whole world. During World War II, fascist bandits killed 175 men over the age of 0/5 in a village called Risdi, which is 4 kilometers away from Prague/kloc-0, and put women and children in concentration camps. After the war, in order to commemorate these people, many rose experts and some voluntary donors built a rose garden here on 1955, in which the main variety was peace.
Characteristics of Chinese rose
Biological characteristics of Chinese rose
Evergreen or semi-evergreen erect shrub, with spreading branches, usually barbed, odd pinnate compound leaves, 3-5 leaflets alternate, wide oval to oval, smooth and bright leaves with sharp tips, sharp serrations on the edges, scattered thorns and short glandular hairs on the petiole and leaf axis, and most stipules attached to the petiole. Flowers solitary or clustered; The varieties used as cut flowers are often large-flowered and single-flowered varieties (also known as HT lines), and the flower shape, color, bud shape and petal number of different varieties are different. There are double valves, semi-double valves and single valves, but most of them are double valves; Colorful colors, such as red, yellow, purple, pink, white, brown, black and so on. Some varieties also have different spots, stripes or halos on their petals, most of which are fragrant.
The characteristics of Chinese rose like the cultivation environment with abundant sunshine, good air circulation and good drainage. The optimum temperature for the growth of most varieties is 15 ~ 26℃ in the daytime and 10 ~ 15℃ at night. In winter, when the temperature is lower than 5℃, it enters a dormant state and can withstand the low temperature of-15℃. In summer, the temperature stays above 32℃ and enters a semi-dormant state, which can withstand the high temperature of 35℃. Suitable for loose and fertile soil with pH value of 6 ~ 7 and rich humus. I like 75% ~ 80% relative humidity. Leaves that are too dry can't grow well, and leaves that are too wet are prone to disease. From germination to flowering, it takes about 45 to 50 days in summer and 60 to 70 days in winter. Flowers usually bloom from the whole spring to the early winter.
The varieties of Chinese rose mainly include small rose, moon red and color-changing rose.
1. Little Rose: The plant is short and multi-branched, the height is generally below 25cm, the leaves are small and narrow, the flowers are also small, and the diameter is about 3cm, which is rose red, double or single. Suitable for potted bonsai materials, there are not many cultivated varieties, but small roses play a major role in dwarfing high species.
2. Moon red: slender stems, often with purplish red blush, spiny or near-spiny, thin leaflets with purple halo, solitary flowers, purple or dark pink, slender pedicels drooping, and varieties include iron petals red and red roses.
3. Color-changing rose: a single flower, which is light yellow at first, then orange red and red, and finally slightly dark.
Cut rose has the following characteristics: ① Generally, it should be curled or warped, with a high center and a long opening time, giving people a beautiful, generous and novel feeling; ② The petal texture is stiff, and the outer petals are neat without fragmentation; 3 bright, pure and bright colors; (4) Flowering branches and pedicels are tall and straight, with strong support and a certain length; ⑤ Durable insertion resistance; ⑥ To have good high-yield performance, the average annual output of large flowers per square meter is about 100; Medium-sized flowers are about 150; ⑦ The interval between picking flowers before and after is short.
Propagation method of single-season flower
The propagation of roses is mainly asexual propagation, which can be carried out by cutting, grafting, branching and layering. The most widely used are cutting and grafting.
1. cuttings
For the cutting propagation of Chinese rose, we should first prepare for the hotbed of cutting. It is necessary to fill the hotbed with hot materials, such as horse manure or leaves, and water compaction will produce a certain amount of heat. Cut semi-lignified inverted branches from the mother plant of Chinese rose, and the length is about 10 cm. Generally, a branch has three bud eyes. All the leaves at the lower part of the cuttings should be cut off, leaving only the upper two leaves for photosynthesis. Don't leave too many leaves, it will consume nutrients and evaporate a lot of water from the stem. The bottom of the cuttings should be cut into horseshoes and placed in a clear water basin to prevent air drying. Cut in time. The most suitable temperature for Chinese rose to take root is 20 ~ 25℃, and generally it can take root above 8℃. If the ground temperature is lower than 8℃ in winter, it is difficult to take root after cutting. When the temperature rises in spring, in addition to spraying on the bed surface, the water in the bed can not be ignored, otherwise the cuttings will wither due to lack of water, and even the rooted seedlings will die. The method of checking the matrix is to insert the soil into the depth of 8- 10 cm by hand and take out a little. If you knead it by hand, it means that the water is suitable; if you don't knead it, it means that the soil is short of water.
First, make a hole with a wooden stick, and then press the cuttings in the Chacon by hand. The cutting depth is 65438+ 0/3 of the cutting, and the time interval when the leaves are not together is suitable. After the cuttings are inserted, water them with a fine watering can in time, spread the bed sand and cover them with plastic film. Shading 1 ~ 2 weeks, spraying leaves 1 ~ 2 times a day. When transplanting, the roots should be sticky with mud and planted while digging. Adding 1% ~ 2% copper sulfate and 0.50% urea into the mud can not only prevent root rot, but also promote the growth and survival of seedlings. Before planting, put the broken tiles on the drain of the flowerpot, add the mixed soil, then plant the seedlings in a pot filled with soil, treat them in layers and compact them, and water them 1 time after planting. Put it in the shade for 7 ~ 65,438+00 days, move it to the sunny place, and water it 65,438+0 times a day after planting.
2. Grafting propagation
Grafting is the main means of propagation of Chinese rose. The choice of rootstock is very important when grafting. Cuttings are rich, easy to take root, can adapt to local climate conditions, and have good affinity with scions. At present, the commonly used rootstock in China is rose. Grafting usually takes place in dormant period, and branch grafting is adopted before leaf buds germinate in spring. Bud grafting is commonly used in growing period.
Cultivation and management of rose
The cultivation of roses is divided into protected cultivation and open cultivation.
1. Protective cultivation (potted)
Rose is a light-loving plant, but too strong light is not conducive to bud development, but grows in places with insufficient sunshine and slender branches. From germination to flowering for about 45 days, the optimum growth temperature of rose is 15 ~ 25℃. In this temperature range, the flowers are large and beautiful, but they grow slowly at 30℃, and the flowers that bloom above 30℃ become smaller and lighter in color. When seedlings are planted in pots for 2 ~ 3 years, the roots should be trimmed, and the old roots should be shortened to promote new roots, but the pruning should not be too heavy. Pay attention to the extension of roots and plants when planting. Spring, summer and autumn should be placed in a sunny, well-ventilated and stagnant place.
After Tomb-Sweeping Day, the Chinese rose was carefully pruned when it came out of the cellar. Choose the robust branches of Chinese rose to stay, and cut off other transverse branches, weak branches, cross branches and over-dense branches. The selected branches should leave 3-5 buds at the base, and all the above branches should be cut off, so that the plants can absorb a lot of nutrients from the soil and supply the long-term growth needs of leaf buds and flower buds left after pruning. Remember to prune after germination. Pruning will affect the first flowering, and the growth height should be consistent. Each plant can retain 3 ~ 5 main branches and 7 branches at most.
Potted roses are not dried and watered, but watered thoroughly. In summer, the weather is hot and the evaporation is large, so potted plants should be watered more, especially at night, which is 1 times. When the temperature exceeds 30℃, roses will grow poorly and bloom less. Some people think that it is a bad thing to topdress more fertilizer because of insufficient fertility. In midsummer, topdressing is generally not needed, and only thin fertilizer is applied to the vigorous branches, once a week 1 ~ 2 times. If you can shade properly after 1 1 in the morning, you can get the sun after 4 pm, avoid the high temperature at noon, and resist the weak sunshine before noon, which is beneficial to photosynthesis and accumulate nutrients for the next crop. After pruning, it can be fertilized and mixed with 50% human excrement and 2% calcium superphosphate. In mid-February, 3% human excrement or 1% urea can be used as topdressing, and urea can also be sprayed before and after the rain. Fertilization is not suitable when the new buds are red. At this time, fertilization will cause young roots to be injured, so that plants will wither or stop growing, so special attention should be paid.
Mid-term pruning of Chinese rose is needed, which mainly includes cutting off the budding branches of grafted seedlings, cutting off residual flowers and redundant buds after flowering, cutting off delicate flower branches from the base after the first flowering, and cutting off the remaining robust flower branches under 2-3 leaves of residual flowers. The second flowering can still be pruned by thinning the weak branches, leaving strong branches and strong buds.
Rose still needs pruning 1 time before overwintering, but not too early. When pruning Chinese roses, we should not only choose strong branches, but also pay attention to the consistency between master and slave. For large-flowered varieties, 4-6 strong branches should be left, and each branch should choose one side with strong buds of 30-40 cm, and the upper branches should be cut off. For vines and vine varieties, remove old branches, weak branches and pests and diseases.
2. Open field cultivation
Roses are planted in the open field, with developed roots, rapid growth, strong plants, small flowers and high ornamental value. In management, cultivation measures are selected according to different types, growth habits and geographical conditions, and the cultivation site is selected where the terrain is high, the sunshine is sufficient, the air is ventilated and the soil is slightly acidic. During cultivation, the soil is deeply turned, and organic fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer. The planting density is 75cm× 75cm for erect varieties, 100cm× 100cm for expanded varieties, 40cm× 50cm for longitudinal varieties and 200cm× 200cm for rattan varieties.
Control of rose pests and diseases
1. Chemical control
(1) powdery mildew
A fungal disease that harms flowers in an environment with poor ventilation, high temperature and high humidity. Powdery mildew appears on young leaves, which is called powdery mildew. 600 times triadimefon or 400 times triadimefon can be used.
(2) Black spot disease
Harmed by fungi, hyphae or sessile fungi overwinter on diseased branches or fallen leaves in the soil, and absorb water to produce conidia in the next spring, which is mainly spread by wind and rain. Rainy, foggy and open air are conducive to spore germination and easy to get sick. When there are water drops on the leaves, spores can germinate and invade after 6 hours. Under the condition of high air humidity in rainy season, it is beneficial to the reproduction of germs and the prevalence of diseases. Spraying 0. 10 ~ 0.20 baume mixture and 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 ~ 1000 times.
2. Comprehensive prevention and control
In order to eradicate the pathogen at an early stage, in early spring, the roses were pruned at 1 time after coming out of the cellar and before the trees became inactive. Before the roses germinated, the lime-sulfur mixture of 0.50 ~ 1 degree (including the soil in the plant basin and the site around the basin) was comprehensively and carefully sprayed on them.
Spraying 75% wettable chlorothalonil 500 times solution and multi-bacteria copper 150 times solution on plants every 10 day. It rains after spraying, and should be sprayed in time after the rain, and the spraying time is from June to September to control the occurrence of black spot disease.
Rose varieties
Chinese rose is one of the top ten famous flowers in China, because it has a wide range of colors, is easy to prune and is difficult to cultivate. Under the careful guidance of experts from the Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beilangzhong Flower and Tree Center in Zhaoquanying Town, Shunyi District cooperated with the Municipal Institute of Landscape Science, and bred more than 50 new varieties of Chinese rose, which grew vigorously and had strong antibacterial properties, and were suitable for planting in different climatic conditions in the north and south of China. Each series of rose varieties are briefly described as follows.
(1) liana series rose varieties
There are Dortmund, Spectrum, Huaxia, Wolong, Royal Carriage, the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and Orange Flame. It uses roses as rootstock and excellent roses as scions, and is grafted by high-tech means. It not only inherits the characteristics of rose disease resistance and good growth performance, but also absorbs the advantages of high-quality rose greening and beautification, and is the first choice for urban three-dimensional greening. Its growth is vigorous, the annual maximum length is about 4 meters, the disease resistance is good, there are almost no pests and diseases, the flowering period is concentrated, the color is bright, and the flowering period is as long as 8 months. It can be used to make flower fences, flower walls, scaffolding, arched flower styles and road isolation belts for greening. And the three-dimensional effect is beyond the reach of any rattan flower.
(2) Rose varieties in Dahua series.
There are double happiness, Lv Yun, gold medal, modern art and so on. Its leaves are mostly leathery, with rich flowers, diligent flowering, bright colors, fragrant flowers, plump plants and beautiful posture. It can be potted in balconies, roof gardens, front and back rooms and urban greening, and is the most ornamental rose variety.
(3) Fenghua series rose varieties
There are Moheim, Golden Mary, Orange Tide, Icebergs, Wonderland, Laughter and so on. Cluster expansion, symmetrical and dense plant type, open flower clusters, robust growth, developed roots, many flowers, long flowering period, bright colors, cold resistance, drought resistance, disease resistance, waterlogging resistance, strong adaptability to the environment, used for street greening, dry cut flowers, exhibitions, flower beds, flower borders, hedgerows, container cultivation and so on. , is an indispensable member of engineering greening.
(4) Ground cover series rose varieties
There are Bacino, Pearl of Milan, Hertfordshire, Real Bacino and so on. The plant is short, swollen and creeping, and has strong tillering ability. Branches touch the ground and take root, extending radially, and the root system is developed, which can reach 2 meters deep. A single plant can sprout 50 branches a year, and each branch can bloom 50 flowers in the lower leaves, which has excellent greening effect. Cold, heat and disease resistance. It blooms normally above zero and can withstand MINUS 30 degrees Celsius in winter. In summer, it can resist the high temperature of 40 degrees Celsius. Under normal circumstances, it is not necessary to use pesticides.
(5) Micro-series rose varieties
There are Maiden of the Sun, Golden Sun, Choir, Dwarf Fairy and paxton. The plant height is less than 30 cm, the flowers are petite and lovely, clustered and the fibrous roots are developed. It is a good potted plant and ground cover plant. Using herbal flowers to decorate flower beds and squares can create beautiful spaces with different color blocks.
use
It can be used to decorate flower beds, flower borders and courtyards in gardens, and can be used to make rose bonsai, cut flowers, flower baskets, * * bundles and so on. Flowers can extract spices. Roots, leaves and flowers can be used as medicine, which has the effects of promoting blood circulation, reducing swelling, diminishing inflammation and detoxifying.