Through the study of this chapter, it is required to master the provisions on drawing format, line, proportion, font and size in architectural drawing standards. When reviewing this chapter, we should pay attention to the following aspects:
First, the line type
Engineering drawings are mainly represented by graphics, and graphics are expressed by various linetypes, so linetypes are the key to express drawings. Solid line, dotted line, dash-dot line, double-dot line, broken line and wavy line are commonly used line types, and they have different thickness requirements. Often the thickness is different, and their meanings are different, so there can be no mistake. Master the prescribed drawing method of line type
Second, the proportion.
The shape of the building is large, which can't be represented by the actual size figure on the drawing, so it needs to be scaled down. The meaning of proportion is: the ratio of the linear size of the figure and the object in the pattern. For example, 1: 100, the unit length in the direction of length, width and height in the drawing represents 100 times the actual length, that is, 1 cm stands for 1 m, so as to master the common proportions of various architectural drawings.
Third, the size of the basic attention method.
When learning drawing, we often pay attention to the graphics of the view and ignore the dimensions in the view, which requires us to master the national standards and basic principles of dimensioning.
Chapter III Geometric Drawing
Master the drawing of parallel lines and vertical lines, bisected line segments, regular polygons, arcs (the determination of the center and connection points of connecting arcs) and ellipses.
Chapter 4 Basic knowledge of projection
Through the study of this chapter, it is required to master the basic elements of projection, understand the difference between central projection and parallel projection, the basic characteristics of parallel projection and the application of various projection methods in architectural engineering; Master the formation and characteristics of projection drawings and the name, arrangement, configuration relationship and drawing method of basic views; Understand the shape characteristics of plane and curved surface, and master the projection of common basic shapes (triangular prism, quadrangular prism, hexagonal prism, triangular pyramid, cylinder, regular cone and spherical surface); Master the basic principles of view selection, and be able to reasonably select the views expressing assembly; Proficient in drawing and reading assembly drawings by shape analysis and line analysis.
When reviewing this chapter, we should pay attention to the following aspects:
I. Projection and its characteristics
Projection can be divided into central projection and parallel projection, and parallel projection can be divided into oblique projection and orthogonal projection. Central projection and parallel projection are widely used in building engineering. With different projection methods, we can draw the four most commonly used projection diagrams in building engineering, which requires understanding the application of various projection methods in building engineering and the characteristics of parallel projection.
The characteristic of parallel projection is that (1) projection lines are parallel to each other; (2) The projection line is perpendicular to the projection plane; (3) The obtained projection reflects the actual shape and size of the object; (4) Assume that the projection line passes through the object.
Second, the formation and characteristics of projection
When a geometric shape is projected by parallel rays (which can be replaced by parallel lines of sight), the figure obtained on the projection plane perpendicular to the rays is called orthographic projection. According to the principle of orthographic projection, three orthographic figures can be obtained, namely V-plane, H-plane and W-plane.
The characteristic of projection diagram is that V projection reflects the body length and height parallel to V plane and the three-dimensional shape of each face, H projection reflects the body length and width parallel to H plane and the three-dimensional shape of each face, and W projection reflects the body height and width parallel to W plane and the three-dimensional shape of each face. The relationship between the three projections is "long alignment, high level uniformity and equal width". Understand the symbolic representation of points, lines and faces in three-sided orthographic drawings.
Third, the projection of points, lines and surfaces.
It is required to master the projection law of points in the three-plane system and the discrimination of the visibility of ghost points, and to be able to make three-plane projection of points according to the two-plane projection of points, or to determine the spatial position of points according to the three-plane projection diagram of points or to make three-plane projection of points according to the coordinates of known points, so as to understand the auxiliary projection of points. Proficiently master the projection characteristics of straight lines at various positions on the projection plane, skillfully identify and draw the projection drawings of parallel lines, vertical lines and general position lines on the projection plane, master the projection characteristics and drawing methods of points on straight lines, understand the method of calculating the true length of general position line segments by right triangle method and the projection characteristics of two parallel lines, two intersecting lines and two intersecting lines, and understand the visibility problems in the projection drawings of two intersecting lines. Familiar with the representation method of plane on projection diagram and the projection characteristics of plane in various positions with projection surface, and can quickly identify its spatial position according to the projection of plane, master the projection of points and lines on the plane and draw points and lines on the plane.
When reviewing, we should pay attention to the following aspects:
(A), point projection
In learning, we should pay special attention to the projection law of points and the projection characteristics of points on the projection plane and axis, and pay attention to the discrimination and representation of ghost point visibility. The projection law of a point is:
The straight line between the horizontal projection and the front projection of the 1. point is perpendicular to the OX axis.
2. The projection line between the front projection and the side projection of a point is perpendicular to the OZ axis.
3. The distance from the side projection of a point to the OZ axis and the distance from the horizontal projection of a point to the OX axis are all equal to the distance from the point to the V plane.
(2) Projection of a straight line
There are three positions of straight lines in the three projection plane system: projection vertical line, projection plane parallel line and general position straight line.
Projection characteristics of vertical lines on the projection plane;
1. The projection of a straight line on its vertical projection plane accumulates into one point;
2. The other two projections of the straight line are straight with the corresponding projection axes, reflecting the true length of the line segment.
Projection characteristics of parallel lines on the projection plane;
The projection of 1. line on its parallel projection plane reflects the true length of the line segment and its inclination relative to the other two projection planes.
2. The other two projections of the straight line are parallel to the corresponding projection axes and smaller than the actual length of the line segment.
The straight line inclined to each projection plane is called the total position straight line, and its projection characteristics are as follows:
1. It is inclined to all projection planes;
2. The projection on each projection plane is inclined to the projection axis and does not reflect the real length. When reading a picture, as long as the two projections are oblique, then a straight line must be a straight line in the general position.
3. The right triangle method can be used to find the inclination of its length to the projection plane.
(3), the relative position of two straight lines
There are three relative positions of two straight lines: intersecting, parallel and crossing.
When two straight lines intersect in space, their projections on each projection plane also intersect, and the intersection point of the projections is the projection of the intersection point of space.
When two lines are parallel in space, their projections on each projection plane are still parallel to each other.
When two lines intersect in space, each group of their projections may be parallel, but not all of them are parallel, and all of their projections may intersect, but the intersecting lines are not perpendicular to the projection axis.
(4) Plane projection
Plane has three positions in the three projection plane system: parallel projection plane, vertical projection plane and general position plane.
Projection characteristics of vertical plane;
1. The projection of a plane on its vertical projection plane accumulates into a straight line segment inclined to the projection axis, and reflects the inclination of the plane to the other two projection planes.
2. The other two projections of this plane are similar.
Projection characteristics of parallel plane of projection plane;
The projection of 1. plane on its parallel projection plane reflects the real shape.
2. The other two projections of the plane accumulate into straight line segments, which are parallel to the two projection axes parallel to the plane respectively.
Projection characteristics of general position plane;
1. The projections on the three projection planes are not cumulative and do not reflect the real shape of the original plane, which is similar to the original plane but smaller than the real shape.
2. If all three projections of a plane are plane figures, then it must be a general position plane.
Chapter V Projection of Basic Bodies
General buildings are always stacked or cut from some basic shapes. Therefore, mastering the projection of basic shapes is the basis of drawing and reading assembly drawings.
(1) Drawing and Reading of Combined Graphics
The key to mastering the drawing and reading of combined graphics is to master the method. Analysis methods include shape analysis and line analysis. Shape analysis is to decompose a complete engineering shape into several simple geometric shapes, and then read and draw pictures according to the projection law of geometric shapes. Shape analysis is only an imaginary separation, which does not mean that geometric shapes are independent of each other and there is no overall combination relationship. Line plane analysis is to analyze the meaning of the correspondence between line segments and wireframes in three-plane projection, so as to further understand the basic shape and the overall shape of the assembly. Line-surface analysis is often used to draw and read plane combinations.
(2) The relationship between a straight line and a plane and two planes.
It is required to master the drawing method on projection when the straight line is parallel to the plane and the two planes are parallel to each other. Understand the drawing method on the projection when the straight line is perpendicular to the plane and the two planes are perpendicular to each other, and the drawing method of finding the intersection point when the straight line intersects with the plane, the drawing method of finding the intersection line when the two planes intersect and the discrimination of visibility.
A straight line and plane, plane and plane parallel.
If a straight line is parallel to a straight line in a plane, the straight line is parallel to the plane.
If two straight lines intersecting one plane are parallel to two straight lines of another plane, the two planes are parallel to each other.
(3) Curves and surfaces
It is required to understand the projection characteristics of curves and the formation and representation of common engineering surfaces. Master the projection drawing of circles, cylinders, cones and spheres. Master the auxiliary line method, horizontal line method and weft circle method to find the projection of points on the body surface.
(4) Intersection of two solids
It is required to understand the concepts of intersecting lines and intersecting lines, master the drawing method of intersecting lines between plane and plane body and between plane and curved body (common curved bodies are cylinders, cones and spheres), and understand the drawing method of intersecting lines between curved bodies. Understand the properties of intersecting lines generated when two solids (two planar bodies, planar bodies and curved bodies, and two curved bodies) intersect, master the drawing method of intersecting lines when two planar bodies intersect, and understand the drawing method of intersecting lines of curved bodies.
(5) Grasp the projection characteristics of the roof with the same slope and accurately draw the three-dimensional projection map of the roof with the same slope.
Chapter VI Axon Projection
Through the study of this chapter, it is required to understand the basic knowledge of axonometric projection, the formation and function of axonometric drawing and oblique axonometric drawing, and master the drawing methods of axonometric drawing, oblique axonometric drawing and oblique axonometric drawing of general assembly drawing. Before drawing the axonometric drawing, we should first understand the projection drawing of the assembly, and then determine the position of the axonometric drawing. Master the nominal shaft size, axial shortening coefficient and angle between shafts. Master the drawing method of axonometric projection of a circle (eight-point method and four-center method).
Chapter VII Profile and Profile
The interior of a building form is usually complicated. If expressed in a general view, the dotted line and the solid line of the view overlap, which is difficult to distinguish, and it cannot be clearly expressed because of the internal composition and the nature of building materials. Therefore, the sectional view is used to represent the internal composition and materials of the building form. It not only represents the cut part, but also displays the rest together. Specifically, when the building formwork is cut at the same position, the sectional view includes a sectional view, and the sectional view is a part of the sectional view. There are five ways to deal with sectional view, including full section, step section, partial section and half section. In addition to the cutting position line, a cutting direction line should be added to the profile, which is perpendicular to the cutting position line, but not allowed to intersect. Its length is specified as two-thirds of the cutting position line, and the digital number of the profile should be written on the same side of the cutting direction. Whether the cutting position line or cutting direction line is horizontal, vertical or inclined, their numbers are written horizontally.
In some cases, such as building components, there is only a cross-section at a certain cutting position, which is represented by a cross-section. There are three ways to deal with cross-sections, including breaking cross-sections, moving out cross-sections and overlapping cross-sections. The cutting position of the section is represented by two thick solid lines, the length of which is 6 ~ 10 mm, and the number of the section is written in Arabic numerals, indicating the viewing direction of the section on the side where the cutting position line is located;
Chapter VIII Basic knowledge of construction drawings of construction projects
(A) the production of construction drawings
The construction drawing of architectural engineering is designed and drawn by the design unit according to the requirements of the design task book, relevant design data, calculation data and architectural art. There are two kinds of designs: two-stage design and three-stage design. Master the tasks and contents of each stage.
(2) Classification of architectural drawings
Including architecture, construction and facilities, master the contents of each part and understand the arrangement order of construction drawings.
(3) read the construction drawings
When reading a complete set of drawings, we should follow the method of "overall understanding, sequential reading, before and after comparison and key reading". When reading a single drawing, it is necessary to read it from the outside to the inside, from large to small, from coarse to fine, with drawings and descriptions alternately, and focus on the relationship between axes and various dimensions by comparing with relevant drawings.
Chapter IX Construction Drawings
Through the study of this chapter, it is required to understand the basic composition and function of houses, the generation and classification of construction drawings, graphic characteristics and reading steps, and master the symbols commonly used in construction drawings; Understand the graphic method, purpose and graphic content of the general plan; Familiar with the function, graphic content, graphic method, dimensioning method of building plan, and the regulation and reading of building annex legend; Master the function and graphic content of building facade, master the graphic method, dimensioning method, relevant regulations and drawing reading of building facade; Master the function, graphic content, graphic method, relevant regulations and reading of building profile; Understand the objectives, requirements, steps and methods of drawing construction drawings; Master the function and graphic content of architectural drawings, and understand the drawing methods of various architectural details (exterior wall details, stairs details, doors and windows details).
When reviewing this chapter, we should pay attention to the following aspects:
Architectural construction drawing is a drawing that represents the main contents of architectural design, including construction site plan, architectural plan, architectural elevation, architectural profile and architectural detail.
A, the construction site plan
Refers to the specific location, orientation, site, greening and other layout of the proposed houses and structures, as well as topography, landforms, original buildings and other contents. The general construction plan is mainly represented by horizontal projection method and corresponding legend. According to the actual situation, it is mainly to draw the general plan and mark the name.
Second, the building plan
It includes the plan of the roof and the plan of each floor. In addition to the plan of the roof, the plan of each floor is actually a horizontal sectional view obtained by cutting the whole house above each window sill with a horizontal sectional plane. For multi-storey residential buildings, if the layout of some floors is the same, or only partially different, you can only draw the same plan as the standard plan, but the name of the same floor should be indicated in the plan. As for some local differences, it is necessary to draw a local plan to show them.
Floor plan is one of the important expressions in architectural engineering drawings. It is not only an important drawing of architectural construction drawing, but also plays a guiding role in other construction drawings, especially the floor plan, which expresses a wide range of contents. The ground floor plan mainly expresses the components of the house below the horizontal section and above the indoor and outdoor terraces, as well as the design and construction requirements, and draws the sections such as walls and columns with thick solid lines; And display its building materials. Because the walls are generally made of brick masonry, it is customary not to draw 45 45 diagonal lines (material patterns). For the visible parts that are not cut, they are represented by solid lines, in which the expressions of doors and windows should be drawn as specified in the architectural legend, and their codes should be indicated. Because the stairs are cut horizontally and located above the windowsill, the steps generally indicate about six or seven levels, and it is customary to use the thin oblique dotted line to indicate the cutting position. The size in the floor plan is the main basis for the design and construction of houses in the direction of length and width. In addition to the internal dimensions of the house; Generally, the exterior wall should be marked with the following three dimensions: the innermost dimension is the width of the opening of the exterior wall door and window and the size of the wall between the openings; The outermost third dimension is the total dimension of the length and width of the building wall; The second dimension in the middle is the axis spacing dimension, which is an important benchmark for architectural design and construction.
It is also an important basis for positioning in other dimensions or other architectural engineering drawings. Each axis should be numbered, and the national standard for architectural drawing stipulates that the horizontal direction should be numbered in Arabic numeral order from left to right; The vertical direction is numbered in Latin alphabetical order from bottom to top (letters I, O and Z are easily confused with numbers, so they are not required). The numbered circle is also drawn as a thin solid line of 8 mm In addition, the plan also contains cutting symbols, compass, index symbols of architectural drawings, indoor and outdoor facade symbols, etc. Their graphic requirements are specified. The graphic method of other floor plans is basically similar to the bottom floor plan, but the stairs are different. The floor plan of the middle layer not only expresses the upward steps, but also expresses the downward steps and platforms that can be seen; The top floor plan only shows the visible part of the descending stairs.
Third, the building elevation
Mainly shows the shape of the house, intuitive, generally easy to master and express.
Four. Architectural outline
It is actually a vertical section of the whole house. Because its cutting position is determined as required, it is necessary to indicate the specific cutting position of the building section in the bottom floor plan. Stairs are passages connecting the upper and lower floors, which are generally complicated, so cross-sectional views are often used to represent stairs. Because the building profile is to express the relationship between the height and width or length of the building, it is generally more complicated than the plan, and there are more structural contents to be expressed, so sometimes the building profile should be drawn with a larger scale (1: 50), and the brick masonry wall must draw its material legend. The dimension in the sectional view is the main basis of the height direction of the house. Similar to the plan, the exterior wall has three dimensions, and the height of the third floor is similar to the axis dimension.
Five, architectural auspicious map
Due to the large size of the building, it cannot be drawn in a large scale, which is generally 1: 100. However, some structures or details cannot be clearly expressed, which brings difficulties to the construction. So in order to make up for these local problems, local enlarged architectural details are adopted to solve them. Architectural drawings can be applied to the plan, elevation and section of buildings, but in order to show the relationship between the detailed drawings of buildings and the parts in the plan, elevation and section, it is necessary to compare them with index symbols to avoid confusion. According to the regulations, the index symbol is represented by a thin circle of 14 mm, and the auspicious symbol is represented by a thick circle of14 mm.
Chapter 10 Structural Construction Drawing
Through the study of this chapter, it is required to master the function and graphic content of structural construction drawing; Master the basic knowledge of reinforced concrete structure and the classification and function of reinforcement, and master the function and graphic content of structural plan; Master the function, graphic method, graphic content and reading of detailed drawings of reinforced concrete members, and master the graphic content and reading of reinforcement drawings of reinforced concrete members; Understand the content of basic drawing, and master the drawing method, graphic content and reading of strip basic drawing and independent basic drawing.
When reviewing this chapter, we should pay attention to the following aspects:
According to different structural materials (such as steel structure, wood structure, reinforced concrete structure, etc. ), the drawing method and content of structural construction drawing are also different.
I. Structure diagram
The pattern representing the upper structure layout of a house is called structural layout. In structural layout, the most commonly used form is structural plan. In a floor house, the structural plan is a pattern showing the arrangement of plane load-bearing members on each floor above the outdoor ground of the house. They represent the floor and roof load-bearing components, such as beams, slabs, columns, walls, doors and windows lintels, etc., so the floor structure plan is represented by the horizontal section above each floor, which is significantly different from the building plan of each floor. In order to highlight the structural content, a thin diagonal line is used to represent the layout range of the floor. The center positions of various beams under the floor are indicated by thick dotted lines. For the location of the invisible wall and doors and windows under the floor (only the layer under the connecting plate), draw it in detail (don't use dotted lines).
Second, the reinforced concrete structure details
The shape, size, material, structure and connection of each load-bearing member are mainly represented by structural plan. Reinforced concrete members include special-shaped members and non-special-shaped members Stereotyped components, whether prefabricated components or cast-in-place components, can be drawn into standard atlas with general drawings as long as they have drawing names, codes, specifications, etc. If instructed, there is no need to redraw. Unshaped members must draw structural details. Reinforced concrete structures have many details, such as beams, slabs, columns and stairs. No matter what form, specification, shape, layout, etc. The location of reinforcement and the specific location of some embedded parts, as well as the appearance of components, to provide the basis for making component templates. In order to highlight the configuration of internal steel bars, it is assumed that the concrete is transparent body (material legend is not drawn), the steel bars are drawn with thick solid lines, and the outline of components is represented with thin solid lines. As for the specification, size, quantity and spacing of steel bars, lead-out labeling is generally adopted. Graphic method and dimensioning of reinforcement, reinforcement is the main stress part in reinforced concrete members or structures. In order to provide a basis for the configuration and binding of steel bars during construction, it is assumed that the concrete is transparent body, and the steel bars are basically projected to indicate their shapes and mutual positions. According to the needs of configuration and expression, reinforcement can generally be composed of elevation, plane, creation and section. Because the types and specifications of steel bars are different, they are expressed by various codes, so it is necessary to master the codes, meanings and marking methods of commonly used steel bars. In addition, for evenly distributed steel bars (such as in the plan of cast-in-place floor structure), you can only draw one or two steel bars, but pay attention to the center distance between the two steel bars. When using cross-sectional drawings and cross-sectional drawings, in principle, the cross-section (black spot) of the cut steel bar should be accurately drawn according to the center distance, and the relative position with other steel bars should be indicated.
Third, the basic map
Generally, it includes foundation plan and foundation details. The foundation plan is actually a horizontal section cut under the indoor floor of the house. It is the basis for setting the orientation axis of the house, the length and width line of the foundation bottom, the wall line, the foundation excavation and the site construction. In the foundation plan, the contour lines of the cut foundation walls and columns must be drawn as thick solid lines; The outline of the foundation bottom surface is drawn as a solid line; When there is a foundation beam in the part where the strip foundation is stressed, the center position and length of the beam are indicated by thick dotted lines. The foundation plan also needs to express the concrete structural form and composition of the foundation with the foundation sketch, and the strip foundation needs to be expressed with the section, and the cutting position and symbols of the section are also marked in the foundation plan.
Chapter XI Construction Drawings
The drawing of construction drawing should master the rules: "first the whole, then the local skeleton, then the details, then the paper, then the drawings, and then the words", and master the customary drawing method when drawing.
The answer consumers get is: a good home decoration is a home decoration that conveys our feelings about life, not about beauty but about life, but a home decoration that can still impress us even if we are surrounded by family members.
"Do you need money to do a good job in home decoration?" A good work of art doesn't need much money, such as Du Fu's poems, Van Gogh's paintings and A Bing's "Two Springs Reflect on the Moon". A good home improvement project is not a simple pile of money.
Jia Zhuang and Poetry
When talking about how to create a good set of home improvement works, Rich listed the similarities between home improvement and poetry.
There are four realms of poetry creation: first, the language expression ability is poor (just like we don't even understand the basic color matching principles in many home decoration at present); Then, you can make sentences with fluent and gorgeous words (just like a few home improvements still have aesthetic merits); The third step, poetry creation began to be poetic (Li Bai's realm is like several home decorations with aesthetic artistic conception in interior design); The highest realm of poetry is a work that conveys profound feelings of life in plain language (Du Fu's realm, such home decoration is almost absent in China at present).
At present, the domestic home decoration design is still in the stage of meeting the instinctive needs of consumers, and has not yet risen to the highest level of art: expressing life feelings and expounding life philosophy.
The three basic principles of home decoration design are: to meet the instinctive needs of owners (good-looking), to meet the behavioral needs of owners (easy to use) and to meet the emotional needs of owners (touching).
If you want to look good, you have to work hard on space ratio, material, modeling and color matching.
The so-called floor area ratio is the ratio of indoor free area to total indoor area. /kloc-a house of 0/50 square meters must meet the space ratio of more than 72% in order to make people have an insurmountable psychological experience.
Don't make a fuss about the wall modeling in economical home decoration. It is best to render the environment through the modeling style of furnishings, such as oil paintings, handicrafts and collectibles. For a house, it is best to choose the artist's works and use the unified style of modeling continuously, which can have a shocking aesthetic effect.
More than 90% of the beauty of the home environment comes from color matching.
General home improvement design often ends here.
However, good home improvement must fully consider the consumer's behavioral needs and emotional needs.