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1. Problems in history education in middle schools
History, as a discipline of self-cultivation and cognitive society, is a long-term, implicit and consciousness-oriented discipline, whose main function is to improve people's ideological realm and understand social reality and make scientific decisions, but it takes a long time to form, unlike tools such as mathematics and physics, which can receive immediate results in improving people's skills.
Driven by utilitarianism, in the talent selection examination in our society, the vast majority do not examine the historical level of the selected person, which objectively strengthens the theory of "the futility of reading history".
There are still some misunderstandings in the history teaching reform.
At present, the demand for education in society is still "talents", not "people" at first. Test scores and further education naturally become the primary goals of schools, and test scores become the most important or even the only measure to measure teaching effect.
in this social environment, it is difficult to change the exam-oriented nature of history education without the concerted efforts of the whole society.
Second, what is the traditional culture of China
The words "Wen" and "Hua" appeared as early as Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen.
"Shuo Wen": "Wen, wrong painting is also.
"Wang Yun's note:" Those who are wrong are staggered.
if you draw it by mistake, it is written.
""Bi, change also, from falling down.
"Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Hua), from one person to the other, has the meaning that one person is right, and the two are in harmony.
that is to say, it is right and smooth, which means enlightenment.
the word cultural composition can be found in Liu Xiang's "Talking about the Garden and Pointing at the Arms" in the Western Han Dynasty: "Sages rule the world, first with virtue and then with force.
every martial art is not obedient; If the culture does not change, then it will be punished.
"The" culture "here refers to the civilized education as opposed to" force ".
China's traditional culture refers to the China culture with a stable form, which has been merged, formed and developed by the multi-cultures with the Chinese nation as the mainstream in the long-term historical development process, including rich contents in many aspects, such as ideology, mode of thinking, value orientation, moral sentiment, lifestyle, etiquette system, customs and habits, religious beliefs, literature and art, education and technology.
Third, the characteristics of China's traditional culture
(1) has a long history.
Compared with European culture, China culture "firstly, in terms of time extension, China is run by one person all the time, while Europe is run by many people in relay.
Secondly, as far as space is concerned, European culture originated in Greece and Athens, and spread from this cultural center to other places.
After the decline of Greece and the rise of Rome, the cultural center moved from Greece to Rome, and then spread around from Rome.
... so western culture often diverges from one center to all sides, and these cultural centers often spread from one place to another.
In this situation, a phenomenon will happen, that is, there is often a phenomenon of cultural interruption.
"(Qian Mu's New Theory of National History" Evolution of China Tradition ")
(2) Broad and profound.
For example, academically, there are pre-Qin hundred schools of thought, Confucian Classics in the Han Dynasty, Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties and Textual Research in Qing Dynasty, all of which form a complete system.
Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and France, in particular, have worldwide influence.
In terms of poetry creation, the Book of Songs came into being in the Zhou Dynasty, and then the Songs of the South. Later, two Han Yuefu, Tang Poetry, Song Poetry and Yuan Qu were inherited and innovated.
in terms of novels, there are tales of the Six Dynasties, legends of the Tang Dynasty, scripts of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Dream of Red Mansions, The Journey to the West, Jin Ping Mei, Scholars, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, etc.
in terms of traditional Chinese operas, Wang Shifu's The West Chamber, Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Han Palace, Bai Pu's On the Wall, Zheng Guangzu's The Return of the Ghost, Tang Xianzu's Peony Pavilion, Hong Sheng's Palace of Eternal Life, Kong Shangren's Peach Blossom Fan, etc.
In particular, Guan Hanqing wrote 63 kinds of zaju in his life, 3 years earlier than Shakespeare, who wrote 36 plays and was called the world's great dramatist.
In painting, there are some rare treasures, such as Gu Kaizhi's A Picture of Women's History in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yan Liben's A Picture of Walking, Wu Daozi's Born of Gautama Buddha, Han Han's A Picture of Five Cows, Gu Hongzhong's A Picture of Han Xizai's Night Banquet in the Five Dynasties, and Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in the Song Dynasty.
Sculptures include Yungang, Longmen, Dunhuang and other grottoes.
there are terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang.
in terms of calligraphy, there are Wang Xizhi, a "book saint" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang in the early Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu, a "grass saint" in Xue Ji, Yan Zhenqing, who founded Yan Ti, and Liu Gongquan in Liu Ti.
Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang in the Song Dynasty, Song Huizong initiated the "thin gold body", Zhao Mengfu in the Yuan Dynasty and Fu Shan in the Qing Dynasty.
(3) It has a far-reaching impact.
as early as the Zhou dynasty, ji zi, a royal family of Shang dynasty, led 5, people to take refuge in Korea, taking with him poems, books, rituals and skills.
subsequently, in the western Han dynasty, Zhang Qian opened a trade route to the western regions, along which China's silk, pig iron smelting and casting technology, agricultural products and handicrafts were continuously transported to western Asia and Europe.
After that, the four great inventions were gradually spread to Europe through * * * people, which played an inestimable role in the industrial development of Europe.
Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean in the Ming Dynasty, opening up the Maritime Silk Road. China's specialty porcelain, tea and herbs were exported to Southeast Asia, South Asia and African countries.
Japan's contacts with China began in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, and large-scale cultural importation took place in the 4th and 5th centuries.
Japanese characters were imitated and used by Japan after China characters were imported in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, Japanese sent more than 12 overseas students and learned monks to China to study China culture in an all-round way, and then went back to spread it.
Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand are also deeply influenced by Chinese ancient culture.
Up to now, the "Chinatown" established in major cities all over the world can still reflect the influence of China culture.
Fourth, how to carry forward the excellent Chinese traditional culture in history teaching in middle schools
(1) Take classic reading as the guide.
China is known as "the country of etiquette".
despite thousands of years of trials and tribulations in feudal society, the traditional virtues still spread to this day, and exude unparalleled unique charm. It is precisely this strong historical and cultural accumulation that has created the excellent quality of Chinese people's loyalty, benevolence, virtue and wisdom.
In order to better strengthen middle school students' understanding of traditional culture, middle school history teaching can arrange classic reading contents according to the characteristics of students of different grades.
From The Analects of Confucius and The Classic of Three Characters, to Thousand-Character Works, Tang Poetry and Song Poetry, to ancient prose, famous sayings and so on.
Students are required to take advantage of morning reading or early self-study time every day, enjoy the ancient and modern traditional classics, understand the content, pay attention to the combination of theory and practice, and elaborate and express practical significance.
start with "learning and knowing" and gradually achieve "knowing and doing".
(2) To educate middle school students on Chinese excellent traditional culture through history classroom teaching.
In the teaching of ancient culture, we should pay attention to infiltrating Chinese excellent traditional culture and moral cultivation education, instilling Chinese traditional virtue education, sublimating patriotism and revolutionary tradition education, infiltrating emotional education and aesthetic education, etc., so as to continuously promote the development of middle school students' psychological quality, enhance their spiritual realm and strengthen their understanding of excellent traditional culture.
For example, teachers can introduce the origin and customs of Chinese traditional festivals to students in class.
after class, let the students investigate, which festivals have we kept at present among many traditional festivals in China? After various foreign festivals entered China, were traditional festivals affected? What traditional festivals do students have at home, and what customs do they have at festivals?
(3) Enhance the characteristics of the school.
If a school is interested in spreading China's traditional culture, its campus culture will certainly exude a strong cultural atmosphere.
Of course, apart from the Confucius Institute, there are few public middle schools like the one mentioned above, so if any middle school does this, it will be very distinctive.
For example, extracurricular activities can offer learning to write Chinese calligraphy, drawing Chinese painting and so on.
edify students' hearts with colorful campus culture, and make traditional culture and virtue penetrate students' hearts.
Take advantage of festival activities to educate students on traditional culture and Chinese virtues.
If we hold some ancient China rituals and customs to publicize China's traditional culture, such as a teacher's ceremony in the new semester, it will be very helpful to promote China's traditional culture to students by providing a big environment for students to get in touch with China's traditional culture.
In particular, the ancient working people in China were extremely clever and had already applied mathematics to all fields of life. If the teachers and students of the whole school can appreciate the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancients through the "Classical Mathematics Festival", they can appreciate the essence of China traditional culture in a pleasant holiday atmosphere.
For example, in China, 6 names, including Jiazi, Yechou, Bingyin and Dingmao, composed of ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches, were used to record the date of 6 days long ago. Students can rename the date according to this calculation method.
(4) actively develop school-based curriculum, closely integrate traditional culture to study the infiltration and integration of moral education and subject education, and further develop and improve school-based curriculum with traditional morality as the main content, so that students can receive moral education in all courses and gain moral experience in the classroom, and make a moral education based on knowledge education move towards a moral education based on feeling and experience, which emphasizes the integration of knowledge, ability, emotion, attitude and values, and pays attention to deep excavation, infection and emotional experience.
(5) focus on improving the traditional cultural literacy of history teachers, and improve teachers' quality through various ways such as lectures, exchanges and seminars, so that teachers can become the main force in inheriting traditional culture.
(6) Conditional schools can organize tours to let students know about human trends; North-South customs; Mountain and river meteorology; Visit the local history museum, etc. to expand the actual experience.
Carry out various activities of inheriting traditional culture, such as knowledge contest, investigation, exploration, development and excavation of traditional culture with regional characteristics, and understanding the artistic treasures in traditional culture.
V. Significance of carrying forward Chinese excellent traditional culture
Wisdom, faithfulness, loyalty, filial piety, courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame are the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, the root of Chinese traditional culture and the soul of our nation.
only by vigorously promoting Chinese traditional culture can the Chinese nation be more vigorous and harmonious.
To carry forward Chinese traditional culture, we should advocate all thoughts and spirits that are conducive to national unity, the reunification of the motherland and the cohesion of people's hearts, all thoughts and spirits that are conducive to the country's prosperity, social progress and people's happiness, all thoughts and spirits that create a better life through honest labor, and guide young students to establish the concept that loving the motherland and serving the people is the greatest glory and harming the interests of the country and people and national dignity is the greatest shame, so as to better inherit and carry forward traditional culture.
"Eight Honors and Eight Disgraces" embodies the essence of traditional culture and plays an important role in carrying forward the national spirit among middle school students.
Traditional culture is the spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation. "I am humble and dare not forget to worry about my country" and "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world" reflect the deep affection of the descendants of the Chinese people for the country and the nation. "Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent" and "worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later" are values that transcend utilitarianism; "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" is the embodiment of strengthening self-cultivation and establishing harmonious interpersonal relationships.
the concept of "eight honors and eight disgraces" is a concentrated summary of these traditional virtues in modern times.
"Eight Honors and Eight Disgraces" provides a code of conduct for young students in the new period.
Today's society should educate students to establish values recognized and accepted by the public, such as honesty, cooperation, justice and so on.
it is urgent to guide teenagers to establish a socialist concept of honor and disgrace.
Only by clarifying right and wrong, good and evil, beauty and ugliness, honor and disgrace, can young people be cultivated into new socialist citizens with lofty pursuits, and the excellent Chinese traditional culture can be further developed in the new era
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