The first volume Biological knowledge point Chapter 5
1. excretion
(1) Concept: The process that wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea, excess water and inorganic salts produced when the human body decomposes substances in the body are discharged from the body is called excretion.
(2) Ways:
① Skin: excrete water, inorganic salts, urea, etc. In the form of sweat.
② Respiratory system: discharging carbon dioxide and water. In the form of gas.
③ Urinary system: Water, inorganic salts and urea are discharged in the form of urine.
(3) Different from:
Excretion: the process of excreting feces formed by the residue after digestion of food.
2. Composition of urinary system
Kidney: the place where urine forms.
Ureter: transport urine
Bladder: temporary storage of urine
Urethra: excretion of urine
The kidneys are located on both sides of the spinal column in the posterior abdominal wall, one on the left and the other on the right. Each kidney consists of more than 654.38+00000 nephrons, which are the basic units of urine formation. The structure and function of nephron are as follows:
Glomerulus: dozens of capillaries branched from input arterioles are bent and coiled, and the other ends converge into output arterioles.
Renal capsule: the blind end of renal tubule is swollen, and the capsule wall is divided into two layers, the inner layer is close to glomerulus and the outer layer is connected with renal tubule.
Renal tubule: the cavity between the inner and outer layers of the renal capsule is connected with the renal tubule.
3. The formation of urine
(1) filtration function of glomerulus and renal capsule wall: The glomerulus and renal capsule wall filter blood, and all plasma components except protein of blood cells and macromolecules can be filtered to form protourine in the renal capsule.
(2) Renal tubular reabsorption: Substances that are useful to human body, including most water, all glucose and some inorganic salts, are reabsorbed into capillaries around renal tubules (into blood circulation), and the rest form urine.
(3) Urinary tract and blood route:
Blood path: renal artery? Target arteriole (arterial blood)? Glomerular capillaries (arterial blood)? Export arteriole (arterial blood)? Extrarenal capillaries (arterial blood and venous blood)? Renal vein (venous blood)
Urinary tract: renal capsule (urine)? Renal tubule (reabsorption)? Collection tube? Ureter? Bladder? urethra
4. Urine excretion
Kidney? Ureter? Bladder? urethra
5. The significance of urination:
(1) Discharge metabolic waste.
(2) Adjust the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body and maintain the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.
(3) regulating body temperature.
6. Transdermal excretion: Sweat glands (exocrine glands with ducts) secrete sweat, the main component of which is water, and a small amount of urea and inorganic salts. Sweat evaporation can take away some heat, so sweat glands also have the function of regulating body temperature.
* Difference: blood (including blood cells and plasma).
Plasma (containing various nutrients and metabolic wastes).
Raw urine (no blood cells, no protein, a lot of water, inorganic salts, urea, etc.). ).
Urine (no blood cells, no protein and glucose, mainly water, inorganic salts, urea, etc. ).
Junior high school biological memory formula
0 1
The role of mineral elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium)
Eggs are yellow (leaves turn yellow when nitrogen is lacking)
(p) Shower (green) (meaning leaves are dark green when phosphorus is lacking)
(k) Hepatitis A (stem) (meaning that when potassium is deficient, stem is strong)
02
Borrow poetry proverbs to help understand.
Such as: as you sow, you reap? Explain the inheritance of organisms;
A mother gives birth to nine children, and nine children are different? Explain biological variability (gene recombination);
Take root? Vegetative reproduction;
Unintentionally inserted willows into the shade? vegetative propagation
Moths in the fire? Pressure and phototaxis;
One mountain can't accommodate two tigers? Intraspecific struggle;
Mantis catches cicada, yellowbird is behind? Predation;
Big fish eat small fish, small fish eat shrimp? Predation;
Fighting with mussels? Interspecific struggle;
In April, the world is full of beautiful scenery, and the peach blossoms in the mountain temple begin to bloom;
The oranges born in Huainan are oranges, and those born in Huaibei are oranges? Effects of temperature on living things;
Doesn't the spring breeze pass through Yumen Pass? Effects of altitude on living things;
A single spark can start a prairie fire? It shows that grassland ecosystem is easy to be destroyed.
Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze? It shows that grassland ecosystem is easy to recover;
Make your own cocoon? Explain the relativity of adaptation;
Once bitten, twice shy? Conditioned reflex;
Looking at plums to quench your thirst? Conditioned reflex;
Flashy? Effects of mineral elements on organisms.
03
The heart of birds and mammals
The atrium is above and the ventricle is below.
Atrial vein (heart) ventricular connection (pulse)
Left ventricular systemic artery (pulse), right ventricular lung (artery)
Remember the staggered cycle.
Blood composition change song:
The arteries and veins of the heart are constant, and the organs should be interchanged. The static (pulse blood) flowing through the lungs changes (pulse blood), and the arteries and veins of other organs also become static (pulse blood).
04
Congenital behavior and acquired behavior
Pioneers gallop-innate behavior: tropism, unconditional reflex and instinct.
Post-impression acquisition behavior: impression, imitation and conditioned reflex.
05
Essentials of microscope use
① "three turns" of aiming light: converter, shutter and reflector.
(2) When looking for an object: at first glance, the object looks clear and fine-tuned.
06
Common endocrine glands in human body
My aunt's surname is Jia, and her waist is drooping. (islet, gonad, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland)
07
Digestion and absorption of food
Starch digestion starts from mouth, saliva, intestine, pancreas and glucose;
Protein's digestion starts from the stomach, and the stomach, pancreas and intestinal juice become amino;
Fat is digested in small intestine, bile emulsification helps first, and particles are mixed into pancreas and intestine to form glycerol fatty acid;
The mouth and esophagus do not absorb it, the stomach absorbs a small amount of wine, and the small intestine absorbs six nutrients, so water cannot survive to the large intestine.
08
Hormone regulation formula
Endocrine glands have no ducts, although hormones have little effect;
Growth hormone is produced by pituitary gland, too young to be a dwarf; Too many children become giants.
The growth and development of thyroid gland (gland hormone) tube is too little to stay in childhood;
Lack of iodine in food leads to a large neck (childhood disease), and diabetics have fewer islets (hormones).
09
Composition formula of nervous system
Nervous system command, centered on the brain and spinal cord;
Command orders occur in the center and extend in all directions through nerves;
The brain, cerebellum and brain stem constitute the advanced brain center;
Sensory motor language audiovisual, cerebral cortex command;
Coordinate, arrange and balance the cerebellar canal, and the "survival center" is in the brain stem.
Gray butterfly is called spinal cord, and its reflex conduction center is small.
The basic unit of neurons, cells (bodies) are formed by processes.
10
Formula of ear structure
The auricle and the ear canal form the external ear, and sound waves are collected and spread inward;
Tympanic membrane, ossicles and tympanum, vibration is transmitted in the middle ear;
Half gauge, vestibule and cochlea, inner ear feels sound waves;
Sound stimulates nerve conduction and produces sound in the brain.
1 1
Formula of eyeball structure
The posterior horn is the adventitia, which protects the eyeball through light;
The anterior rainbow and posterior vein are media, which regulate light to obtain nutrition;
The retina is in the innermost part, and it feels that light is an object image;
Aqueous humor, crystal and glass, refracting light is amazing;
Nerves conduct light stimulation, and vision is produced in the brain.
12
Formula of "Discharge of Waste in Human Body"
The kidney is like a big broad bean, next to the spine in the back wall of the abdominal cavity;
Beads, sacs, tubules and urine in nephron;
Blood flows through the glomerulus, and blood macromolecules continue to walk;
Raw urine was filtered into renal capsule 150 days;
Renal tubules are reabsorbed and nutrients return to the blood.
13
Material transport in human-heart structure
Small fist, between the lungs, the left chest is called the heart cavity;
Upper atrium, lower ventricle, upper, lower, left and right ventricle;
The room is still, the room is moving, and the valve prevents blood from flowing back.
14
Oral evaluation of "human nutrition"
Gingival bleeding scurvy, fresh fruits and vegetables supplemented with VC;
Va deficiency in dry eye at night, liver supplemented with carrots;
Berberi patients lack B 1, supplemented by beans and cereals;
Calcium and Vd strengthen bones and lack rickets;
15
Blood composition change song
The arteries and veins of the heart remain unchanged, and organs should be exchanged.
Static (pulse blood) changes (pulse blood) flow through the lungs,
Other organs become static (pulse blood).