The lyricism of poetry always depends on certain images. Images in classical poetry often contain rich meanings, profound philosophies, poet's aesthetic inclination and poet's emotions. Images in classical poetry are often extremely aesthetic images composed of objective "images" and subjective "meanings". Therefore, grasping the image of poetry, and then appreciating and understanding poetry by analyzing its characteristics, artistic techniques, national traditional aesthetic psychology and lyrical subjects, should be the basic way to appreciate poetry.
First, understand the traditional aesthetic psychology of the nation and remember the meaning of special images.
Images in classical poetry are often associated with national history, culture, traditional customs, lifestyle and psychological characteristics, and are endowed with some conventional connotations and emotional colors in the accumulation of history.
For example, in classical poetry, it is common to use the moon to contrast feelings. Generally speaking, the moon in ancient poetry is synonymous with homesickness; Plum blossoms bloom in the cold wind, iron core, firm and pure. "Knowing far away is not snow, because there is a delicate fragrance" writes that plum blossoms are pure white because of the wind, and "falling mud and grinding dust, only fragrance remains unchanged" uses plum blossoms to describe their unfortunate experience of being devastated and their noble sentiment of unwilling to go with the flow. "Don't praise lewdness, just leave the air full of dry Kun" reflects their unwillingness to go with the flow and pure plum blossoms; Pine trees are a model of fighting frost and snow, symbolizing perseverance and noble quality. Other images: phoenix tree is a symbol of desolation, sadness and yearning; Rhododendron is a symbol of desolation and sadness; Hongyan is a large migratory bird, which moves southward every autumn. Its image often causes wanderers to feel homesick and sad when traveling.
It can be seen that "image is the representation of emotion", and poetry is a combination of creation and creativity of image in a certain sense. In China's classical poems, there are many images with relatively stable emotional color. Poets often use them to express similar or interlinked feelings, understand the traditional aesthetic psychology of the nation, and remember the meaning of special images, which helps us better understand the thoughts and feelings expressed in poems. But it should also be noted that sometimes there are exceptions. For example, Liu Yuxi's autumn poems show different or even opposite feelings. "Since ancient times, autumn is sad and lonely. I say autumn is better than spring. On the clear sky and the clouds, it brings poetry to Bixiao. " This poem is against the traditional theme of sad autumn. Images such as white cranes rushing to the clouds and clear skies and blue sky have broad boundaries, bright colors and high emotional appeal. If the white crane on the cloud is a portrayal of the poet's enterprising image, then the clear autumn sky is the embodiment of the poet's broad-minded and optimistic spirit.
Second, grasp the sound, color, shape, state, motion and static characteristics of the image, and experience poetry and painting.
When appreciating poetry, we can grasp the words that can express the tone: "two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky", so we can appreciate the rich artistic meaning and distinctive rhythm of poetry. The four colors of yellow, green, white and cyan are patchy, extending from points and lines to infinite space. The picture is still and moving, and the three-dimensional rhythm is distinct. Grasping the words that can show sharp contrast, we can appreciate the concentration of emotional color in poetry: "Streamer is the easiest to throw people away, red cherry and green banana." "Red" and "Greenway" show Jie Jiang's "colored thought", that is, the time sequence is in a hurry and spring is fleeting.
Take Du Fu's "Gordon" for example: "It's windy, apes whimper, and birds fly over the clear lake and white beach and fly home. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " Poetry captures the characteristic scenery and embodies the typical characteristics of Kuizhou in autumn. The first couplet focuses on describing the specific scenery in front of us, just like the meticulous brushwork of a painter, showing the shape, sound, color and state one by one. The second couplet emphasizes the atmosphere of the whole autumn, just like the painter's freehand brushwork. The poet looks up at the boundless rustling leaves and overlooks the endless rolling river, which makes the rustling rolling more vivid, reminiscent of the sound of falling wood and the surging Yangtze River, conveying glory invisibly. While writing about the scenery, I deeply express my feelings.
The scenery in different seasons often has the emotional color of different poets. In early spring, the scenery is thriving, showing mostly joy; Late spring is sentimental, regretful and nostalgic; In autumn and winter, it is sad, cold and sad. At the same time, it is helpful to appreciate the unique and profound artistic conception of poetry to clarify the image, distinguish its characteristics, seasonal colors, virtual and real movements, cold and warm colors, grasp the tone and background of the work, capture the typical characteristics of the image, and find the junction of scenery and emotion.
Third, grasp the charm of the characters through vivid details.
People often use "cheek three points" to describe the vivid description of details, and a complete character description is composed of many details. As a means to convey feelings directly, details are an important way to portray images and show rich inner world.
In addition to conveying feelings accurately and vividly, vivid details are often thought-provoking and can stimulate readers' rich imagination. Such details can be typical actions or subtle and tortuous psychological activities.
In Du Fu's "Two Banks of the Yellow River Recovered by the Imperial Army", the words "suddenly spread, first heard, but looked at, rambled, that is, from then on" are very vivid and emotional. We can fully imagine the poet's ecstasy, his homesickness and even his bumpy life path by describing his typical detailed actions of throwing and rolling books at random. Here, the poet's emotion seeks the most vivid and subtle expression.
Another example: Qiu Si of Zhang Ji: "Looking at the autumn wind in Luoyang, I want a writer to write a book. I was so anxious that I couldn't say it, and the pedestrians opened again. " The beauty of this poem lies in the last sentence. Write at home, ask people to take it away, pedestrians come, the paper is short and sentimental, and I am afraid that I can't write full meaning, so I seal it and open it. This extremely delicate and difficult-to-express emotion was cleverly cast in the detail of "Kaifeng".
There are two poems in Song Wenzhi's Crossing the Han River: "Now, when I come near my village and meet people, I dare not ask a question." This is an abnormal psychological state, but it accurately expresses the author's thoughts and feelings in a specific environment. It turned out that the poet was fooled, and the letter from home was long gone. After being demoted, he fled home. Because the situation at home is unknown, the closer you are to home, the more afraid you are; Because it's an escape, I dare not ask casually. The poet described this subtle psychological activity in detail, which is intriguing.
Third, grasp the intersection of form and God in poetry.
When reading, we should not only grasp the image of subject and object, but also understand the similarity of subject and object in form and spirit. For example, "autumn silk is like a Potter, and the fence is gradually inclined." It's not that chrysanthemums are preferred in flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless. " (Yuan Zhen's "Chrysanthemum") The image of chrysanthemum in poetry is obviously highly similar to that of the poet. Another example is Komatsu in Du Xunhe: "I grew up in the grass, and now I gradually feel the chrysanthemum. At that time, people didn't know Lingyun Mu, waiting for Lingyun to get up. " The word "thorn" can best express Komatsu's characteristics in poetry. The word "thorn" not only describes Komatsu's prickly characteristics, but also symbolizes the poet's rebellious and rebellious thoughts, so it is the intersection of form and god in poetry. Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue depicts an indifferent fisherman. In such a cold and quiet environment, fishermen are not afraid of Leng Xue, forget everything and concentrate on fishing. Although his body is lonely, his character seems to be cold. This illuminated and beautified image of the fisherman is actually the sustenance and portrayal of the poet's lofty thoughts and feelings that get rid of worldly detachment; In Feng Yansi's Golden Gate in the Southern Tang Dynasty, the famous phrase "A pool of spring water is wrinkled at the beginning of the wind", on the surface, is about the spring breeze blowing over the water, causing ripples, but in fact it depicts the inner waves of girls.
Fourth, analyze the personality color of the image.
An excellent poet often has his own unique image group. Qu Yuan often uses images such as beauty, vanilla and phoenix, while Li Bai's poems often use images such as the Yellow River, Dapeng, the bright moon and swordsman. This is related to the feelings that the poet wants to express, and also to the poet's style. "Style is people". The so-called "poetry comes from character". China's poetics in past dynasties attached great importance to and emphasized the relationship between personality and poeticity. The works of a mature and great poet are often self-portraits of his personality to a great extent. Here, we can deeply understand this from the comparison between Mao Zedong's Yongmei and Lu You's Yongmei. Mao Ci: "Wind and rain send spring home, flying snow welcomes spring. The cliff is already a hundred feet of ice, and there are beautiful flowers. Joe doesn't fight for spring, he only reports it. When the flowers bloom, she laughs in the bushes. " Lu Ci: "It's lonely when the bridge is broken outside the post. It's dusk, and it's stormy. Plum blossoms don't want to compete for blooming, and the envy and rejection of flowers don't care. Scattered into mud and crushed into dust, only the fragrance remains. " In Mao Ci, Mei's metaphor creates the lofty artistic conception of the pioneer of the times, while in Lu Ci, although it shows the unyielding quality of frustration, it also shows self-pity, narcissism, sadness and fragility. This is due to the poet's different times, different mind and tolerance, different personality cultivation and different aesthetic standards.
Understanding the common characters in poetry can help us to better analyze the individual color of images. For example, in Ah, how can I bow and scrape to those dignitaries whose sincere faces will never be seen? I don't admire the image of being powerful, free and easy, arrogant and unrestrained; "Between Andrew's mansion and ten million rooms, all the poor people in the world are smiling. The wind and rain do not move. " The central image of worrying about the country and the people; The image of a hermit in "Picking Chrysanthemums under the East Hedgerow and Seeing Nanshan Leisurely"; Talented and ambitious "Youzhou Tower" image. Like Chen Ziang. I didn't see the king of sages before writing, and I didn't see the Lord of sages after writing. I think of the world, I don't feel sad, and I shed tears. It created an image of an intellectual who had the heart to serve the country but could not display his talents. In many of Lu You's and Xin Qiji's poems, they are determined to serve the country and are generous and cynical. Others, such as seeing friends off, missing their hometown, dedicating themselves to the frontier fortress, opposing conquest and so on.
Fifth, we should be aware of the classification of poetic images.
Poems about chanting things and expressing feelings mainly express their feelings through detailed descriptions of things. There are butterflies, cicadas, bees, pines, Yongmei, lotus flowers ... or admire, or satirize, or express good wishes, or express life attitude, or hint at life philosophy. When reading, we should not only grasp the image of subject and object, but also understand the similarity of subject and object in form and spirit.
The image of poetry is what is written. When appreciating it, we must find the combination point between what is written in the poem and the author's feelings, that is, the subject image, in order to grasp the feelings expressed by the poet. This kind of poetry focuses on expressing feelings, so the author does not focus on objectively and calmly describing what he has written, but clearly expresses his feelings directly.
Historical stories, deeds of the ancients, historical relics and other descriptions are often used to recite poems about the past. With the help of some shadows in history, the theme is used to express thoughts on society and life. Poets either think about history calmly and rationally, write some truth, or combine historical facts with reality, feel personal experiences, and attack social reality to achieve the purpose of irony. To read such poems, we must first understand historical facts, historical sites and allusions. That is, understand the object image, and then deeply understand the experience and lessons left by this historical fact, and then further grasp the subject image. It is necessary to find out whether to borrow the past to satirize the present, or cherish the past to hurt the present, or entrust the past to hurt the present.
Frontier poems prevailed in Tang and Song Dynasties. By describing the exotic scenery, arduous war and heroic sacrifice of the frontier fortress, the author expresses his enthusiasm for serving the country, his desire for making contributions to the country, his sigh that there is no way to serve the country, or his resentment against years of fighting and leaving his hometown.
To appreciate the images and ideological content of ancient poetry, we should also know some knowledge about the author's life and his time. For example, understanding Du Fu's social changes and repeated setbacks before and after the An Shi Rebellion will help to understand Du Fu's poems. For another example, due to the author's different times, the emotional tone of poetry is different, and the main images in poetry are also different. Brave and fearless in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, tragic and sorrowful in the mid-Tang Dynasty, the resentment of serving the country without a door in the Song Dynasty, and the desolation and melancholy of leaving home are all branded with the brand of the times.