PS； Rhetoric is included in writing techniques ~
The common rhetorical devices in poetry appreciation include metaphor, personification, rhetorical questions, metonymy, antithesis, exaggeration, setting off, allusions, translation, intertextuality and repetition.
A figure of speech in which another thing is different in nature but similar. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. The function of metaphor is to turn the unknown into the known; Can turn abstract into concrete, abstruse into easy to understand; Can make plain vivid.
Such as: Li He's "History of Horse": "The desert sand is like snow, and the Yanshan moon is like a hook. When you are a golden brain, step on the clear autumn. " Wan Li in Pingsha is like a battlefield scene covered with frost and snow in the moonlight. Most people may only feel sad and cold, but it has an unusual appeal to those who are determined to serve their country. Hook is a kind of machete, which is associated with the weapon image from the bright moon and also means eager to participate in combat. This poem uses metaphors to make the picture more vivid and to highlight the theme of the poem more easily.
Another example: Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting" "The lake is full of moonlight, and the mirror on the pool surface is not polished. Looking at the Dongting landscape from a distance, there is a green snail in the silver plate. This poem skillfully compares "snail" and compares Yin Hui under the bright moon to a green snail in a silver plate. The color is elegant and the landscape is integrated. The whole poem is full of pure scenery, with detailed descriptions and vivid metaphors, which is very interesting to read.
It is anthropomorphic to say that people are human beings, or simulacra to say that people are crops. By using analogy, we can express the author's strong love-hate relationship. It can make the narrative vivid and strengthen the artistic appeal of the article; You can describe intangible abstract things vividly, vividly and audibly.
For example, in "Singing Willow" by He in the Tang Dynasty, "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " Contrary to the previous writing, this poem does not use the slender image of Liu to describe the slim figure of a beauty, but uses anthropomorphic methods to turn Liu into a beauty "Jasper" and vividly depicts Liu's graceful face.
Han Yu's Late Spring: "A grass and a tree know that spring will come back soon, and all kinds of flowers will compete for Fang Fei. Huayang Jade Pod has no talent and thinking, but only solves the problem of flying snow. " The poet painted a picture of late spring with infinite vitality by personification. "Grass tree" is a heartless thing, but it can "know" and "fight", and there are also competing "talents"; Flowers bloom for fragrance, as if to keep spring; Even the original catkins and elm pods are not lonely. Come and join in the fun, dance with the wind and turn into snow.
In some poems, especially folk songs, in order to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion, the author often uses argot and pun rhetoric.
"This is a famous poem describing the feelings between men and women, and wrote a monologue about thinking about women's issues in Qin. The poet made a pun, expressing the spring of nature and reasoning about the love between men and women; It also uses the homonym of "silk" (thinking) and "branch" (knowing) to connect the feelings of missing between men and women in different places.
Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty wrote a Zhi Zhu poem: "The river is green and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. It rains in the east and rains in the west, but the road is sunny. " In this poem, "Qing" and "Qing" are homophones and puns. This is a love song written by the author in folk style. Judging from the first two poetic sentences, it is probably that a woman is sailing on the bank of the willow, and she hears young people who love her sing love songs to her on the shore, but that love is implicit, "better than love."
Borrow something relevant, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy can make the expression vivid, vivid, concrete and vivid, and can also make the language concise and implicit.
For example, Tu Mu's Red Cliff said, "I want to wash my hands of it before I lose my iron. Dongfeng does not follow Zhou Lang, and Tongquetai locks Er Qiao in spring. " The "east wind" in the text refers to the "fire attack" of Chibi; "Er Qiao" means Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao. Da Qiao is the wife of Sun Ce, the younger brother of Sun Quan, the general of Soochow, and Xiao Qiao is the wife of Zhou Yu, the commander-in-chief of Soochow. Their fate represents the fate of Dongwu. "Locking Er Qiao" in this article means that Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao were captured by Cao Cao, which means the fall of Wu Dong. Using "Lock the Second Bridge" as an excuse for Wu Dong's downfall is euphemistic and profound, and at the same time it can give people association and thinking.
An enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. Have outstanding characteristics of things, or reveal the essence of things, leaving a clear and profound impression on readers; Express the strong feelings of the speaker and the author, satirize or praise, and infect readers.
For example, Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pu: "White hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is as long as long. I wonder where I can find autumn frost in the mirror? " In this poem, the author's worry about white hair is as long as "Three thousands of feet" in an exaggerated way, which shows the depth of sorrow.
Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
For example, Du Fu's "Climbing Up" is composed of four sentences and eight sentences, which are round and natural, but there is no trace of an axe. "Boundless falling trees" and "endless Yangtze River" make the artistic conception of the poem appear broad and far-reaching, and the rustling leaves make people feel more colorful about the rolling water. More importantly, from here, I feel the pain that the poet's youth is fleeting and his ambition is hard to pay.
It consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. Its function is to concentrate the content and enhance the momentum; Clear organization and thorough explanation; The structure is neat and the rhythm is clear. In poetry, it is expressed as saying several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone.
Such as: Ma Zhiyuan's Jing Tian Sand? Qiu Si, "Old vines are crying, bridges are flowing, the old roads are sparse, the sun is setting, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world. "In the novel," an old tree with withered vines, a small bridge with flowing water, and an ancient road with a thin horse "are combined in pure name, forming a typical environment.
Ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.
For example, Aruvi's poem "Who is the hero in the world?" There is wine near the river, which is transverse to tso. Purple covers the yellow flag, which should be borrowed, and the east wind in Chibi. Even more shocked by Wolong in Nanyang, he became famous in the Eight Arrays. Three points in Dingzhong, one point in Xishu and one point in Jiangdong. "Start with a question, point out the topic, and lead to the following hierarchical description of the heroic performance of the Three Kingdoms.
Another example is Du Fu's Book of Letters: "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The green grass in spring stained the steps and the birds sang happily under the leaves. " The first sentence is caused by asking. Where is the ancestral temple? Jin Guancheng, thousands of miles away, looking from a distance, saw the cypress forest early, lush and extraordinary weather-that is where Zhuge Wuhou Temple is located. This couplet, straight to the point, falls freely, with two questions and answers, opens and closes itself, driving the whole article.
There is no doubt, but the answer lies in the problem, that is, the negative meaning is expressed in a positive form, and the positive meaning is expressed in a negative form. It has the function of strengthening tone, emotion and making people think so as to sing.
Such as: Wang Anshi's Diewu Jiangge: "The brave who are tired after many battles mourn, and it is difficult to return to the Central Plains after a defeat. Although Jiangdong disciples are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you? " The last two sentences are rhetorical questions, which are cold in tone and emphasize the inevitability of history.
Put two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. Use contrast, or make the contradiction of opposing things stand out clearly, reveal the essence, and give people profound enlightenment; Or make the two opposing aspects of things set off against each other and complement each other, giving people a deep impression.
For example, Li Bai's "Visit to Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned with all their finery. Maids are like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. " The poet showed us two pictures: one is that the King of Yue defeated the State of Wu and returned home in triumph. The soldiers all took off their shirts and put on "Jin Yi" to show off their exploits to the people of China. Ladies-in-waiting are dressed like flowers and enjoy themselves in the palace; The other is "only partridges fly today"-there are only a few partridges flying around the old site of the city now, and the victory and excitement of the past have long since vanished. In the poem, there is a sharp contrast between the prosperity of the past and the desolation of today, expressing the ups and downs. The use of contrast highlights the theme and makes people think deeply.
Another example is Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing: "Half of our soldiers died at the front, but the other half is still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp." Comparing the death of soldiers on the battlefield with the indulgence of the general, the image is vivid and profound.
Intertextuality is also called "mutual talk", "mutual understanding" and "mutual understanding". Its characteristics are that the context echoes and complements each other, and the rhetorical function is concise and implicit, saving words and expanding the capacity of poetry.
In ancient times, it was divided into the following categories:
Intertextuality of a single sentence means that in the same sentence, two words are complementary in meaning. For example, Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip and I, the master has dismounted and the guest has boarded his boat, actually say: "The master disembarked from the boat and the guest disembarked from the boat." Wang Changling's "The Great Wall" "The month of Qin Dynasty closed the Han Dynasty, and people did not return on the Long March." This poem literally means "the moon shines in Qin Dynasty, and the traffic is closed in Han Dynasty". In fact, it should be understood as "the bright moon in Qin and Han Dynasties, the gateway to Qin and Han Dynasties".
Intertextuality means that the next sentence contains the words that have appeared in the previous sentence, and the previous sentence contains the words that will appear in the next sentence, so the meanings of the sentence and the sentence are complementary. According to the relationship between the upper and lower sentences, dual intertextuality can be divided into synonyms and antonyms. Synonymous antitheses are intertextual, such as: "When the window is decorated with clouds, the mirror is yellow" (Mulan Poetry). Face the window, face the mirror, comb your hair like a cloud and stick yellow flowers on your face. Antisense antithesis intertextuality such as: "My road is full of petals-I didn't clean it for others, my thatched door has been closed-but now it's open for you." (Du Fu's "Guest Arrivals"). Literally, the front and back sentences are opposite, but in the sense, both sentences have extra-words, which are a combination of positive and negative. That is, "my road is full of petals-I swept it for others, which is the beginning of your sweeping;" My thatched cottage door has been closed-but it's opened for you now and has never been opened by a guest. " This intertextual sentence has simpler words and richer meanings.
Intertextuality refers to an intertextual sentence pattern in which two intertextual sentences are separated by other sentences. For example: "Ten days and eight days, friends are like a cloud: meeting thousands of miles, a happy event." (Preface to Wang Bo Wang Teng Pavilion). Here, "Ten-day holiday" and "Welcome to Wan Li" are separate sentences, and "Friends are like clouds" and "Wedding" are intertextual. The interweaving of "winning friends", "valued friends", "like clouds" and "full house" is a supplementary explanation. It should be interpreted as: winning friends is like a cloud, and winning friends is full; Wedding, friends are like clouds.
A rhetorical device connecting sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. This rhetorical device is not only manifested in the emotional appropriation when concrete things are compared with each other, but also in the spiritual exchange when abstract things are materialized.
For example, Lang Shiyuan's "Listen and Blow the Sheng next door": "The phoenix blows like a rosy cloud, and I don't know whose house it is outside the wall. The heavy door is locked and nowhere to be found. There are thousands of trees and flowers. " In this poem, "Phoenix blows like the sound of rosy clouds" means that Sheng Qu seems to fall from the sky, which is extremely remarkable. The author transforms auditory feelings into visual impressions, which gives readers a more vivid and concrete feeling and indirectly sets off the lightness and freshness of Sheng music.
Lin Bu's "Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden": "All fragrant people shake off their unique beauty and occupy a small garden." Mottled shadows hang obliquely on the clear shallow water, and their fragrance spreads peacefully in the moonlight evening. "Cold birds want to fly, first peek at plum blossoms; Butterflies will be enchanting if they know the beauty of plum blossoms. Fortunately, there is a slight rhyme to talk about, and there is no need for a golden statue. " The poem vividly depicts the expression image of plum blossoms by the pool in Sunset Red: the clear water in the mountains reflects the sparse branches of plum blossoms, and the dim moonlight at dusk sets off the quietness and remoteness of plum fragrance. In The Dark Fragrance of the Moon and Evening, the author uses the visual "darkness" to describe the smell "fragrance", which highlights the characteristics of plum blossom and clearly and skillfully shows the beautiful, noble and dignified, quiet and tranquil temperament charm of plum blossom.
In order to highlight the main things, describe the related things first. As a foil, this rhetorical method is called foil. This rhetorical method can be divided into positive contrast and negative contrast according to the different relationship between the subject and the background. Using the approximate conditions of one thing to set off another thing is called positive contrast; Using the opposite condition of one thing to set off another thing is called contrast.
For example, "The cicada forest is quieter, and Tonamiyama is quieter" in Wang Ji's "Into the Stream", which describes the unparalleled quietness of the forest with the dynamic contrast of quietness. Su Shunqin's "Summer Meaning": "The summer in the other courtyard is deep and clear, and the pomegranate is full of curtains. Shades are everywhere, saying it's noon. If I dream of an warbler, I'll call. " The euphemistic singing of the oriole sets off the silence and tranquility of the deep courtyard at noon.
In order to highlight a certain meaning and emphasize a certain feeling, the rhetorical device of repeating a certain word or sentence is deliberately used. Repeated use can make poetry sigh, return to the circle tactfully and enhance the lyrical effect of poetry.
Such as: Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream" "I often remember the sunset in Xiting, I don't know the way home, I return to the boat at night, and I mistakenly enter the depths of the lotus. Fight for the ferry, fight for the ferry, and open a beach of gulls and herons. " Through the repetition of "fighting for the ferry, fighting for the ferry", it shows the hero's eagerness to paddle quickly, and writes the natural modality of girls' enthusiasm, liveliness and free play.
"thimble", also known as "thimble" and "Julian", uses the end of the last article (a word or sentence) as the beginning of the next article, making the sentences coherent, compact, smooth and lively.
Such as: "Autumn Colors in the Han Palace" third fold [Mei Huajiu] "Ah! I feel sorry for this desolate place. The grass has turned yellow, and the rabbit has long been frosted. The dog faded, the man raised his tassel gun, the horse was loaded with ammunition, and the car was carrying food, hunting in the paddock. He, he and he, sadly resigned from the Han Lord; Me, me, me, hand in hand on the river beam. He went from poverty to famine, and I went back to Xianyang. Go back to Xianyang and cross the palace wall; Cross the palace wall and bypass the cloister; Around the cloister, near the pepper room; Near the pepper room, the moon is hazy; The moon is bright and the night is cool; The night is very cold, and I cry cold; Crying cold, green screen window; Green screen window, forget it! " Go back to Xianyang and cross the palace wall; Crossing the palace wall and bypassing the cloister ... "... not only does this song have the rhythm beauty of ups and downs, but also shows the melancholy of hatred, lovesickness and twists and turns left by the Han and Yuan emperors.
Citation: Stories or words in ancient books are often quoted in classical poetry, which is called functional allusions. The use of allusions enriches the content of poetry. Such as 1996 college entrance examination poetry appreciation of a Song Yuan, Aruvi's "[disyllabic] laurel?" Yong Shi: Who is the hero in the world? There is wine near the river, which is transverse to tso. Purple covers the yellow flag, which should be borrowed, and the east wind in Chibi. Even more shocked by Wolong in Nanyang, he became famous in the Eight Arrays. Three points tripod, one point west Shu, one point east. The main technique used in this poem is "allusion". For poems with allusions, we need to understand the meaning of allusions in order to understand poems. The most typical is Xin Qiji's Song of Eternal Sorrow? Five allusions have been successfully used in Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou.
Suppress: Speak the negative side and the positive side at the same time, and only emphasize one of them, so as to suppress one and promote the other. According to the form, cadence can be divided into two types: first rising and then suppressing.
Give an example of trying to suppress before promoting. For example, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng: the propaganda room asks for a virtuous person to visit the minister, and Jia Sheng's tone is even more incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. The first two sentences of this poem are written from the front without any derogatory meaning, as if they warmly praised Wendy's thirst for virtue, his open-mindedness and his admiration for Jia Sheng. But after reading the last two sentences, I suddenly realized that the original intention of earnestly seeking talents, asking for advice with an open mind, confiding in one's heart and even "confinement" is not to seek the way of governing the country and reassuring the people, but to "ask ghosts and gods"! What exactly is this pursuit of sages, and what does it mean to sages? Irony, meanness, deep feelings and no inhibition can not achieve this effect.
Give an example that you want to promote first. Zhao Xilu's Plum Blossom Rhyme on the Cliff of Xiao Bing: "The ice posture is clean and flawless, and Chu Shi's home is by the stream outside the bamboo. If the peony blooms early, who will see the plum blossoms in the snow? " Three or four sentences in the poem have a whim: If the peony blooms earlier than the plum blossom, who will take care of the plum blossom in the snow? However, peony will not bloom before plum blossom after all. Poets should first publicize that only plum blossoms with pure ice crystals can bloom in Leng Xue and win people's favor. When candidates encounter such expression skills, they should carefully analyze the objects that poets preach and suppress, and don't distort the original intention.
Association is to connect one thing with another related thing, or to connect similar features in things to form a pattern. Lenovo, like imagination, is often adopted by romantic poets.
Such as: He Zhangzhi's "Singing Willow", "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of threads of moss hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The poet linked drooping willow branches and graceful flowers with green ribbons, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic colors, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow leaves.
Imagine people's thinking process of creating new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis on the basis of existing materials and ideas.
For example, Li Bai often integrates reality with dreams, fairyland, nature with human society. His "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" is full of poems that let go of thoughts, and the poet's imagination is like a wild imagination. The dreamland and fairyland depicted by him are the bright and beautiful ideal world he yearns for.
Another example: Li Shangyin's "Short Message to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night" "Ask Jun to return, and the rain will rise in the autumn pool in the evening. When * * * cuts the candle at the west window, it talks about the rain at night. " The original intention of the poem was to express the author's memory of his wife, but it was not written directly. Instead, it wrote "When * * * was cutting candles at the west window, it was raining late". The poet galloped to imagine the reunion with his wife. At the time of "cutting the candle at the west window", it is surprising to recall the wonder of the idea of "late rain" today. It is also reasonable to put yourself in it.
A means of expression in symbolic literary creation, which expresses abstract concepts, thoughts or emotions with the help of concrete images. Its characteristic is to make use of some similarities between symbols and symbolized objects, so that some contents of symbolized objects can be expressed implicitly and vividly. It is deeper and wider than the general metaphor, and the artistic image of some works is even expressed by symbolic means. Such as: "Climbing Cliff City" (Li Deyu) "Castle Peak seems to want to keep people around the county." These two sentences describe the green hills surrounded by mountains, where the counties and cities are under strict blockade and heavy barriers, symbolizing the persecution of political enemies and writing down the sadness of homesickness.
"BuOperator" (Ge Lifang) "The water is red and the pulse is prosperous. Gradually, the west wind was faint with smoke, and the emergency electricity was sparse. A glass of wine is very attractive to you. The leaves are as red as a wine boat, and the clouds are flowing. " (Note: Water is another name for lotus. Q: This word makes good use of reduplication in language. What's the artistic effect? Please briefly appreciate the whole word? Analysis: the word uses more reduplicated words, and every sentence has reduplicated words, which constantly set off each other and are natural and appropriate. These overlapping words not only vividly shape the image of lotus, but also show the poet's interest in life, forming a light and harmonious artistic conception and a beautiful rhythm like flowing water.
For example, Liu Yuxi's Taicheng: "The six generations of Taicheng were actually luxurious, and Chun Qing was the most luxurious. The front door of every household has become a weed because of a flower in the backyard. " The whole poem takes Taicheng, the place where the emperors lived in politics in the Yuan Dynasty, as the title, and describes the dissolute life of the Six Dynasties, which is in sharp contrast with the desolate scene of overgrown weeds, and makes a shocking concrete image of serious historical lessons, and entrusts with infinite feelings of mourning for the past.
Another example: Li Qingzhao's quatrains "Life is a hero, and death is also a ghost hero. I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. " Praise the heroic spirit of Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, and condemn the behavior of the Song Dynasty who fled south without thinking about going north; Concise, quite heroic.
Wang Bo's "Ascending the Mountain in Nine Days in Shu" was called Wang Xiangtai on September 9, and he went to Fujian in other places. Human feelings hate south suffering. Where did Hongyan come from? [Note] That is, why, why.
This book of songs is often said in everyday language, which is simple, friendly and clear. The last sentence is a rhetorical device, which seems to be "the language is not surprising and endless", but in fact it makes the author's homesickness more prominent and intense.
Rendering is originally a technique of Chinese painting. Where it needs to be emphasized, the picture is painted with ink or light color to show the image of yin and yang, so as to enhance the artistic effect. Poetry is often used to describe the environment, scenery and so on. These descriptions are positive in many ways to highlight the image. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feelings": "The wood falls to the south, and the water is cold with the north wind. My hometown is Xiangshui District, a southern country surrounded by clouds. I walked forward. I cried until my tears ran out and I returned to the sky. Asking questions in advance is getting rougher and rougher. It's getting dark. " This poem is about the poet's homesickness and confusion about the future when he roams the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the cold autumn. The first pair of couplets, "Wild geese fly south, the water is cold with the north wind", describes the scene of late autumn. The leaves of konoha gradually fall off, the geese in the north fly, and the north wind howls, rendering a cold and sad atmosphere in autumn. Poets grasp the most representative things to describe the autumn chill from the front, which is a rendering technique.
Contrast is a traditional landscape painting technique in China, in which ink or color is used to draw outside the outline of the object, making the object stand out obviously. Used in poetry, it refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, to make the things to be expressed more vivid and prominent. For example, Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (I): "Jade dew withers and hurts the maple forest, and Wushan Wuxia is angry. Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog. Congcong tears, alone in the boat. Cold clothes push knives everywhere, and Baidicheng is anxious. " The first pair of couplets focuses on the big picture, describing the bleak scene of Xiao Sha in late autumn. The couplets describe the harmony between heaven and earth, the closure of the great river, the turmoil and gloom. Such a scene shows the ups and downs of the poet and the sadness in his chest to the fullest. These scenery descriptions are intentional from the side, with pen and ink on the scenery, but actually vividly contrast the poet's thoughts and feelings, which is a foil technique.
Many times, the theory of rendering contrast does not mean that the two can be equal, but only that the two expressions are often closely combined. Especially in poetry works that express feelings through scenery, it is often used to describe the scenery and shape the artistic conception first, and then to set off the feelings of the characters through the scenery (artistic conception). Generally speaking, we say that we play up the atmosphere and set off the emotions. Like Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" above, it first renders a cold and bleak atmosphere in autumn, and then through this atmosphere, it sets off the poet's homesickness and gloom about the future. Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (Part I) first rendered a gloomy and tragic atmosphere, and then used this atmosphere to set off his inner feelings.
Set-off is to use similar or opposite conditions between things to highlight what is to be expressed with some things as a set-off. It can make the things that are set off more prominent and vivid. There are two types of foil: positive and negative. Using similar conditions of things to set off is positive contrast; To set off with the opposite conditions of things is to contrast. It emphasizes "lining" one of them through the emblem of joint pain For example, Cui Hu's "South Village of the Capital": "Last year today, at this gate, peach blossoms set each other off. People don't know where to go, and peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. " This is a lyric poem. In the seemingly narrative, the author compares today last year with today this year, highlighting the sentimental feeling that the peach blossom is "still there" but the face is no longer there. The key point here is to set off (contrast) this year's loneliness and sadness with the joy of last year through the paralyzing emblem!
Contrast is a way to express the opposite things before and after, or scenery, or environment, or characters, or feelings, so that people can feel something from it, convey the poet's intention more strongly and clearly, and enhance the artistic effect. It emphasizes to express some intention more clearly and strongly through the symbol of joint pain. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers went home. Maids-in-waiting are like flowers in Man Chun Temple, but only partridges are flying today. " The poet uses the method of contrast to form a strong contrast between the past and the present, so that readers can clearly feel the impermanence of historical ups and downs. The key point here is to make people feel a certain philosophy clearly and strongly through the comparison between the past and the present, rather than highlighting one of them.
Contrast and contrast have the meaning of contrast, and they are all done by comparing something (or image or emotion). However, foil has primary and secondary points, and what is foil shows what is foil; It is used to highlight things that are set off. The contrast shows that they are opposites, and the two opposites are interdependent rather than subordinate. So don't confuse these two kinds of rhetoric.
The foil has been introduced. No matter what kind of foil it is, it emphasizes that two things make one of them stand out more by comparison. Stay in a "lining", with special emphasis on things that are similar or relative. For example, in Cui Hu's "South Village of the Capital" mentioned earlier, the poet compared two relative scenes, namely "Peach Blossom's face is red" and "Peach Blossom still smiles at the spring breeze when its face is unknown" to express his inner disappointment and loneliness. By comparing these two things with the same "quality", we can highlight today's sadness with the joy of last year. I have also introduced contrast before, emphasizing the description or arrangement of a thing from the side to make its image more prominent. Landing is not necessarily something similar or relative, but emphasizes "baking" things horizontally. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" mentioned earlier, the first two couplets describe the scenery and render the artistic atmosphere; The last two couplets express their homesickness and gloomy future. Although artistic conception style and artistic conception have internal similarities, they are not similar or relative to "quality", and there is no relationship between highlighting one side through comparison, so they are not foil. The cold and sad artistic atmosphere is like an external decoration for the author's mood and emotion. This artistic atmosphere exudes the author's inner anxiety and confusion. Although it seems to be writing a scene, it is actually describing the author's emotions from the side and outside. Therefore, the description of scenery and the rendering of artistic conception are a foil to the author's emotional expression.
Textual structure skills of poetry
In the structural arrangement of poetry, the poet is also original. The commonly used structural mode is coordination from beginning to end, straight to the point, in-depth layer by layer, first general and then sub-division, then transition, bedding and bedding.
Layer upon layer rendering and bedding
Such as: Su Zhe's "Wangjiang Up the Mountain": "Wangjiang is on the dry cliff mountain, and the deserted village is as red as crimson. When I turned around at night, I said I was lonely and went to a new painting. Qian Shan is newer and darker, but now it's cute and believable. Only the strongest show in Wushan is still worth coming from afar. " This poem depicts a series of beautiful scenes through layers of color rendering: "barren village", "misty new painting at sunset" and "front mountain" with updated colors, which makes the poet stop and sigh-who knows, lovely and believe today! But who knows the strongest show in Wushan? Layer by layer rendering, to achieve good artistic effect.
Anterior and posterior anaphora
In some poems, poets often express their or others' feelings by comparing the past with the present, others with me and things with me.
For example, Lu You's "Complaint" said: "In those days, Wanli sought to seal Hou and rode to Liangzhou. Where is the dream of closing the river, the dust darkens the old mink and fur. The Hu people are still alive, the temples are frosty in autumn, and the affectionate tears are dry. Who knows that in this life, my heart is in Tianshan and I am always in Cangzhou! " This poem is divided into two parts: the second part takes care of the first part. "Heart in Tianshan Mountain" corresponds to the sentence "that year"; The sentence of "old and pale" corresponds to the sentence of "dream of closing the river", aiming at forming contrast and expressing the poet's desolate mood of grief and indignation.
Of course, reference will also be manifested in the reference of poetry content and title.
Contrast is widely used in poetry because of its hierarchical characteristics and strong structure.
Such as: Ouyang Xiu's "Thrushcross Birds": "Hundreds of voices follow, and the flowers are red and purple. I don't know if it is better to lock it in a golden cage and cry freely on the earth. " This poem uses the method of contrast: the first two sentences (writing freely and singing thrush freely) are in contrast with the last two sentences (writing thrush is trapped in a cage and loses its freedom), and the structure is clear. Express the author's attack on the phenomenon of imprisoning ideas and binding talents and his yearning for freedom of speech and the ideal of liberating talents.
Get the whole picture from small details
Poetry is full of associations, which can often be realized by typical and symbolic methods and with the help of people's life experience.
In 2004, the college entrance examination in Hubei Province examined Wang Wan's "A berth under the Beibao Mountain", and its neck couplet "The Last Night in Yue Sheng" and "Spring Entering the Old Year" both indicated the alternation of time series, but people thought that "the sea moon" drove away all darkness, and the spring broke the old year and drove away the severe winter. Here, not only the scenery is vivid and the narrative is accurate, but also the life truth with universal significance is displayed. The above technique is to grasp the small scenery with typical characteristics and arouse the big scene and realm in the reader's mind. When appreciating such expressive skills, students should give full play to their imagination and look at the whole poem from the accumulation and feelings of life.
For example, Du Mu's Red Cliff said: "Iron is not sold, but it was washed away by the former dynasty. Dongfeng does not follow Zhou Lang, and Tongquetai locks Er Qiao in spring. " Although it is a trivial matter to write "Er Qiao" in this poem, it has a lot to do with Wu Dong's hegemony. The survival of the overlord, like the fate of "Er Qiao", is also World War I.. If even "Er Qiao" was captured by Cao Cao, then the whole Wu Dong can be imagined. So it's not that Du Mu doesn't understand the quality of his ideas, but that he uses the technique of seeing the big from the small.
Such as: "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" (Li Bai) "An can persuade the eyebrows to bow down and serve the dignitaries. Who will not suffer and be treated with sincerity?" It expresses the poet's mind that he is free and free, and does not bend his back for five buckets of rice. For example, "It's hard to go to the sky" (Li Bai) "One day, I will ride the wind and waves and send it straight to Yun Fan." It shows the poet's open-mindedness in realizing his ideal.
Another example is Wang Zhihuan's "In the Lodge of Herons": "It is said that the mountains are exhausted and the oceans are exhausted. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " This poem has always been famous. The first two sentences paint a magnificent picture of landslides and the Yellow River rushing, while the last two sentences are the finishing touch, taking people to a higher level, climbing up again and exhausting the beauty of the world. The whole poem contains profound philosophy, lofty passion, heroic grandeur and profound artistic conception in depicting the magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland.