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Dynasty: Qing dynasty
Author: Tan Sitong
Works: the wall in prison
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Looking forward to James Zhang,
Treat Dugan.
I smiled at the sky from the horizontal knife,
Go and stay in two Kunlun mountains.
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1. knife: butcher knife 2. Thinking: memory
3. James Zhang: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, James Zhang was falsely accused of forming a party for personal gain and fled. When he saw his family, he went in to hide and was protected along the way.
4. Dugan: During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dugan wrote to ask Queen Deng to hand over the political power to Andi. The queen mother was furious and ordered Dugan to be put into a bag and killed. The law enforcers sympathized with him and let him escape. After the death of the Queen Mother, he was reinstated.
Edit the translation of this paragraph.
When I looked at the door, I thought of James Zhang.
Hold back the grief of death and think about Dugan.
I want to laugh at the enemy's sword.
The loyalty of reformists (those who stayed and those who fled) is like two Kunlun mountains.
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The first sentence in Tan's poem: "Thinking is thinking". James Zhang's "door-to-door" biography of the Later Han Dynasty is called "door-to-door". Li Li was stunned: "Stop, that's enough. The ancient prose ends at the toes. " According to the legend of James Zhang in the later Han Dynasty, James Zhang was "desperate to escape, desperate to stop fame, and compatible with his family". "What it experienced was that more than a dozen people were at a loss, all the people were wiped out, and the counties were broken." This allusion is used in the first sentence of Tan's poem, which means that Tan doesn't want to put all his eggs in one basket and make his relatives and friends tired.
Tan Shi's second sentence: "Be patient with Dugan for a moment". After the biography of Han Du Genchuan, Emperor An of the Eastern Han Dynasty said, "He and Deng later went to the imperial court." Dugan is older than Andy, so he has to mind his own business. He wrote to persuade the Queen Mother to return to politics. The queen mother took root and ordered sheng to slap the bag and kill it. Fortunately, the punishment didn't work. She faked her death and fled to the mountains as a bartender. Tan's poem means that Dugan was guilty and didn't write to the Empress Dowager, asking her to return to Guangxu. It uses the word "shame", which is the poet's advice. Because according to the traditional moral concept, Tan should first consider how to reconcile the feelings of Guangxu's mother and son, but Tan didn't, because Tan thought it was useless to write to the Empress Dowager.
Tan Shishi's third sentence: "I smile from the horizontal knife to the sky." "Once"? "Biography of Xu Yu": "I would rather crouch on the European knife to show my distance." Prince Tang Zhang Huai's note: "Ou Dao is a knife to punish people." Ren Hua's "Master Huai Su's Cursive Music": "The blade is as good as the European sword." A sword can also be called a knife. Knife Europe, or should be interpreted as smelting Europe. The meaning of Tan's poem is: The new party should not flee, not remonstrate, but use force. Today's plan was unsuccessful, and Tan was so happy that he died.
Tan Shi's fourth sentence: "Go and stay in the two Kunlun Mountains". Guangxu sent a letter to Yang Ruimi, in which he told the new party not to violate the will of the Queen Mother. The new party did not listen to Guangxu's will, but planned to dispatch troops around the Summer Palace. Tan believes that this is an extraordinary measure to protect species and education. ..... The word "public crime" in Tan's poems is by no means a mistake of the word "merit crime". Tan's poem means that encircling the Summer Palace is a public crime, and the gains and losses are left for future generations to discuss.
Edit the introduction of the author of this paragraph.
Tan Sitong (1865- 1898) was born in Liuyang (now Liuyang County, Hunan Province). He used to be Zhang Jing's alternate sheriff and military minister. I traveled with my father since I was a child and traveled all over China to get familiar with the social situation at that time. He is a radical reformist. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, he resented China's weakness, actively engaged in reform activities, severely criticized autocratic monarchy and feudal ethics, and became a radical among bourgeois reformists. 1898 participated in the Reform Movement of 1898, was arrested for the coup in 1898, and died generously. Author of The Complete Works of Tan Sitong.
Precautions:
Wait for the door to stop-I plan to stay when I see others, and describe the urgency on the way to escape.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, James Zhang, a Gaoping native, was impeached by the eunuch Hou Lan, falsely accused of cronyism and forced to flee. People value his reputation and conduct and are willing to take risks to accept him.
This sentence assumes that Kang, Liang and others who escape will be rescued.
Treat Dugan for a while-here the author compares himself with Dugan who endured death. Dugan: When Emperor An of the Eastern Han Dynasty became a doctor, he angered the Empress Dowager because he asked Empress Deng, who was in charge of politics, to return to the emperor. He was killed and fell to his death, but he didn't die because of the mercy of the executor. Stealth restaurant, after the death of Empress Dowager Deng, was restored as a consultant.
Going and staying in two Kunlun Mountains-Metaphorically, those who go and stay are aboveboard, sincere and as lofty as Kunlun Mountains. Go: Run. Refers to Kang Heliang; Stay: refer to yourself.
After the failure of the political reform, the die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi persecuted the reformists. Tan sitong didn't want to escape and take refuge, so he decided to wake people up with his own blood. In prison, he wrote this magnificent poem. One or two sentences skillfully use allusions to place high hopes on exiled comrades and express the belief that the cause of political reform will eventually succeed. The last two sentences express enthusiasm for death and pride in the lofty aspirations of reformers. It can be described as earth-shattering and sobbing.
Another Interpretation of Prison Wall
First of all, Zhao Wen's explanation makes the meanings of Tan Shi's fourth and third sentences repeat, which is impossible in quatrains. Secondly, this solution makes the poetic expression of the whole poem, especially the last two sentences of the poem, not only inconsistent with the tragic and generous mood of the poet when writing poetry, but also different from the poetic expression of objective description first and then self-expression, and Zhao Wen seems to have contradictory words. He suddenly said that "going to stay" refers to the act of life and death, and suddenly said that "going to stay" refers to the actor of the act of going to stay. What it refers to is ambiguous in the text.
I clearly think that: First, "Kunlun" does not refer to people, but refers to the Kunlun Mountain that was created out of thin air. Secondly, "going to live" does not mean "going to live" and "living". In this poem of the poet, "going or staying" is not a coordinate verb phrase with opposite or opposite meanings, but a coordinate verb phrase with similar or identical meanings. Thirdly, "courage" refers not to brave people, but to noble spirit; Fourth, the overall poetry of "going to stay in the two Kunlun Mountains" is: going to stay as arrogant as the vast Kunlun Mountains! In other words, "stay as brave as Kunlun." -This poem is quite close to the taste of "Who has not died since ancient times, leaving a heart to look at history" in Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing Dingyang".
Why do I understand this? Because I believe that the interpretation of poetry should not only focus on the words, but also focus on the overall meaning of poetry, especially the specific historical background and specific psychological state of the poet. Especially for such a work that reflects major historical events, expresses the voice of justice and expresses self-mind, we should carefully ponder from the author's background, environment, mood and mood at that time.
As we all know, this poem was written on the prison wall by Tan Sitong before his death. On June 1898, 1 1 day, Emperor Guangxu issued the imperial edict of "Ding Mingshi Kingdom" and announced the political reform. On September 2 1898, Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu, and began to search for and slaughter reformists. At that time, Tan Sitong refused the suggestion that others wanted him to escape (Kang Youwei fled to Hong Kong via Shanghai, Liang Qichao fled to Japan via Tianjin), determined to die, and was willing to warn the people with his life. He said: "The political reform in every country is caused by bloodshed. Today, China has not shed blood because of political reform, and this country is not prosperous. If so, please start from the beginning. " The first two sentences of this poem accurately express the following contents: some people fled from refuge in a hurry, reminding people of James Zhang, who is upright and upright; Some people "endure death for a moment", voluntarily stay, not afraid of death, let more people come out and serve the rise and fall of the court in a down-to-earth and indomitable way, just like Dugan. The last two sentences of the poem mean: I, on the other hand, am going to my own death, impassioned; Smile proudly, awe-inspiring execution ground! What will be left is the courage and courage like the vast Kunlun Mountains!
The word "go to live" here refers to a behavior trend, which means "go to live" and "go to live" and has no substantive meaning. Tan Sitong is from Liuyang, Hunan. As far as I know, the southern dialect is the same as the current Mandarin, and the common usages are as follows: using "qu" to assist another verb to form a verb phrase or a verb phrase, and the meaning of this verb phrase or verb phrase is roughly the meaning of the latter verb, such as "think about it", "go to hell" and "what to do tomorrow". The "going" here does not mean going here and there in space, but refers to the behavior in time, the trend and trend of the situation. That is to say, "going" can mean displacement in the spatial sense or occurrence in the temporal sense. Judging from the meaning of the whole poem, the "going" in "Going to Two Kunlun Mountains" should be a "going" in the sense of time, not a "going" in the sense of space. Many people's understanding, including Mr. Zhao, just regards it as "going" in the spatial sense. And all the popular explanations are so self-contained. I think, at that time, Mandarin or northern dialect should also have this usage? Modern Chinese Dictionary and Cihai both record the important meaning of "qu".
Of course, writing "stay in the two Kunlun Mountains" is the need of poetic expression-including leveling. The whole meaning lies in that a person's heroic spirit is like the vast Kunlun Mountains. In fact, literally, leaving the "liver" like Kunlun and the "courage" like Kunlun, doesn't this also express the poet's death, heroism and generosity? It is that strong sense of sublimity and tragedy that inspires the poet's fearlessness of death and awe of the execution ground. This sentence expresses a strong sense of sublimity and tragedy that shocks people and destroys their future.
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1On September 28th, 898, six people, including Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Kang and so on, were killed in Beijing Caishikou. Before his execution, Tan Sitong shouted, "The thief is hopeless. A fair death honors the whole life! " And this is a desperate poem, a poem expressing the author's total despair, a poem written for himself in prison! The last two sentences of this poem refer to the poet himself, not others. Of course, "Kunlun" doesn't mean people, and "Kunlun" doesn't mean self-comparison and conceit. And "stay", I think what some people say, does not mean to go and stay or die forever. Think about it, "I cross my knife and go forward bravely." What a generous and tragic expression! And isn't this the true psychological portrayal of the poet at that time?
I think it is against the poet's original intention to semantically dismember the words "going to stay", "courage" and "two Kunlun mountains" and find two corresponding counterparts. The focus of this poem is not the narrative of events, but the narrative of mentality; The structure of the poem, it is just a progressive sentence, until the last sentence ends with a sigh, stirring! Therefore, I can't agree with the explanations of Liang Qichao, Fu and Zhao. And all their explanations, I think the key lies in misunderstanding the word "go or stay".
In addition, it should be pointed out that the difference in vowel pronunciation between "Lun" and "Gen" (modern) affects the artistic effect of the poem to some extent, although it still meets the rhyme requirements of metrical poetry (ancient); If they all rhyme with "en" or "un", their poetic expression will be more coherent and carefree.
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Author: Dai Wangshu
If I die here,
My friend, don't be sad,
I will live forever.
In your hearts.
One of you is dead,
In Japanese-occupied prisons,
The deep hatred he harbors,
You should always remember.
When you come back,
Dig out his injured limb from the soil,
With the cheers of your victory
Hold his soul high.
And put his bones on the top of the mountain,
Exposed to the sun and bathed in the wind;
In the dark and damp dungeon,
This is his only dream.
1April 27, 942
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The spirit of learning:
Devote oneself to the revolution
Fearless spirit
Adhere to ideals and beliefs
Rebellious spirit.
In the gloomy era when the vast majority of China people are willing to be slaves and oppressed, the image of a man who has faith and advanced ideals, runs for national awakening and finally gives his life is particularly vivid and touching.
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The poem "The Wall of Prison" was written on1April 24th, 942. This is a "disastrous day" for the poet to invade China in Japan and the whole people to resist Japan. In his own prison, he faced confessions of torture and death. Compared with the melancholy and gloom in his previous poems, the poet fully realized the true meaning of life in the face of death. He would rather die than surrender for freedom and light.
This is a realistic poem, and its meaning is clear at a glance. In the first verse of the poem, the poet assumes that he will die in prison, but advises his friend:' Don't be sad'. There is still hope in the sad mood:' I will live forever/in your heart'. In the second part, the poet's mood turned into anger-deep hatred for the Japanese invaders. In the third quarter, when coming back, the souls of the victims will be held high in the sound of celebrating victory. The fourth section continues the touching hope of the third section and expresses the dream of a soul whose body is imprisoned but loves sunshine and freedom:' put his bones on the mountain peak,/expose himself to the sun and bathe himself in the wind'.
Poems on the wall are not uncommon in China's classical poems. Wang Shu's Poem on the Wall in Prison clearly takes' friends' as the reader, which secretly conveys double meanings: first, the poem written for friends actually needs the wall, indicating that the poet is trapped in a dark and humid prison and lost his freedom; Second, it also shows the determination to die generously for the sake of national justice and the confidence that victory will eventually come. The mood of the poem "The Wall of Prison" changes from grief and indignation to tragic and then tragic, which truly conveys the poet's mood in the face of death and reflects the spirit of the whole Chinese nation's struggle to the death with an individual's situation and mood.