Hard-pen calligraphy, regular script poems, pictures and ancient poems: ancient poems, also known as ancient styles, are written according to the practice of ancient poems, and their forms are relatively free and not bound by rules. Judging from the number of words in poetry, there are four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four words are four words, five words are five words and seven words are seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so they were usually divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems; The use of three, five and seven characters at the same time is generally considered as seven ancient characters.
From the literary style, the typical style of the Seven Dynasties is correct, solemn and elegant, while the typical style of singing is elegant and gorgeous. The preface to essays thinks? Is the seven-character ancient poem more expensive and ancient in style than the sentence? Say it again? Let love talk and sing? 、? The body is like a running script. These two styles are different from each other. On seven ancient stories in poetry:? Ancient poetry is embarrassed by style, but it is closely related to temperament, but the poems are short and irregular, so they have great thinking ability. Li and Du Zhicai, not only in ancient poems, but also in songs. ? In addition to the seven ancient and seven laws, the seven-character songs are regarded as one because of their different styles. "Zhao Wei Yan Yan" said? The seven ancient characters are wonderful, simple, clumsy, trivial, curved, hard and light, all of which are indispensable. It always boils down to saying old? Say it again? Where is the Song Line? Do you want a man policeman? . ? Men? That is, love words are swaying and flowing; ? Police? That is, upright and dignified, sophisticated language. These comments all reveal the differences in aesthetic styles between seven-character ancient poems and seven-character songs. Although it was once popular to write poems with seven ancient styles and poems with seven ancient styles in specific poetry creation, it is not difficult to see the difference between them on the whole. For example, Du Fu's Notes on Examining Korea, Lu Tong's Poem on Eclipse, Han Yu's Poem on Hengshan Temple Don't Me, and Li Shangyin's Han Bei can only be a seven-character ancient poem; However, Wang Wei's Peach Blossom Star, Li Bai's Climbing in the Dream of Tianmu Mountain, Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Wei Zhuang's Ode to Fu Qin can only be seven-character poems.
There are many ways to express ancient poems, which were first popular in China. What are the traditional ways of expression? Fu, Bi and Xing? . Preface to Mao Poetry says:? Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is prosperity, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is ode. ?
There is a quatrain called:? Three lights, the sun, the moon and the stars, four poems? .
This? Liu Yi? Yes,? Wind, elegance, praise? Refers to the poetry types in The Book of Songs. Fu, Bi and Xing? It's an expression in poetry.
Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems:? Fu, fu and outspoken. ? For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.
Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie in Wen Xin Diao Long? Bi xing said:? And what is comparison? Cover things with accessories and threaten them with broken objects. ? Zhu Dui said, Compare this thing with another thing. ? For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.
Xing: It is a technique that Confucius said in Mao Shi Zheng Yi in the Tang Dynasty, that is, starting with things, going straight to the subject, describing things and expressing thoughts and feelings. Ye Qi traveler. For example, to learn from others, from their own hearts, those who quote plants, birds and animals in poetry and prose are happy to say what it means. ? Zhu pointed out more clearly: if you are excited, you should say something else first to arouse the words you sing. ? For example, in The Book of Songs, articles such as Guan Ju and Yao Tao were used. Xing? Means of expression.
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. In short, a symbol? Symbolic? However, in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul, which should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:
1. Compare. Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: What is Bi Xing? Or metaphor, or appearance, or thought, or analogy. ? There are many examples in the poems we listed before. In comparison, there is another common technique, that is? Personification? Imitate people with things, or imitate people with things. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Release? Cloud? Liu Jin? Treat them like people. People imitate things, such as love born by the wind: my heart/as bright as the candlelight in front of your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/born by the wind/? Light a lamp with the love of a lifetime/I am a fire/it may go out at any time/because of the wind. Release? My heart? Compare it to candlelight and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is still? Personification? .
2. exaggeration. Is to enlarge what you want to describe, like in the movie? Capitalize? Close-up? Lens to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's? Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun? (To Wang Lun)? Is it suspected that the Milky Way will fall for nine days after flying to thousands of feet? ("Looking at Lushan Waterfall"), which says? Thousands of feet deep? Three thousand feet? Although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers, but also convincing and surprising. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: a cotton bag/pushing the truck head up/up, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun. ? After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good.
3. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. Ai Qing said this? Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and freeze those who pass by and change. ?
To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in Tang Dynasty, sang on a donkey? Birds inhabit the trees by the pool, and monks push the moon down the door? , but feel useful? The monk knocked at the door? It doesn't matter. What is this? Push? Or? Knock? He couldn't make up his mind, so he gestured with his hand Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards took Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told him truthfully. Korea thoughtfully for a long time, this just typing said. Because? Knock? There is a sound, in a moonlit mountain area, there is one or two knock on the door, which makes the scene? Live broadcast? Get up and the environment is quieter. The night parking near Fengqiao mentioned above? Martial arts? Bell? It is also the crowning touch of this poem. And the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa Story? Like pouring pearls, big and small, into a plate of jade? A paragraph, and very realistic, very wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": there is that rock/beyond stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/vaguely/at dawn/the morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like the gushing spring of a lonely mountain/distant response/vaguely knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/sunrise/tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.