Tang Dynasty: Wang Changling
It is still the moon and border pass in Qin and Han dynasties, and the enemy has fought a protracted war.
If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.
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Or the bright moon and the border pass in Qin and Han Dynasties, and Wan Li, who was guarding the border pass and fighting the enemy, has not returned yet.
If Wei Qing, the flying general of Dragon City, was still here, he would never let the Huns go south to herd horses and spend the Yinshan Mountain.
To annotate ...
1. But manufacturing: as long as.
2. Dragon City Flying General Army: According to the Biography of Han Weiqing and Huo Qubing, in the sixth year of Yuanguang (129 BC), Wei Qing was a general, riding a chariot, went out of the valley to Cage City and beheaded hundreds of people. Yan Shigu noticed that "cage" and "dragon" are the same. Feilong refers to Wei Qing's surprise attack on Dragon City. Among them, some people think that Flying Dragon City refers to Li Guang, a general of Han Fei, and Dragon City is the Lulong City in the Tang Dynasty (Lulong City is the place where Li Guang trained in the Han Dynasty, located near xifengkou, Hebei Province, and is the seat of Youbeiping County in the Han Dynasty). Throughout Li Guang's life, he spent most of his time fighting the Huns to prevent them from plundering the border. Moreover, every time the Huns attacked the Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, almost all of them sent Li Guangdang as the satrap, so this statement makes sense.
3. Don't teach: don't call, don't let. Teach, let.
Huma: refers to foreign cavalry invading the mainland.
5. Degree: Over. On the long border, the war has never stopped, and the soldiers who went to the frontier to fight have not returned. If General Wei Qing who attacked Liuzhou and General Li Guang who flew in were alive today, they would never let the enemy cross the Yinshan Mountain.
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This is a good frontier poem, which expresses the poet's desire to be a good general, to calm the frontier war as soon as possible and let the people live a stable life.
The poet begins with a description of the scenery, and the first sentence outlines a desolate scene of Leng Yue looking at the border. "The Moon of Qin Dynasty was broken in Han Dynasty" cannot be understood as the Moon of Qin Dynasty was broken in Han Dynasty. Here, Qin, Han, Guan and Yue are used alternately, which is called intertextuality in rhetoric, meaning bright moon in Qin and Han dynasties and Guan in Qin and Han dynasties. The poet hinted that the war here has never stopped since Qin and Han dynasties, highlighting the long time. The second sentence "The Long March has not yet returned" and "Wan Li" mean that the frontier fortress and the mainland are far from Wan Li. Although it is empty, it highlights the vastness of space. The Return of Man reminds people of the disaster brought by the war and expresses the poet's grief and indignation.
How can we get rid of people's difficulties? The poet pinned his hopes on a brilliant general. "But make Longcheng fly, and don't teach Huma to cross the Yinshan Mountain." If Wei Qing, who attacked Liuzhou, and Li Guang, the flying general, were still alive, they would never let the Hu people cavalry cross the Yinshan Mountain. "Dragon City" refers to Wei Qing, a famous soldier who surprised the Xiongnu holy land, and "Flying General" refers to the famous flying general Li Guang. "Flying Generals in Dragon City" is not just a person, but actually refers to Li Jue, who is also a famous anti-Hungarian body double in Han Dynasty. "Don't teach" is not allowed, and the word "teach" is pronounced flat; "Huma" here refers to the cavalry invaded by foreign countries. "crossing Yinshan", crossing Yinshan. Yinshan Mountain is a big mountain range in the east-west direction in the north, and it is the natural barrier of the northern border defense in Han Dynasty. The last two sentences are written implicitly and skillfully, which makes people draw the necessary conclusions by comparing the past.
This poem focuses on showing contempt for the enemy; It is loyalty to the country, and it is a brave and fearless spirit. The first two sentences about the bright moon and the majestic Chengguan not only arouse people's memories of countless wars of aggression, but also witness the history of soldiers galloping in Wan Li and fighting bloody battles today. In the last two sentences, Wei Guang, a famous soldier in the Han Dynasty, was compared to the heroic soldiers who went out to defend the border in the Tang Dynasty, praising their determination and fighting spirit of bravely killing the enemy and dying for the country. From ancient times to the present, this poem has a deep sense of history, a vast scene and a great sense of space. Between the lines, full of patriotism and heroism.
This poem is called the masterpiece of the Tang Dynasty. Tragic but not sad, generous but not shallow, Wang Changling's poem "Out of the Fortress" is the first.
Wang Changling's Journey to the Western Regions should have been written in his early years, and Journey to the Western Regions is an old topic in Yuefu. Wang Changling lived in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. During this period, the Tang Dynasty won many foreign wars, and the confidence of the whole nation was extremely strong. Therefore, the works of frontier fortress poets can reflect an impassioned upward spirit and strong confidence in defeating the enemy. At the same time, frequent border wars also make people feel overwhelmed and long for peace, and "Out of the fortress" reflects people's desire for peace. At the same time, Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop can be used as a reference. Frontier poems are the product of the times, and also the works that can best reflect the rise and fall of national luck. Poetry critics often praise "the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty", and frontier poems are a basic aspect of the content of "the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty". The rise of frontier poems is closely related to the expansion of the poet's life scope. From frontier fortress poems, we can see that the poet's vision is broadened, the artistic conception of poetry is expanded, and the content of poetry is more colorful. Have the desire to make contributions: "Better be a centurion than a scholar" (Yang Jiong); There is a passion for serving the country: "I swear to be famous for serving the country, and I am ashamed to say it" (Zhang said). Many poets have lived in military camps outside the Great Wall for many years, such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Li Yi. The content of their frontier poems involves almost every aspect of frontier life: it is about the homesickness of soldiers going to war and the hatred of their wives at home; It shows the hardships of life beyond the Great Wall and the cruelty of years of fighting. It reflects the emperor's dissatisfaction with the opening of the border and resentment against the general's greed; There is a saying that people who have lived in the frontier for a long time miss their relatives in their hometown; There are amazing scenery different from the Central Plains here ... When we read these poems, we should be able to distinguish the subtle differences in the ideological content of each poem. Taking Cen Can's frontier poems as an example, it is characterized by the heroic spirit of being generous to serve the country and the optimistic spirit of not being afraid of hardship, which describes the richness and variety of frontier life more. He also wrote some frontier homesick poems, such as "On Meeting the Messenger of the Capital", which was read by later generations: "My hometown has a long way to go east, but I don't want to cry. I will meet you immediately, without paper and pen, and I will bring your news to report peace. " Although things are small, they are affectionate. At the same time, we should also recognize the contradictions in frontier fortress poems: the contradiction between generous obedience and long-term homesickness; The contradiction between patriotic passion and hard life; Hate the contradiction between mediocrity and professionalism and so on.
This poem recalls the history, remembers the famous anti-Hungarian soldiers in the Han Dynasty, and accuses the frontier generals of the poet's era of incompetence, hoping that a good general will emerge, expel the enemy and defend the frontier. The first sentence was written by moonlight and Guansai in Qin and Han Dynasties. Moonlight and Guansai are still famous, but times have changed and dynasties have changed. The long-term border war has brought infinite disaster and pain to the people and soldiers. When describing the scenery, he gives people a deep feeling. The last two sentences satirize the present with ancient names and the incompetence of today's border generals, with implicit meanings and deep feelings. This poem is full of patriotic enthusiasm for national security.
The evaluation of the whole poem reflects the author's sympathy for the soldiers who have not returned for a long time, and also expresses the poet's patriotic feelings that he hopes the court will be a good general, quell the border war as soon as possible, and make the country get peace and the people live a stable life.
This poem expresses the poet's sympathy for the border guards and his yearning for a stable and peaceful life.
This is a frontier fortress poem lamenting that the country has no elite soldiers. The first sentence of this poem is the most intriguing. It's about the Han Pass, Mingyue Qin here. Great historical changes have taken place, and the fighting has not stopped. Write two sentences about how many men died in battle and how many tragedies were left behind. Three or four sentences have written the people's wishes for thousands of years, hoping to have a "flying dragon" to calm the chaos and stabilize the border defense. The whole poem sings a profound and open-minded theme in plain language, with smooth momentum and one go, which is amazing to sing. Li Panlong of Amin Dynasty once praised it as a masterpiece of Tang Dynasty, which is not too much.
Seven Songs of Joining the Army (4)
Tang Dynasty: Wang Changling
There is a dark snow-capped mountain in Qinghai, with long white clouds and a lonely city looking at Yumenguan.
Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned.
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Qinghai Lake is covered with dark clouds, and the continuous snow-capped mountains are bleak. Yumen, the ancient city of frontier fortress, is a grand pass, thousands of miles away, facing each other from afar.
The soldiers guarding the border have been through many battles, their armor is worn out, their ambitions are immortal, and they will never return to their hometown until they defeat the invading enemy.
To annotate ...
(1) Joining the army: an old topic in Yuefu, which belongs to Qu Pingping, mostly reflects the hard life of the army.
⑵ Qiangdi: Qiang bamboo musical instrument. Guan Shanyue: The name of Yuefu, a cross-blowing song. Most of them are sad parting words.
(3) Solitude: One is "sitting alone".
(4) Nothing: helplessness, which means that you can't eliminate the anxiety of missing your loved ones. One is "Who can solve it".
5. new voice: new song.
[6] Guanshan: frontier fortress. Farewell: a "farewell".
(7) uneasiness: I am uneasy. The sorrow of frontier fortress: the sorrow of living in the frontier for a long time. Incomplete hearing: incomplete playing.
(8) Guancheng: refers to the guarding city of the border customs.
Clouds of sand: A sandstorm is like a cloud.
⑽ Table: On the table, write a book. Dust-covered bone: refers to buried bone. Cover up and bury.
⑾ Dragon shortage: wasteland.
⑿ Qinghai: It refers to Qinghai Lake, which is in present-day Qinghai Province. Ge Hanshu, a general of the Tang Dynasty, built a city here and sent Shenwei troops to guard it. Changyun: Thick clouds. Snow Mountain: Qilian Mountain, the top of which is covered with snow all year round, so it is cloudy.
[13] Gucheng: Yumen Pass. Yumenguan: The name of the border pass was set in the Han Dynasty, in the west of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. One is "Yanmenguan".
[14] Break: chop. Loulan: The name of the Western Regions in Han Dynasty, namely Shanshan Kingdom, is located in the southeast of Shanshan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. King Loulan of the Western Han Dynasty communicated with Xiongnu and killed the envoys of the Han Dynasty who communicated with the Western Regions many times. Here, it generally refers to the minority regimes that often invaded the border areas in the northwest of the Tang Dynasty. Never Return: A work of "never return".
⒂ Former Army: refers to Taohe, the vanguard of Tang Jun, whose name originated in Xiqiao Mountain in the northwest of Lintao, Gansu, and finally flowed into the Yellow River.
[16] Tuguhun: the name of an ancient minority in China, a descendant of Murong in Xianbei in Jin Dynasty. According to "Biography of the Western Regions in the New Tang Dynasty", "Tuguhun lives in the grandson of Songshan Mountain in Gansu Province, west of Taoshui, and south to Bailan, with a land of thousands of miles." In Tang Gaozong, Tuguhun was defeated by the allied forces of Tang Dynasty and Tubo.
⒄ Pot: A handicraft made in the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty, which can be used to store water.
⒅╅: Especially the imperial edict. Stellar gallop: galloping like a meteor, which can also be explained as galloping in the starry night.
Trick: refers to a mountain that stands upright like a barrier.
⒇ beacon tower: refers to beacon tower.
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Readers of frontier poems in Tang Dynasty are often confused by the confusion and spatial separation of ancient and modern place names in poems. Some people doubt that the author is not familiar with geography, so they don't seek a good solution, and others write for it. This is the case with this fourth poem.
The first two sentences mentioned three place names. Snow Mountain is Qilian Mountain in the south of Hexi Corridor. Qinghai and Yumenguan are thousands of miles apart, but they appear on the same picture, so these two sentences have various interpretations. Some people say that the first sentence is looking forward, and the next sentence is looking back at home. This is very strange. Qinghai and Snow Mountain are in front, and Yumenguan is behind, so the hometown that the lyric hero looks back at should be the Western Regions west of Yumenguan, not the Han soldiers, but Hu Bing. On the other hand, the second sentence is an inverted sentence of "Looking at Yumenguan, an isolated city", and the object of looking at it is "the dark snow mountain in Qinghai". There are two misunderstandings here: one is to interpret "looking from afar" as "looking from afar", and the other is to misunderstand the general description of the northwest border region as what the lyric hero sees. The former misunderstanding is due to the latter misunderstanding.
One or two sentences can be imagined as a picture of a vast area: over Qinghai Lake, the clouds are long and warm; To the north of the lake, there are snow-capped mountains thousands of miles across the cotton pavilion; Crossing the snow-capped mountains, it is an isolated city, standing in the desert of Hexi Corridor. Further west, it is the Yumen Pass, a military fortress far away from the lonely city. This long scroll, which condensed things thousands of miles away, was a typical environment for soldiers living and fighting in the northwest frontier at that time. It is a bird's eye view and a summary of the entire northwest border. The reason why Qinghai and Guan Yu were specifically mentioned was related to the national war situation at that time. The strong enemies of the west and the north in the Tang Dynasty were Tubo and Turkic. Our special envoy's task in Hexi is to cut off the traffic between Tubo and Turkic, and take care of the two powerful enemies in the west and north within one town, mainly to defend Tubo and protect the Hexi Corridor. "Qinghai" area is the place where Tubo and Tang Jun fought many times; Outside Yumenguan, it is the sphere of influence of Turks. So these two sentences not only describe the scene of the whole northwest border, but also point out the extremely important geographical situation that the "isolated city" refuses Tubo in the west and defends Turks in the north. The strong enemies in these two directions are the heart of the soldiers guarding the "lonely city", so Qinghai and Guan Yu should appear on the screen. This is not so much what the soldiers see, but rather what emerges in their minds. These two sentences are permeated with rich and complex feelings while writing the scenery: the frontier soldiers' concern for the frontier situation, their pride and sense of responsibility for their tasks, and the loneliness and hardship of frontier life are all integrated in the tragic, open and misty scenery.
Three or four sentences changed from environmental description with scenes to direct lyricism. "Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles" is a poem with strong generalization. The length of the border defense, the frequency of wars, the hardship of fighting, the toughness of the enemy and the desolation of the border are all summed up in these seven words. Hundreds of battles is more abstract, and the word "yellow sand" highlights the characteristics of the northwest battlefield, making people see the scene of "the ancient battlefield with sunset and sand like clouds"; From "winning every battle" to "wearing golden armor", we can imagine the arduousness and fierceness of the battle, and we can also imagine a series of heroic sacrifices in this long time. However, although the shining golden armor has worn out, the soldiers' ambition to serve the country has not been tempered, but has become more determined in the tempering of desert sand. "Never break the Loulan, never return it" is the heroic oath of the battle-hardened soldiers. The more the last sentence highlights the difficulty of the battle and the frequency of the war, the more forceful it becomes, hitting the floor. In a word or two, the realm is broad and the feelings are tragic and rich; There is an obvious turning point between three or four sentences, and the two sentences are in sharp contrast. Although the phrase "yellow sand" describes the hardships of war, the actual feeling of the whole image is majestic and powerful, not deep and sad. Therefore, the last sentence is not a lament for returning home without a day, but a firmer and deeper oath based on a deep understanding of the hardships and length of the war. An important ideological feature of the excellent frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is that while expressing the lofty sentiments and ambitions of the frontier guards, they do not shy away from the hardships of war. This article is an obvious example. It can be said that three or four sentences are not empty and superficial lyricism, but only one or two sentences of rich environmental description are needed. The high unity of typical environment and characters' feelings is a prominent advantage of Wang Changling's quatrains, which is also clearly reflected in this paper.
Lotus picking song
Tang Dynasty: Wang Changling
The girl who picked the lotus put the girl who picked the lotus into the lotus leaf, as if the color was the same, and the girl's face was hidden in the blooming lotus, which reflected each other.
Lotus is mixed in the lotus pond, and it is difficult to recognize the lotus pond. Only when you hear the song do you know that someone is picking lotus in the pond-picking lotus.
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The green Luo skirt of the girl who picked the lotus seems to be the same color as the lotus leaf in the field. The girl's face is hidden in the blooming lotus, which reflects each other.
Mixed into the lotus pond and disappeared. I didn't realize that someone was coming until I heard singing everywhere.
To annotate ...
① skirt: a skirt made of soft and porous silk.
Monochrome cutting: It seems to be cut with the same pigment.
③ Hibiscus: refers to lotus.
4 random entry: mixed entry, mixed entry.
⑤ Invisible: I can't tell which is the green leaf of hibiscus and which is the girl's green skirt.
6 Wen Ge: Listening to songs.
⑦ Preliminary understanding: I just know.
Distinguish and appreciate
This poem is about a girl who picks lotus, but there is no positive description. Instead, the lotus leaf is green as a skirt, the lotus flower is red as a face, and no one can hear the singing, which skillfully blends the beauty and nature of a lotus picking girl. The whole poem is lively, poetic and full of life interest.
The first two sentences of the poem make people feel that these lotus picking girls are simply a part of beautiful nature; The last two sentences are about people standing together and gazing at each other for an instant. The first two sentences focus on objective description, while the last two sentences focus on subjective feelings. The combination of objective description and subjective feelings well shows the beautiful artistic conception that people can't compete with each other.
If this poem is regarded as a picture of picking lotus, the center of the picture is naturally the girls picking lotus. However, the author did not let them appear in this picture from beginning to end, but let them blend in the lotus leaves and colorful lotus bushes, looming, as if nothing had happened, and let the lotus picking girls blend in with the beautiful nature. The whole poem is beautiful and imaginative. This artistic conception is original.
From the beginning, the lotus picking girl skillfully formed a harmonious and unified whole with the surrounding natural environment-"the lotus leaf skirt is cut in one color, and the hibiscus opens to both sides of the face." It is just an ordinary metaphor to say that a woman's skirt is as green as a lotus leaf. What is written here is a girl picking lotus, staying in the lotus pond, saying that the lotus leaf is the same color as the skirt, which is "local scenery" and "fu" rather than "comparison". It is vivid and gratifying, both simple and enchanting. The hibiscus in the second sentence is lotus. It is not new to say that the girl's face is ruddy and gorgeous like a hibiscus. But "hibiscus opens to both sides of the face" is not only a metaphor, it also depicts a beautiful picture: the girl's face is hidden in the blooming lotus, which looks like a bright lotus is opening to the girl's face. Combining these two sentences, the reader seems to see that in that piece of violet and red lotus, the green Luo skirt of the lotus picking girl has been integrated into the lotus leaf in the field, and it is almost impossible to tell which is the lotus leaf and which is the Luo skirt; The girl's face contrasts with the bright lotus flowers, making it difficult to distinguish people from flowers. People think that these lotus-picking women are just part of the beautiful nature, or they are actually lotus spirits. This description has a real sense of life.
The third clause "you can't see it when you mix it into the pool" comes from the first two sentences. To blend in, to blend in, to blend in. Lotus leaf skirt, lotus face, this is like an organic whole, it is difficult to distinguish, only when it is clear and fine, it can barely be distinguished; So something is wrong. The girl who picked the lotus and the green lotus and red lotus are one and suddenly disappeared. This sentence is about an indistinguishable feeling, a feeling that leaves are not leaves, and an unpredictable surprise and disappointment that people who stand and stare at in an instant. It is often said that "seeing the wrong eye" is often like this. However, just as I hesitated to look away, the lotus pond was full of songs, and it suddenly dawned on me that the "invisible" lotus picker was still between the lotus leaves and colorful lotus flowers in this field. "Feeling that someone is coming" should be combined with "Govin" for appreciation. You didn't know "someone" until you "disappeared" and suddenly "heard this song"; But people are still hidden in lotus leaves and lotus flowers, so although they hear the songs, they can't see their figures and faces. This is really the so-called "Ling can't sing all, this pool knows" (Cui's Xiao Chang Gan Qu). This description adds vivid interest and poetic connotation to the picture, making people imagine the scene of ten acres of lotus pond, lotus in full bloom, lingge everywhere, and the scene of onlookers standing and staring at the song. The girls picking lotus flowers are full of youthful and energetic joy. Until the end, the author still didn't let the main characters of the painting clearly appear on the screen. Its purpose is not only to regard them as the embodiment of beautiful nature, but also to leave a leisurely and endless feeling because of this description. With the help of verbs, it shows that the lotus picking girl is looming in the lotus pond, and the flowers are indistinguishable and similar, showing her naive and energetic character.