To answer this question, we need to start with the basic concepts.
First of all, what is rhyme?
1, the modern definition of rhyme: refers to the part of vowels in Chinese phonetic units that does not include the ending. For example, ang, iang and uang are three vowels. After the vowel "i, u" is removed, ang is rhyme.
2. The ancient definition of rhyme: In addition to the modern definition, rhyme also includes the components of tone. In ancient times, different tones belonged to different rhymes.
Second, some rhyming nouns.
1, rhymes, rhymes
Rhyme is a classification of Chinese characters that can rhyme with each other. Rhyme is a big category, with the same rhyme belly and rhyme ending. In order to rhyme, we classify Chinese characters as cadres and call them rhyme. Rhyme is the name of the rhyme department.
Step 2 rhyme
Generally, rhyme is always placed at the end of a sentence, so it is also called "rhyme foot". Rhyme is the pronunciation of rhyming words at the end of a sentence and needs to be expressed by vowels.
3. Homonym words
In modern times, any word has the same rhyme belly and rhyme ending, which is called homophonic word.
In ancient times, we must also consider the same tone.
Step 4 rhyme
Refers to the position and way of rhyme, including which sentence rhymes, which sentence does not rhyme, and what kind of rhyme is used.
5, single rhyme
Use only one rhyme at a time. This form of rhyme is called single rhyme.
6. rhymes
If the rhyme foot is not the same or adjacent rhyme, it is usually called rhyme.
7. White feet
Words with no rhyme endings in poetry.
8. rhyme
It means that two or more rhymes can be connected, or part of them can be connected. Rhyme can be used to bet on each other.
Second, what is rhyme?
1, the definition of rhyme
Poets use rhyme in their poems, which is called rhyme. Specifically, the so-called rhyme means putting two or more rhyming words in the same position. It is not only convenient to recite and remember, but also makes the work more rhythmic and harmonious.
2. Types of rhymes
(1) Even sentences are rhyming sentences, and every other sentence rhymes, which is called even rhyme. Is the most common in modern poetry.
(2) Every sentence of a poem rhymes, and the rhyme at the end is called rhyme, which can make the poem more atmospheric.
(3) The upper and lower sentences of poetry rhyme, and the two sentences change rhyme, which is called rhyme. Because of the constant change of rhyme, the rhythm of poetry can be accelerated.
(4) Odd sentences in poetry rhyme with odd sentences, and even sentences rhyme with even sentences, which is called "rhyme".
⑤ A poem rhymes with one or four sentences and two or three sentences, which is called "rhyme".
Third, the characteristics of various rhyming styles
1, ancient poetry
The rhyme of classical poetry is not strict.
(1) Its rhyme can be even.
② Generally, every other sentence rhymes, odd-numbered sentences may or may not rhyme, and even-numbered sentences must rhyme.
3 can change rhyme.
For example, Meng Haoran's "Deer Gate Night Song".
The bell of the mountain temple rang and it was dark.
I heard that people in the fishing village fell on the ferry.
When others go home along the river bank,
I also went to Liumen Mountain by boat.
Soon, the lumen of moonlight penetrated the misty trees,
Unconsciously, I came to an ancient seclusion.
Keywords thatched door, pine path, loneliness, tranquility,
Where a hermit lives and moves, he never needs a companion.
The first four sentences of this poem, "faint, noisy, village, door" are all voices 13 yuan voice; The last four sentences of "tree, ground and walk" are all screaming.
(4) In poetry, you can use adjacent rhymes and accents. From the above examples, we can know that "Shu" is the seven dangerous parts, and "Chu" and "Qu" are both six-character parts and belong to the rhyme part.
Note that, if you use the horizontal rhyme, the rising tone and falling tone cannot be mixed with the entering tone.
⑤ The rhyming words can be repeated.
2. Modern poetry
Modern poetry needs tolerance more than words, but rhyme is stricter than words.
(1) generally flat rhyme.
② Except for the first sentence, which can rhyme or not, other singular sentences can't rhyme, and even sentences must rhyme.
(3) Except the first sentence, you can't use adjacent rhymes.
④ The rhyming words cannot be repeated.
⑤ Generally, one rhyme is required to the end, and the rhyme cannot be changed, that is, the same rhyme is put.
Example:
Gaoyou Wang Shizhen Yuyuan Garden
Hanyuqin Post berthed overnight,
The South Lake was flooded.
I can't see love in Qin He,
Five hundred years of loneliness.
The words "ship, sky and year" in this poem are all the first words, which are called rhyme to the end. The first sentence can also rhyme, and if it doesn't rhyme, it will be changed to sound; The word "sea" in the third sentence is called "white feet". Except the first sentence, all other singular sentences must be silent.
Step 3 talk
The metrical rules of Chinese characters are particularly strict, and words must be filled in strict accordance with the word spectrum. As for rhyme, it is much looser than modern poetry. You can pledge the neighboring rhyme, turn the flat into a flat, and turn the flat into a flat.
Rhyme types of words:
① Fill in the words according to the rhyme. From the Tang and Five Dynasties 1 1 to the Song Dynasty, there are such examples, that is, the words rhyme to the end, and the whole story rhymes.
② Fill in the lyrics according to Linz Zheng Yun.
If you fill in the lyrics according to Pingshui rhyme, which rhymes can be used universally? There was a systematic rhyme book called Linz Zheng Yun in Qing Dynasty, which was much more tolerant in rhyme than Pingshui rhyme.
4. Rhythm of couplets
Six couplets have no rhyme requirements, so they have no rhyme. Couplet six:
Word equivalence, part-of-speech equivalence, structural proportionality, rhythm correspondence, balance and harmony, and content relevance.
Fourthly, the taboo of rhyme in poetry.
The following are twelve rhyming taboos summarized by predecessors: squeezing rhyme, bumping rhyme, couplet rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme, rhyme.
It should be noted that these taboos are obviously different from Song Ci, and many of them are common lyric techniques in Song Ci.
1, rhyme
Words with the same vowel sound as rhyme are used in white sentences, which interferes with the effect of rhyme beauty. It's just that there are too many rhyming words in poems that don't rhyme, so it's hard to read.
There is no absolute rhyme in words.
2. Rhyme
Even at the end of sentences that don't rhyme, use vowels with rhyme.
In words, this is equivalent to passing the exam.
3, rhyme
Just two adjacent rhyming sentences, using homophones as rhyming words.
In words, this is equivalent to simulating harmony. Especially if the words are the same, it is called reduplication. If the whole article rhymes with one word, it is called "single-plank bridge".
4, rhyme
It is also commonly known as rhyme. For example, a poem uses "Yidong" as rhyme, and the words in the rhyme of "Three Rivers" or "Eight Geng" are misplaced, which is rhyme.
Step 5 rhyme
Rhyme has nothing to do with the meaning of the whole sentence, just make do.
This is also something that needs to be avoided in speech.
6, heavy rhyme
Polyphony means repeating the same rhyme. This is forbidden in modern poetry, but not in ancient poetry.
Between the lines, as mentioned above, it is called "single-plank bridge". Two adjacent rhyming sentences can form overlapping sentences.
Step 7 rhyme backwards
We should combine the two words into one word, accommodate the rhyme and turn the two words upside down. For example, turn "come and go" into "go and come", but you can't interfere with the meaning. If it interferes with the meaning, it is called inverted rhyme and cannot be used.
This is also something that needs to be avoided in speech.
8. Dumb rhyme
Dumb rhyme means that the tone is not loud or the meaning is not obvious. For example,' Fang' is fragrant, but the word' Fang' is silent.
This is also a word that needs attention.
9. Vague rhyme
Unusual rhymes are also called "dangerous rhymes" or "difficult rhymes", that is, uncommon words, such as "_ _" in eastern rhymes.
This is also something that needs to be avoided in speech.
10, compound rhyme
All words with the same meaning, such as "Hua, Yuan, Hua" in the rhyme of Six Horses, "Fang, Xiang" in the rhyme of Seven Yang, and "Sorrow, Sorrow" in the rhyme of Eleven, all have the same meaning, and the double head in a poem is compound rhyme, which should be avoided.
This is also something that needs to be avoided in speech.
Bie Yun 1 1
It means that the same word has different meanings because of different phonology. If you take this rhyme, it is another rhyme. For example, the word "heavy" is interpreted as "overlapping" in the rhyme of Er Dong and "precious" in the rhyme of Er Ge. The word "Jiang" is interpreted as "obedience" in Sanjiang rhyme and "falling" in Sanjiang rhyme.
In words, this is called borrowing rhyme. That is to say, if another interpretation of a word is not a positive solution, but it can be Ye Yun, it can be used as a rhyme.
12, guilty rhymes.
Violating rhyme is also called taking rhyme, that is, using homophonic words in rhyme feet.
This is equivalent to squeezing rhyme.
In addition, avoid misusing old and new rhymes.
In a word, rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry, which can make poetry read beautifully and harmoniously and form the beauty of sound ring. Except that couplets do not require rhyme, ancient poems, metrical poems and words all have different requirements for rhyme, and metrical poems have the most stringent requirements for rhyme. For these requirements, only in the long-term writing practice can we gradually become familiar with and master them.
Appendix 1. Composition of Chinese Phonetic Units
In the phonetic structure of Chinese, a phonetic unit is divided into three parts: initials, finals and tones.
Liu Fu, a professor in Peking University, divides Chinese phonetics into five parts: head, neck, abdomen, tail and spirit, which are actually initial consonant, alto, main vowel, vowel and tone. The first four parts are phonemes that make up syllables, and the last part, tone, refers to the rise and fall of the whole word pronunciation. Among these five parts, the main vowel and tone are the most important, because they are indispensable to any word in Chinese characters.
Appendix II. Classification of vowels in Putonghua
According to vowel structure, it can be divided into single vowel, compound vowel and nasal vowel. There are 39 vowels in Putonghua, which can be divided into three categories according to their components:
1) Monovowel: Monovowel vowel, *** 10.
Among them, there are 7 vowels on the tongue: AOE ê iu ü; There are two vowels on the tip of the tongue: -i,-I; 1 rolled vowel: er
2) Compound vowel: namely compound vowel, *** 13.
There are four voiced vowels: aieiaoou has five rolled vowels: iaieuauoü e; There are four middle vowels: iaoiouuaiuei.
3) Nasal vowels: vowels with nasal consonants, with 16 vowels.
Among them, there are 8 nasal vowels: Anian Nuanü aneninuenü, and there are 8 nasal vowels: angianguangengingonguengiong.
Appendix III. tone
Tone is the change of sound, also called tone. Tones are usually marked by five degrees: set a vertical scale, which is divided into five degrees, with the lowest being 1 and the highest being 5.
In China's traditional phonology, the so-called "four tones" all divide tones into four categories: flat, up, far and inside. Mandarin has four tones: flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. Ordinary people or primary school students only use the first sound, the second sound, the third sound and the fourth sound, and do not use yin, yang, up and down.