He Qifang (1912-1977), male, originally named He, was born in Wanxian, Sichuan (now Wanzhou, Chongqing), and was born in an old family. Modern famous essayist, poet and literary critic. He used to be the director of the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Social Sciences) and a member of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences. From 65438 to 0935, he graduated from the Philosophy Department of Peking University, taught all over the country, founded publications, published a lot of poems and political articles, and expressed great indignation and anger at the passive anti-Japanese war of the Kuomintang. His early works include Hanyuan Collection, Night Song, Prophecy, Night Song and Song of the Day, which are deeply loved by readers. He also wrote Autumn, and now he has been selected as a textbook for middle schools.
From 65438 to 0938, he taught at Lu Xun Art College in Yan 'an, joined the China Producer Party in the same year, and did a lot of pioneering work for revolutionary literature and art. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as a member of the first, second and third CPPCC, a deputy to the third National People's Congress, a member of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a member of the Secretariat of the Chinese Writers Association, a member of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of China Academy of Social Sciences, a director of the Institute of Literature Review. He is a poet who made great achievements in the great era and great changes in the middle of the 20th century.
He Qifang loved China's ancient poems and novels when he was a child. From 65438 to 0929, he went to Shanghai to study in China Preparatory School and read a lot of new poems. 1931-1935 studied in the philosophy department of Peking University.
He Qifang published poems and essays in magazines such as Modern during his college years. 1936 published Bian and Li Guangtian's poetry anthology Hanyuan Collection, 1937 published prose anthology Hua and won the literary gold medal in Ta Kung Pao. After graduating from college, He Qifang taught in Nankai Middle School in Tianjin and Laiyang Rural Normal School in Shandong.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, He Qifang returned to his hometown of Sichuan to teach, while continuing to write poems, essays and essays. 1938 North Yan 'an, taught at Lu Xun Art Institute, and later served as the head of Lu Yi Literature Department.
After the founding of New China, he mainly engaged in literary research and criticism, and participated in the leadership of the literary and art circles for a long time. He used to be a member of the Chinese Federation of Literary and Art Circles, secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Writers Association and director of the Literature Research Institute.
Poetry is the first style that He Qifang likes and uses. He claimed that when he first started writing, he "dreamed of something beautiful and gentle all day". His early works clearly showed the thoughts, feelings and personality of a young bourgeois intellectual. He is dissatisfied with the ugly reality and doesn't know where the way out is; He longs for the good things in life, but lacks enthusiastic pursuit. So more wandering in homesickness, longing and dreams, leaving only loneliness and melancholy.
He Qifang showed persistent pursuit for the perfection of art form. In terms of poetry, he paid great attention to complete form, rigorous rhythm and harmonious rhythm at the beginning of his creation, and paid attention to expressing the image and artistic conception of poetry. So his poems are obviously exquisite and gorgeous. In prose creation, he claimed that "my job is to find a new garden for lyric prose". He is good at combining the characteristics of poetry, writing rich and touching words, borrowing novel metaphors and allusions, and rendering magical colors and patterns, which makes his prose unique.
It was in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, especially after Yan 'an, that the change of ideological and artistic style was really obvious. At this time, he gradually left his dream and faced reality, and his poetic style tended to be simple and clear.
Collected Works of He Qifang (People's Literature Publishing House) is a six-volume book, which contains most of He Qifang's creations and works.
(Excerpted from China Encyclopedia? China literature (1992 edition).
[Edit this paragraph] He Qifang changed his name.
He Qifang, formerly known as He, is a famous modern poet and literary theorist. The Chinese teacher changed "Yong" to "Qi" and became He Qifang. The change of this word makes the name shine, from a very tacky name to a meaningful reputation. There are two major changes from "Yong" to "Qi": one is to change the surname to nine and name it after the surname, which expands the capacity of the name and enriches the connotation of the name; The second is to change the three notional words into two realities and one deficiency, so that the name is full of vitality and emotion, and with the rise of the heat wave, it is touching. He Qifang-how fragrant, beautiful and intoxicating! The name exudes poetic and romantic feelings, and it is really a rare good name. He Qifang didn't expect much, and later became a famous poet and literary critic, which made him "worthy of the name" and his reputation spread far and wide.
[Edit this paragraph] Poetry anthology
Autumn is selected from the prediction written by He Qifang in his early years (193 1- 1933). Unlike the poets of that period, they were not so symbolic, mysterious and philosophical, showing profound thoughts; Unlike him, who shut himself in a narrow personal world and lingered on the affair between men and women, he had expectations except bitterness and bitter thoughts. Instead, we cast our eyes on the activities of the countryside and ordinary people, telling other people's affairs as a viewer, showing a clear and pure poetic style. Poetry is written in a straightforward Chen Qi style. On the surface, it seems simple and straightforward, lacking symbolic meaning, but in fact it is meaningful. There is such an atmosphere and charm in the poem, which is the most fascinating to readers.
The so-called aura, in literary works, especially lyric works, usually refers to the overall image, charm and charm in the works. It is similar to Yan Yu's Meteorological Chaos, with a broader meaning of meteorology, including all aspects of content and form; The atmosphere seems to be mainly related to the content, involving images, artistic conception, emotions and so on. The atmosphere can be felt without words, as Si Kongtu said, "God doesn't know, but it's difficult to know." As the Tang people said, "Lantian is warm and fertile, and it is close at hand, not before approaching." But when you read it, you can understand it clearly, and you should be able to follow your heart and form it in the text.
In Autumn, the poet described the life of the peasant family in the most concise language. Every poem is a picture, and three verses make up three composite pictures. The combination of pictures creates a special atmosphere, which is both smooth and integrated.
The first painting is "Farmer Harvest figure". This is not about a farmer, but about general farm activities. Two scenes were written, one was logging in the valley, and the other was carrying melons and fruits between fences. Valley logging is placed at the beginning of the article, and the tinkling sound comes from a distance and appeals to hearing; Cool dew is shaken off, and vision and touch are appealed to. It's really a world scenery, which inspires people's memories of distant impressions. There is no such thing as "cutting trees and singing birds" in the Book of Songs. From the valley to the tree " Gone with the Wind and The Valley often appear in He Qifang's early poems, but they are both fictional, using figurative and extended meanings, which are both realistic and have special charm. The poem does not specify the mood and expression related to carrying melons and fruits, but readers can think it is joyful and smiling. "Habitat" was originally used to describe living things, but now it is used at the end of this poem to summarize the situation of farmers' homes in autumn, visualize the nothingness of east (autumn) and west, and create a relaxed and quiet atmosphere.
The second picture is "Go Fishing in Frost Morning". Among them, the words "fog" and "frost" (and "dew" in the last section) often appear in He Qifang's early poems, conveying a cool, cold and hazy atmosphere. The picture also includes a series of activities: casting nets, fishing and boating. These ordinary moving pictures all contain a faint, distant, clear and quiet charm here. The word "gently" often appears in He's poems, which seems to be "handy" and shows the fisherman's carefree mood. Perhaps in He Qifang's early mind, autumn is really so quiet and far away.
The third picture is "the girl's love picture". This poem is written with weeds, crickets and streams, which is equivalent to the so-called "feeling interest" written by the ancients, that is, talking about other things first, feeling from the interest and feeling from the scenery. Weeds are overgrown and the stream is clear. This is not a human activity, and there must be a continuation afterwards, that is, girls are in love. The noisy summer of nature has passed, but autumn has quietly changed. When people are silent, they mostly look at themselves and listen to their inner voices. After listening to the flute on the back of a cow for a summer, the shepherdess suddenly stopped listening, and a corner of her heart began to sprout. It is really "like roots shaking the earth on a hot summer night" (He Qifang's poem "Summer Night"). Writing about love, especially first love, is what he was good at in his early years. This time, he wrote more subtly and brilliantly. There are only five lines in this paragraph, which is about the transition from place to insider, and the transition from writing first love from scratch. The poet chose the specific angle of "shepherdess's eyes". Although he didn't write his eyes clearly, the reader can see the purity and clearness inside, which is the special look of the first-love girl when she seems to be in love, but she doesn't. And comparing these three poems, we can see that the first two poems are mainly about external scenery and personnel, and the third poem is really written in the depths of the soul, writing subtle feelings, which makes the whole poem gather real feelings. If you don't write like this, it will be difficult to enter the mood, enter the spirit, and the poem will "float".
In a word, Autumn creates an atmosphere that comes from the world and is far away from the secular world by depicting different scenes and pictures. This kind of atmosphere is quiet, Qingyuan, sweet and soft. It describes the leisure scene after a busy summer, so there is a quiet atmosphere; It describes the paradise-like life on earth, and it has a Qingyuan flavor, without any hardships and bitterness of farmers. It is about the hazy and pure love of boys and girls, so there is a sweet atmosphere; Like He Qifang's other poems, it uses soft words to write beautiful images, avoiding noisy scenery and clumsy words, so it has a soft atmosphere. Every painting in the poem, as well as every image in the painting, is harmonious and unified; So this atmosphere is characterized by quiet, Qingyuan, sweet, gentle and so on. You can't be a master at this point. However, when He Qifang wrote this poem, he was still a 20-year-old college student!
Poetry is the first style that He Qifang likes and uses. He claimed that when he first started writing, he "dreamed of something beautiful and gentle all day". His early works clearly showed the thoughts, feelings and personality of a young bourgeois intellectual. He is dissatisfied with the ugly reality and doesn't know where the way out is; He longs for the good things in life, but lacks enthusiastic pursuit. So more wandering in homesickness, longing and dreams, leaving only loneliness and melancholy.
He Qifang showed persistent pursuit for the perfection of art form. In terms of poetry, he paid great attention to complete form, rigorous rhythm and harmonious rhythm at the beginning of his creation, and paid attention to expressing the image and artistic conception of poetry. So his poems are obviously exquisite and gorgeous. In prose creation, he claimed that "my job is to find a new garden for lyric prose". He is good at combining the characteristics of poetry, writing rich and touching words, borrowing novel metaphors and allusions, and rendering magical colors and patterns, which makes his prose unique.
It was in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, especially after Yan 'an, that the change of ideological and artistic style was really obvious. At this time, he gradually left his dream and faced reality, and his poetic style tended to be simple and clear.
Collected Works of He Qifang (People's Literature Publishing House) is a six-volume book, which contains most of He Qifang's creations and works.
[Edit this paragraph] Thought
He Qifang was admitted to Peking University and Tsinghua University with excellent results of 1930. Enter the Foreign Languages Department of Tsinghua University first, and then leave. 193 1 autumn, entered the philosophy department of Peking University. 1935 After Peking University graduated, He Qifang taught in Tianjin Nankai Middle School, Shandong Laiyang Rural Normal School and Chengdu United Middle School. /kloc-0 went to Yan' an in August, 938, and was assigned to work in Lu Xun Art College. 1942 participated in the Yan' an symposium on literature and art. 1949 participated in the preparation and attended the first literary congress. 1953 was transferred to establish the Institute of Literature (formerly Peking University, 1956 was changed to the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Sciences, and later to the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Social Sciences), and served as the leader, deputy leader, director and first-class researcher of the leading group. He used to be a member of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of China Academy of Sciences, the editor-in-chief of Literary Criticism, and the editorial boards of People's Literature and Literary Newspaper.
Zhou Yang once commented on He Qifang's academic contribution and spirit: "Comrades constantly pursue and explore in art and have their own independent achievements in theory. Comrade Qi Fang is rigorous in his studies and studious. He studied the formal characteristics of China's classical poems, folk songs and new poems, put forward the idea of establishing modern metrical poems according to the objective laws of modern Chinese, and made new explorations on the forms of poems in his own creative practice. He put forward many original opinions on the study of China's classical literature, which promoted the development of China's classical literature research. He said more than once that doing a good job in the study of classical literature, especially summing up those problems with regularity, will not only help the development of socialist literature, but also enrich China's Marxist literary theory. "
As an outstanding poet, He Qifang not only wrote many beautiful poems that are well-known and widely read, but also was the first scholar who systematically explored and established the theoretical system of modern metrical poems since the May 4th New Literature Movement. As early as 1953, he put forward the problem of modern metrical poems, divided new poems into metrical poems and free poems, and advocated the establishment of modern metrical poems. 1954, he wrote a long article about modern metrical poetry, which systematically and deeply demonstrated and developed the necessity of establishing modern metrical poetry, the rhythm and rhythm of modern metrical poetry, and the fact that modern metrical poetry could not adopt five or seven words. He proposed that modern metrical poetry should not only have the general characteristics of poetry, but also have a certain number of sentences per line in form, which can be divided into three, four and five different sentence patterns. In long poems, the number of pauses can be changed when necessary; At the same time, you should bet a roughly appropriate rhyme. There is no need to rhyme to the end. It can be as few as two lines, four lines and one rhyme. He Qifang's theoretical proposition on modern metrical poetry is put forward on the basis of studying the tradition of China's classical poetry and folk songs, the practical experience of new poetry creation since the May 4th Movement, and drawing lessons from the laws of foreign poetry forms.
In He Qifang's view, the method of learning and research is essentially a way of thinking and the application of philosophical world outlook and methodology in specific academic research fields. He has repeatedly stressed that the academic research method is actually a special working method. For the specific research object, He Qifang attaches great importance to the possession and mastery of information, and through the possession and mastery of information, he can understand the history and present situation of the subject as detailed and meticulous as possible. For example, he wants to know what important and noteworthy research achievements the predecessors have, what are the places worthy of reference, what are the limitations, how much progress has been made, what is the level, what are the difficulties and so on. He believes that only in this way can he find the focus of his research and finally get creative results. Take Qu Yuan's study as an example. He said it was not his familiar field. In order to possess the information as detailed as possible and understand the history and present situation of Qu Yuan's research, he read all the notes of Chu Ci from ancient times to the present, especially the notes of Qu Fu in the library of the Institute of Literature.
He Qifang believes that literary research should have extensive knowledge, not only extensive but also solid. So he advocates reading good books and reading more. He Qifang is a student and has the habit of making annotations. Many important ideas and opinions were approved in his own books, and most of them were not systematically sorted out. Sorting out these comments is very valuable not only for the study of He Qifang, but also for the study of literature in a broader sense. From a cultural point of view, He Qifang's academic research can also be said to cover all times and all over the world. In his academic legacy, the study of ancient literature in China is represented by A Dream of Red Mansions written by 1956, which is more than 80,000 words long. In this paper, he not only made a comprehensive and detailed ideological analysis and artistic analysis of A Dream of Red Mansions, but also gave an accurate evaluation of some of its main characters. He also made a serious study of a series of important issues in the study of A Dream of Red Mansions at that time and in the past, such as "the theory of citizens" and the authenticity of the last forty chapters, and expressed his own views. Moreover, through the research and evaluation of this encyclopedic work on social life in feudal times, he is full and comprehensive. This paper can be regarded as a commanding height of He Qifang's literary research, representing the highest level of the study of A Dream of Red Mansions at that time and for quite some time to come. It is still not out of date, giving people inspiration in art and life.