Paying attention to symmetry is the characteristic of China's ancient culture. From the palaces and tombs of emperors to the portals and decorations of ordinary people, we pay attention to left and right symmetry. Literature is no exception, because there are many monosyllabic words and even disyllabic words in Chinese, among which morphemes are quite independent and easy to cause duality, so antithetical sentences appeared as early as pre-Qin poetry. For example, the Book of Songs says: "I have been there, Liu Yiyi; When I think about it today, it is raining heavily. " ("Xiaoya Cai Wei") "Songs of the South" said: "Make Yuan Xiang have no waves and make the river flow safely. "... the birds are on the house and the water is beside the hall. "(nine. Xiang Jun). Prose often has duality, such as the Book of Changes: "Correspond to the same voice and seek common ground with God." After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, this dual influence expanded, and the previous parallel prose developed into parallel prose. It was also from this period that the antithesis in poetry was never neat to gradually neat, and it was gradually standardized from casual use. After the early Tang Dynasty, the stereotype and antithesis of metrical poems became an important part of metrical poems.
Duality generally requires that two words in the same position must be relative, that is, noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb. The antithesis in metrical poems is more neat and rigorous than that in ancient poems. It requires:
First, sentences and sentences are opposites;
Second, the words in the same position as the sentence are the same as the dual parts of speech, but the words cannot be the same.
For example:
Fire tree silver flower pass, star bridge lock.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
(Su Weidao's fifteenth day of the first month)
"Fire Tree" is a noun pair of "Star Bridge" and "Silver Flower" is a noun pair of nouns. "He" versus "Kai" and verbs versus verbs.
Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
(Li Shangyin's Untitled)
"Spring silkworm" is opposite to "wax torch", and nouns are opposite. "Death" versus "grey" and verb-object versus verb-object; "Silk" versus "tears" and nouns versus nouns; Jin Fang is the antonym of Shi Gan, and verbs are the antonyms of verbs.
The antithesis of quatrains, rhymes and poems has its own rules.
Generally speaking, quatrains don't need antithesis. Whether to use duality is up to the author. Most of our predecessors' quatrains don't have to be antithetical, such as:
Seeing friends off in the mountains, Chai Men is half hidden at sunset.
Spring grass is green every year, but what about you, my friend Prince? ?
(Wang Wei's farewell)
Lanling wine tulips, jade bowls filled with amber light.
But I got the host drunk and didn't know where it was.
(Li Bai's "Guest Travel")
Some quatrains are antithetical to the first couplet, but not to the last couplet. For example:
During the Three Kingdoms period, you made unparalleled achievements, and you gained a permanent reputation by invading.
This river won't divert the stones from your disposal, and you will always regret that you will destroy Wu's unwise.
(Du Fu's Eight Arrays)
(Note: The antithetical sentences are shown in italics, the same below)
The lotus flower withered, so did the lotus leaf holding the rain, and only the branches of chrysanthemum stood proudly against the frost.
Good years must be remembered, especially when it is orange, yellow and green.
(Su Shi's Winter Scene)
Most of the sentences in the antithesis are silent, and the first sentence of the five-element poem does not rhyme more than the seven-line poem, so the first couplet of the five-element poem is more than the seven-line poem. There are also quatrains in which the first sentence enters rhyme and the first couplet is antithetical. For example:
Flowers make chapters, and phoenix takes photos.
Excuse me, donor, how long is Emei?
(Huang Furan's "Complaint against Depression")
There are some weeds blooming by the Suzaku Bridge, and there is only sunset at the corner of Wuyi Lane.
Swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people.
(Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane)
There are more rhymes in the first sentence of the four-line poem than the five-line poem, and there are more seven-line poems than the five-line poem.
There are also quatrains with the first antithetical couplet and the last antithetical couplet. For example:
Stop the boat in a foggy small state, when new worries come to the guest's heart.
The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon.
(Meng Haoran's "Jiande River Sleeping at Night")
It is said that the scenery along the Chunjiang River is Yan Fang, and the third spring is coming. How can it not be sad?
Crazy catkins dance with the wind, and fine peach blossoms chase water.
(Du Fu's "Wandering")
There are also quatrains that are both the beginning and the end. For example:
The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea.
By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
(Wang Zhihuan's "In the Heron Villa")
Every year, after the defenders defend Huang Jinhe, hand knives waving whips keep ringing day and night.
In the late spring when it snows heavily, the Great Wall, a journey across the Yellow River and around Montenegro.
("Liu's Complaining")
Most of the first quatrains are not antithetical to each other, and the first couplet of antithesis is occasionally seen, but the last couplet of antithesis is less, and even less for both couplets. However, the two couplets (parallel couplets and neck couplets) in the middle of a metrical poem must be opposed, otherwise it is not a metrical poem. Its first and last couplet can be antithetical, but not antithetical. There are couplets, couplets and couplets in previous poems. It depends on whether the author helps himself or not. There is no rule. The antithesis between parallel prose and the neck couplet is a routine of metrical poetry, also called positive example. For example:
The first sentence of the five laws doesn't rhyme.
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
(Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains)
The first sentence rhymes.
In the barking of dogs, peach blossoms are thick.
See the deer when the tree is deep, but don't ring the bell at noon.
Wild bamboos are green and misty, and flying springs hang blue peaks.
No one knows where to go. I'm worried about two or three loose.
(Li Bai's Interview with Taoist Daitian Mountain)
The first sentence of the seven laws does not rhyme.
The mountains were desolate and silent for twenty-three years.
People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed.
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower.
Today, listen to you sing a song, drink a glass of wine and cheer up.
(Liu Yuxi's "The First Meeting in Yangzhou")
The first sentence rhymes.
A letter in the sky, eight thousand in Chaoyang Road at night.
If you want to eliminate disasters for the wise, will you be willing to decline and cherish your old age?
Where is the hometown of Qinling Mountains? Snow blocked the blue horse.
Knowing that you came all the way, you should have done it on purpose so that I could collect the bones by the river.
(Han Yu's "Moving to the Left to Show Grandnephew's Neck")
There are three kinds of couplets: the first couplet, the couplet and the neck couplet.
The first sentence of the five laws doesn't rhyme.
I traveled abroad, but I didn't expect it to be in September. Now standing in this city and looking around, I feel happy.
Crossing the ground and extending to the river, the water potential of the Han River seems to be connected with the sky and twists and turns away.
Frank Owen Gehry's crown is no longer valuable and proportional to the status quo; Zhanghua can only be the name of the old platform.
The scenery by the pool is different from that of that year, and there is no longer the beauty of that year. What you see on the road is full of dust.
(Du, "Climbing Xiangyang City")
The first sentence rhymes.
Don't write to the North Yard again, let me go back to the old hut in the old Nanshan.
I have no reason to decide to give up my point of view. My old and many sick friends have stopped practicing.
The frequency of white hair is that people are getting more and more every day, and spring is coming to force them to die.
Full of sadness, tossing and turning, the pine forest is empty under the moon.
(Meng Haoran, "On Returning to Zhongnanshan at the End of the Year")
The first sentence of the seven laws does not rhyme.
Things change, and the dust net does not stop.
Blessings and misfortunes return to the hub of the car, and ups and downs repeatedly hide the hook.
Turtle spirit may cause intestinal problems, but there should be no worries about losing a horse.
People who don't believe in watching chess will win or lose in the end.
(The second part of Bai Juyi's Five Words)
The rhyme of the first sentence
Yongxiang resented for many years, leaving his feelings behind and thinking about the storm all day.
There are infinite traces on the bamboo in Xiangjiang River. How much was scattered in front of the first monument?
People went to Qiu Zi to enter the fort, and soldiers heard songs at night.
At the bridge, I asked Bashui, but I didn't send Yuke to the green robe!
(Li Shangyin's tears)
The first triple antithesis, the first sentence does not rhyme, and the five laws are more than seven laws; The first sentence rhymes, and seven laws are more than five.
There is no antithesis in the first couplet of metrical poems, but there are antithesis in the couplet, neck couplet and tail. This kind of metrical poem is rare, because the general couplet is the conclusion of the whole poem, and it is easier to make the finishing point with scattered poems and more restrained with antithesis, so poets don't like to use antithesis with couplets. This form is common in Du Fu's poems, but there are few imitators in later generations. Give a song to each of the following five methods and seven methods:
The breeze moves Wan Li, and thieves are still vertical and horizontal.
On the day of delivering books at home, Qiu Lai was a guest.
Worried about watching tall birds fly by, always chasing everyone.
When I wanted to invest in the Three Gorges, I didn't see two capitals.
(Du Fu's "Sad Autumn")
The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! The first time I heard tears all over my clothes.
Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.
Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
(Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army")
There are four sentences that are antithetical and appear earlier, such as the 15th day of the first month written by Su Weidao in the early Tang Dynasty:
Silver flowers shine like bright lanterns on the tree. On this night, the bridge leading to bright stars opens.
The crowd is surging and the dust is flying under the horseshoe; Moonlight shines in every corner, where people can see the moon overhead.
Prostitutes are ruined, and songs are ruined.
The capital has been abolished, so don't worry about the timing of leaking jade. Don't let the only midnight snack pass by in a hurry this year.
During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there were many antithetical poems in Wang Wei's and Du Fu's works, which were later imitated by poets. Therefore, although this form is relatively rare, it is slightly more than the later triple antithesis. Give a song to each of the following five methods and seven methods:
Heaven goes to the West, and the clouds protect Beiping.
Take General White Horse alive and break the Black Carved City.
Suddenly I saw the bitterness of grass, and the taste of bamboo made me proud.
Who will succeed in the name of Zuo Chuankong?
(One of Wang Wei's Three Elegies of Du Taishou in Xihe County)
Jade Pagoda Silver List Pillow Yancheng, Green Cover Red Flag Column Purple Camp.
Sunlight reflects the colors of layers of rocks, and the wind shakes the strings of trees.
The pavilion at the water's edge contains flying, and the lonely peak in the cloud is chopped.
Fortunately, I saw Eight Dragons swim in Yuen Long, but Wan Li swam Peng Ying.
(Zong Chuke's "Fenghe Princess Xing An Le Villa Should Be Made")
The antithesis of parallelism is the same as the antithesis of rhyme. The first couplet and the last couplet can be used or not, but no matter how many couplets are in the middle, they must be correct. For example:
Jiangcheng contains transformation and a new one. If it rains today, the mountains will return to spring.
Heroes have careers and have been in decline for a long time. Get drunk with strangers and meet people from the old country.
Soldiers still cling to Shu, thieves gather their forces and defeat Qin. It is not worry that wins, but deep shame that hurts God.
(One of Du Fu's two poems about Shangbaiticheng)
The mountain lets the water state let you know, and the upstairs moves calmly.
The article reflected in the sun is thin and beautiful, and the wind drives the scales uneven.
Drums urge tidal households to strike in the early morning, and flute masters play all night.
Ask customers to shake tea and sell stoves to hang Xiaoqing flags.
I leave bed to sleep in spring, when the curtains on the moon are rolled up.
There is no reason to go on, because Lang Chao is in harmony with Lang Shi.
(Yuan Zhen's Farewell to Lotte East Building)
Take the antithesis of couplets and necklaces as a positive example. The antithesis of the first couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet, as well as the antithesis of the first couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet, are all called variations, and some books are called exceptions and variations. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, even modern people wrote old-style poems, imitating these variations. There are two other variants, which few people have followed since the middle Tang Dynasty. Both of these variations appeared in the process of the formation of modern poetry, starting from Qi and Liang Dynasties and continuing to the middle Tang Dynasty. One is the form of head-to-head coupling but not parallel coupling, and neck-to-neck coupling. Such as Liang Jian Wendi's "Night Listening to Prostitutes":
Albizia leaves, day lily forget worry.
How to dance your waist on a moonlit night?
Lips move with the wind, and jade cymbals shake one by one.
Stay, cherish the disabled, and move from negative to surplus.
The first couplet and the neck couplet of this poem are very neat antitheses, but the couplet is wrong. There are also so-called "inaccuracy" and "debonding" in the flat pattern, and there are many traces of ancient poetry. Another example is Wang Bo's masterpiece "Send Du Shaofu as a Book Biography", one of the "Four Masters in Early Tang Dynasty":
Across the wall of Sanqin, across a layer of fog, across a river.
We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions.
After all, the world is just a small place.
Why are you wandering at the fork in the road? The child is holding a towel.
This poem completely conforms to the law, but the ancient law still exists in duality. After modern poetry is finalized, some poets will occasionally be archaized. For example, Li Bai's "Hanging on the Mountain Waiting for the Moon":
Before the moon came out, the Wangjiang River flowed by itself.
Suddenly, the city is west of the country, and the jade hook hangs in the sky.
Although Su Hua can be recruited, the scenery is different.
I'm worried about Kimberly. I'm looking at the Magpie House.
Later generations gave it a nice name, called "stealing spring style", which means that the couplet should oppose rhyme, but the first couplet opposed it. "Just like plum blossoms steal spring scenery, they open first." (The Poet's Jade Piece, Volume II)
There is also an archaic variant, that is, the first couplet and the parallel couplet are not antithetical, and the whole poem is only antithetical to the neck couplet. For example, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei sent qi zhou Changyuan Shi Gui:
Is it safe to shake hands and say goodbye?
The autumn wind is bleak, and the guests have a taste of the door.
So, the pillars are connected to the trees and the park is under the pavilion.
After signing the western old continuous festival, go to Heyuan.
Another example is Yuan Zhen's return to the field in the middle Tang Dynasty:
Tao Jun, 37, lives in Doumen.
I will go to Xi 'an Village in Shangshan again this year.
Repair the abbot's house in winter and plant orange orchards in spring.
Thousands of things have happened in the world, and we will never say anything again.
The antithesis of these two ancient styles is common in the Five Laws, but rare in the Seven Laws, but occasionally seen in masterpieces. Such as the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao:
The fairy of the past has flown away by the yellow crane, leaving only an empty Yellow Crane Tower.
The yellow crane never revisited earth, there have been no long white clouds for thousands of years.
Qinchuan vividly resembles Hanyang tree, and Parrot Island is a nest of herbs.
But I looked home, and the twilight was getting thicker. The river is shrouded in mist, which brings people deep melancholy.
Another example is Du Fu's Ode to Monuments:
Decline: I am well aware of Song Yu's misery, romance and elegance. He is also my teacher.
Sad to see a thousand autumn, a tear, melancholy in different times, not at the same time.
His old home between mountains and rivers-empty works, empty sex platform-is certainly not imagined in the dream? .
The palaces of Chu were all destroyed, and the fishermen who showed them today are not sure.
These two pairs of seven-tone couplets seem to be right or wrong, but compared with necklaces, they are much less neat. The first couplet is unbalanced, the second couplet and couplet are unbalanced, and there is also a legacy of ancient poetry in melody.
The above two kinds of rhythmic poems are rare after the middle Tang Dynasty. After the late Tang Dynasty, the antithesis and necking of regular poems, like the antithesis and fitting of Pingpian, became the golden rule of regular poems. So quatrains are later called truncated sentences, which means: quatrains are intercepted from metrical poems. If the first couplet and the last couplet of the rhyme are cut off, then the two couplets of this quatrain are not antithetical sentences; If the first couplet and parallel prose of the metrical poem are cut off, then the first couplet of this quatrain is not a antithesis, but the last couplet is a antithesis; If it is a cut-off neck couplet and tail couplet, then this quatrain, the first couplet is antithetical, and the tail couplet is not antithetical; If you cut off rhyming couplets and necklaces, then the two couplets of quatrains are antithetical sentences.