Historical background
Great changes have taken place in modern China under the invasion of capitalist powers, from an independent feudal country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, resulting in new class components, social thoughts and social contradictions. Therefore, modern poetry has also begun to break through the barriers of traditional poetry in the Qing Dynasty, and a new trend has emerged. Modern progressive poets are often thinkers and political activists. They used poetry as a weapon, closely focused on the major struggles in modern times, and profoundly reflected the course of the bourgeois old-democratic revolution and the contents of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution. Under the situation before the Opium War, Gong Zizhen, a modern enlightenment thinker, exposed the crisis of feudal autocracy in Qing Dynasty with his unique sensitive and unique poems, called for changes, and expected the rise of talents who "vigorously transformed" decadent reality, which opened the prelude to the trend of modern progressive poetry and laid the foundation for the close combination of modern poetry and real politics. Wei Yuan, Lin Zexu, Zhang Weiping, Zhang Jiliang, Zhu Qi, Beiqing Bridge, Jinhe and other poets who experienced the Opium War, with deep patriotic worries and national indignation, highlighted the great historical event of the Opium War. Their poems attack aggressors, denounce capitulationists and eulogize heroic resistance to the enemy, leaving a glorious image and historical picture for the anti-imperialist struggle of the Chinese nation. Later, the people's revolutionary regime of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom put forward the anti-feudal cultural program of "abandoning the false and preserving the true". The poems of revolutionary leaders conveyed the aspirations of the broad masses of people by expressing their ideals, boldness and indomitable heroism of hanging people.
The origin of political movement
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, 1894, modern poetry was pushed to a new stage as the bourgeoisie stepped onto the political stage and launched the reformist political movement. Huang Zunxian worked hard to create "new poetry" with "old style and new artistic conception". Liang Qichao loudly put forward the slogan of "revolution in poetry" and praised Huang Zunxian as the banner of "revolution in poetry". Huang Zunxian's poems, "There is something outside the poem, but there is someone in the poem", concretely, vividly and vividly reflect the historical features from Xianfeng to the "Gengzi Incident", which runs through the struggle against the traitorous capitulation and the stubborn conservative forces for national salvation, reform and innovation, and fully embodies the spirit of the times during the bourgeois reformist movement. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, Yan Fu, Lin Shu, You, Qiu, etc. Each has its own emphasis. They expressed the same theme with different poetic styles: calling for reform, pursuing progress and saving the country.
Further development
1900 after the "boxer incident", the bourgeois democratic revolutionaries began to make their mark in the field of poetry, taking poetry as the revolutionary horn and further pushing modern poetry into new fields. Qiu Jin's poems are impassioned, full of revolutionary heroism and fearless spirit without fear of sacrifice, and full of heroism. Later, in less than two years before the Revolution of 1911, the revolutionary literary group Nanshe grew to more than 200 members, and after the Revolution of 1911, it increased sharply to more than 1000, and gathered a large number of revolutionary intellectuals. The poems of Liu Yazi, a representative poet, echoed the struggle of the democratic revolution. Accompanied by the revolutionary process, he expressed his strong feelings and passions around major contradictions and major events, full of patriotism and democratic spirit. Other important poets of Nanshe, such as Gao Xu, Ning, Ma, Su, etc., also expressed their anti-imperialist, anti-feudal and anti-Qing revolutionary thoughts and their ardent pursuit of the ideals of freedom, democracy and national prosperity.
modern civilization
Modern times witnessed the spread of western learning to the east and the introduction of capitalist civilization. The miraculous new things created by advanced science and technology and bourgeois social theory, which is completely opposite to feudal thought, have broadened people's horizons and liberated people's minds. Liang Qichao once said, "We will try our best to import European spirit and ideas into the poems of newcomers." Praising new things and new theories has become another brand-new content of modern poetry. Huang Zunxian's "Farewell Today" expresses a new taste of parting under the conditions of ships, trains, telegrams, photos and known things. "Sing a bottle with lotus, chrysanthemum and peach" absorbs new theories such as Buddhism, botany, chemistry and physiology. This is something that no one has ever had before. At the same time, with the communication with foreign countries in modern times, some poets were able to set foot in foreign countries and get in touch with the new world of capitalism in person. They "traveled all over five continents with different ideas" and "sang in the sky outside China", and spread their poems and pens overseas. In the poems of Huang Zunxian, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Ma, Su and others, we can see exotic scenery such as Japanese cherry blossoms, London fog, Paris Tower, sleeping Buddha on Ceylon Island, and we can also see the Meiji Restoration in Japan, the presidential election in the United States, and the declining political situation of British bourgeois society. All these have greatly opened up the field of modern poetry expression, so Kang Youwei said, "The new world rises in a strange environment and seeks new sounds in Europe and Asia", and "the artistic conception is rare between Du Li and the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty".
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