Broadly speaking, expression refers to the special sentence organization used by the author in writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. When analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. Note: Because modern Chinese has paid little attention to the distinction between expressive techniques and expressive skills, it can be considered that they are unified. But if we want to strictly distinguish between expression and expression.
technique of expression
Different style
Specific technology
Poetic skills
award
compare
Promote/start/get up/maybe/last name/interest
similar
Metonymy and other rhetorical devices
Play word games
abstract
cut and try method
Flashback technique
Insert text
Supplementary narrative method
Classification method
Detailed description method
Brief narration
technique of expression
First, the expression skills mainly include:
① Expression (narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation);
(2) Expression techniques (description of scenery, lyrical narration, lyrical borrowing, suppression of direct narration, flashback narration, setting off Zhang Xianzhi's symbol, allusions, imagination, association, caring for feelings, setting off scenery, setting off objects, rendering virtual reality, direct lyricism, indirect lyricism, dynamic and static combination, large-scale stratification, deepening the theme, seeing the overall situation, combining primary and secondary synaesthesia, and painting).
(3) material selection and cutting;
④ Structural skills: transition, echo, etc.
⑤ Creation of artistic conception, characterization of characters and application of rhetorical methods (metaphor, analogy, personification, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.). ), description of social natural environment, etc.
An article, no matter what kind of expression skills the author chooses, is to express his ideas better. Therefore, to analyze the language, understand the content of the article, and understand the author's intentions and emotions, we must understand the role of expression skills.
Second, the expression skills:
1. Expression: narration, explanation, discussion, lyricism and description.
2. Expression techniques: imagination, association, analogy, symbol, contrast, contrast, rendering and rhetoric.
3. Structural skills: connecting the preceding with the following, suspense, echo from beginning to end, combination of reality and reality, care before and after, extravagance, extravagance, bedding, etc.
Different style
The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence with symbolism and so on.
Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc.
The writing skills of argumentative writing include quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative contrast, analogical reasoning and so on.
The expressive skills of novel style: description, comparison, bedding and care, suspense and interpretation.
The expression techniques of ancient poetry include: Fu Bi's interest, allusions, setting off, contrast, rendering, expressing ambition, making the finishing point, seeing the big picture from the small, expressing ambition at the end of the text (also known as the topic at the end of the text), wanting to promote before restraining, associating, imagining and reversing the word order.
Specific technology
Expressing feelings by taking things as examples, expressing feelings through scenery, narrating and expressing feelings, expressing feelings directly, setting off, signing autographs to show ambition, symbolizing, imagining, associating, caring, expressing feelings in scenery, contrasting, setting off, supporting, music setting off, rendering, combining reality with reality, promoting initiative, setting up suspense, combining point with face, getting to the point, paving the way and caring.
Poetic skills
There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional way of expression that was first popular in China and is still often used today is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu."
In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems.
award
It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems: "The giver must tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.
compare
It is a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. " Zhu said, "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.
Promote/start/get up/maybe/last name/interest
This is a way to get things started, that is, get down to business from some things, describe things, and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Justice in Mao Poetry": "Those who get the Tao are prosperous. Take the metaphor as an example. Those who quote plants, birds and beasts in poetry and prose are happy. " Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." For example, Guan Ju and other articles in The Book of Songs used the expression of "Xing".
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:
similar
1, analogy. Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: Metaphor is "either a sound metaphor, a figurative metaphor, a mental metaphor or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification".
Metonymy and other rhetorical devices
2. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify."
To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds by the pool stay in the trees, and monks push the door down on the moon", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door down on the moon" could be used. He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a consultation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to knock at the door. Because there is a "knock" sound, there are one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. "Wuti" and "Zhong" beside Fengqiao Bridge are also the crowning touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which is "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade". It is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.
Play word games
3. In a certain language environment, using the conditions of polysemy and homophony to intentionally make a sentence have double meanings, which is called pun. Puns can make language express implicit humor, deepen meaning and impress people.
Puns are divided into two types:
1, meaning pun "He who sees through three spring, why stay pink?" Beat this youth out and find that bright sky. " On the surface, "three spring" refers to late spring, including Yuan Chun, Yingchun and Tan Chun.
2, homophonic pun example "Tao is sunny or sunny" This "sunny" is sunny on the surface and contains emotional "love".
abstract
Whether analogy or metonymy depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings, bold imagination and even fantasy. It can be said that whether it is romance or reality, without imagination and association, it is not a poet. For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The hut was blown by the autumn wind") and "Her hair is misty and her shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.
Narrative angle
First-person narration, because the content of the article is conveyed to the reader through "I", means that what is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or his own personal experience, which makes the reader feel cordial and true. In the first person, because the narrator is the party, the people and things described can only be those within the scope of "I" activities. People and things outside the scope of activities cannot be written in. The role of the first person: ① it is the witness of the event, the clue of the article, or one's own personal experience. (2) promoting the development of the story; (3) Reflect the realism and intimacy of the article.
The second person narrative method is often used in letters, but rarely used in the whole narrative. However, in the narrative process, just as the author talks directly with the reader, it is convenient to express emotion directly, and in a certain part of the article, it is transformed into the second person. Benefits: enhance the emotion of the article, facilitate lyric, and arouse readers' * * *.
The third-person narrative method uses the third-person narrative. The narrator is not limited by space or time, nor by physiology or psychology. He can directly show the people and things in the article to the readers and reflect the social life freely and flexibly. But the third-person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative. Benefits: Make the article objective, true and more convincing.
cut and try method
Sequential narration is to describe things in chronological order, which is consistent with the actual situation of the occurrence and development of things, so it is easy to write articles clearly. When using chronological order, we should pay attention to proper tailoring and highlight key points. Otherwise, it is easy to list and make the mistake of putting things straight, like a running account, which is boring to read.
Flashback technique
Flashback is not to tell the whole event in reverse, but to tell it in sequence except for a certain part in advance. There are generally three kinds of flashbacks: first, in order to express the central idea of the article, the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned in front and highlighted; The second is to make the structure of the article changeable and avoid straightforward narration; Third, in order to show the effect, the article twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating. Explain the starting point clearly when flashback. There should be clear boundaries between flashback and sequence, necessary text transition and natural connection. Pay special attention not to toss and turn aimlessly, making the article unclear.
Insert text
Interpolation is to express the needs of the article center. Sometimes it is to help readers understand the narrative of the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters that appear. The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and steal the host's attention. When inserting a narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture.
Supplementary narrative method
Supplementary narrative is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and short, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the explanation or explanation in front and cause the following. The function of supplementary narrative generally does not develop plots and events, but enriches and supplements the original narrative.
Classification method
The function of classification is to make complicated things clear and orderly. You can tell one thing first, then another, or you can cross-talk several things. When using classification, it is necessary to establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also to explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed.
Detailed description method
Detailed description is generally used to describe the development and change process of things. When describing details, we should grasp the characteristics of characters or the details of things and describe them in detail. When writing a composition, the part closely related to the central idea should be described in detail. It has little to do with the central idea, but it has to be explained, so as to highlight the center of the article. Otherwise, the article will appear non-center or multi-center, which is more complicated.
Brief narration
The function of brief narration is to explain what is necessary and what is not necessary in the process of event occurrence and development. A detailed narrative is added, so the whole narrative is detailed and slightly. Brief narration is generally used at the beginning and end of the article; The part generally related to the central idea; What people know.