Emphasis words must be homophonic, that is, emphasis words are music literature. In On Ci, Li Qingzhao began to tell a story of Li Balang singing in Qujiang to illustrate the power of music, and then to illustrate the characteristics and charm of singing and the musical beauty of lyrics. Then, I talked about Liu Yong's ability of "changing old sounds into new ones", while Su Shi, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong's "ignorant" words were written as "unreadable poems" just because they didn't have a tune. She said in "On Ci": "Ci is divided into five tones, five tones, six rhythms and clear and turbid." Five tones refer to the lips, tongue, teeth, teeth and throat of the vocal parts; Five tones refer to tone, flat tone, rising tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone; Six methods, the twelve methods of music, are equivalent to the twelve keys of keyboard instruments, which are divided into yin and yang, and yin and yang are the six methods. Twelve laws were replaced by six laws, namely Huang Zhong, Lee Tae, Gu Xi, Yan Bin, Yi Ze and Wu She. Turbidity, that is, the position and volume of sound. There are many lost words, I don't know if they are all the same, but judging from the 40 or 50 words left today, they are indeed harmonious in tone and full of musical beauty, which is beyond doubt.
Generally speaking, the tones of Pingwa characters are smooth and grand, while the rising and falling tones in Pingwa characters are melodious, and the entering tones (such as one, seven, eight and none) are urgent. In "Like a Dream", I often think of the sunset in Xiting. The words dusk, road, place, ferry and heron are always at the end, with a brisk pace and a good sense of urgency, which is in line with the expression of unforgettable interest. As for the epigraph "slow voice", The Theory of Ci says: It's not only a flat voice, but also an entering voice. Li Qingzhao chose Rusheng because her hurried Rusheng rhyme can better express her depressed mood.
In different rhymes of the same sound, the emotions expressed are different. For example, it is generally believed that Dongdong has a broad rhyme, Jiangshuo has a bright rhyme, Zhi Zhi has a delicate rhyme and Yu Yu has a gloomy rhyme. The reason why Sunset Red Melts Gold chooses "fish language" is precisely to express melancholy mood with a series of lip sounds such as "Chu, Xu, Yu, couple, Wu, Chu, Qu and Yu". Therefore, in the Song Dynasty, Zhang's Collection of Boudoir was rated as "putting common sayings into music". Refined sentences are easy, simple sentences are difficult. "
The choice of rhyme and the collocation of flat tones make the words have a high, low, cadence and cadence tone when reciting, which can effectively express the author's feelings. Li Qingzhao's most famous long tune "Sound Slow" embodies this feature of "Yi 'an Style". The exact words are as follows: (○ Ping Sheng ● Sheng ⊙ Ke△ Yun Ping ▲ Yunyun)
Looking around, lonely and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. Three glasses and two glasses of wine, how can you beat him?
○○●●,●●○○,○○●●○▲,⊙●⊙○⊙●,⊙○○▲,○○●○⊙●,●●○
Come late, the wind is urgent. Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.
●○○▲,●●●,●○○,⊙●⊙○⊙▲。
Yellow flowers are piled all over the floor. Haggard, who can pick it now? Looking out the window, how can you be alone? The Indus River is rainy in Mao Mao, and at dusk,
⊙●⊙○⊙▲,○●●,⊙⊙●○⊙▲,●●○○,⊙●⊙○⊙▲,○○●○⊙●,●○○
Little by little. This time, what a sad sentence!
●○○▲,●●●,●●●○●●▲
Although the tune of "slow voice" has been lost, it can be seen from the existing ci works that the authors have always used flat rhyme. However, this song by Li Qingzhao deliberately chose rhyme, which constituted a strong and piercing emotional appeal. It should be noted that in modern Chinese, Rusheng characters have been pronounced into three tones of "Shang Ping". The modern pronunciation of the words qi, urgency, knowledge, accumulation, choice, black, drip and virtue in this word is actually ancient pronunciation.
When reading this word, it's basically two beats, with four sentences, six sentences and three sentences, and seven sentences with interlayer, all based on two beats. This fast beat, coupled with rhyme, is more suitable for expressing bitter and eager feelings.
The use of reduplicative words is even more amazing, and its name is "really like a plate of beads" (Qing and Xu's Ci Yuan Cong Tan) and "no axe chisel marks" (Song and Zhang's Return). Please look at the first 14 overlapping words:
Looking around, lonely and sad.
○○●●,●●○○,○○●●○▲
Light weight, light weight, light weight.
Mr. Xiong Daquan has a wonderful comment, which is recorded as follows: "Wen Zao Ci chooses lyricism-on the linguistic characteristics of Li Qingzhao's Ci"
"In these fourteen words, except for the words" beg "and" cold ",the rest of the crosses are all pronounced with a short breath and a low voice, which has a hurried and sad taste. This is an inarticulate voice that doesn't speak. We read these overlapping words, which are light and heavy, rising and falling, from peaceful and slow to increasingly urgent and deep, like weeping and complaining, like sighing, like sighing short, without any feeling of bending our ears, but only feeling graceful and affectionate. "
It's amazing that after boldly using fourteen overlapping words, there are still four overlapping words. On close reading, "dribs and drabs" are similar to the sound of sparse raindrops hitting the leaves of buttonwood trees, which is not enough to express the bleak mood.
There are 97 words in the whole word, and there are * * * 15 words in the tongue, such as light, enemy, congratulations, land, heap, independence, virtue, tung, arrival, dribs and drabs, beginning and end; 42 words with teeth sounds, such as seek, clear, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad, sad. There are as many as 57 words in tongue and teeth, accounting for more than half of the whole word. Mr. Xia said in "The Artistic Features of Li Qingzhao's Ci": "This should be intended to write his melancholy mood in the tone of Ding Ning, a rodent." This really received a good artistic effect.
Throughout the whole poem, the tone is short, brisk and sad, just like swallowing and sobbing, and the rhetorical beauty of the word is in great harmony with the musical beauty of rhyme. I believe that when musicians sang in those years, it must be "a song that makes people cry" and "on words", which reached the highest level of Li Qingzhao's own imagination. Second, the elegance of Yi An Feng.
On Ci criticizes that "the voice of political power has become more and more annoying since then", criticizes Liu Yong's "under the dust", praises "Li Zhi's monarch and minister are gentle in the south of the Yangtze River" and puts forward the creative requirements of elegance. This is a matter of style, that is, writing noble and healthy content, and opposing lewd and low-level content. In form, it is required to be "true to fashion", and the language is clear and concise, clear and familiar, fresh and natural.
Some people think that what is obscure is elegance. In fact, from Feng Yansi's Golden Gate praised by Li Qingzhao, we can see that elegance and harmony in On Ci need to be simple and natural. Words are lyrics, sung one by one. If you don't understand, you can recite it repeatedly and appreciate it carefully. If you don't understand, you just slip away and can't chew it back. Therefore, the lyrics are required to be clear and simple, which is the most difficult to understand.
Some of Li Qingzhao's words express the feelings between lovers, and the feelings between lovers are pure and noble love. This kind of feeling is the deepest and purest feeling of human beings. The so-called love stories of the previous generation were mostly erotic feelings between literati and dancers, and most of them were frivolous descriptions, such as "like snuggling up to the incense and leaning against the warmth, holding the sun high and sleeping." Liu Yong's works such as Slow Winding Silk (Double Tone) lack aesthetic refinement and artistic generalization, and their style is explicit and low. Li Qingzhao rationally refined and purified her feelings and expressed her unique and profound aesthetic experience of love with her unique sensitivity and delicacy. This kind of love is romanticized and idealized. It is "eye-catching" that makes people guess Huanxisha, Flowers from Shui Piao to Water, How much I want to say, but I still want to rest on the Phoenix Platform, which is particularly pure, beautiful and artistic. For example, Li Zigan is an elegant classic.
Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone. Who sent the brocade book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles. One kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure. There is no way to eliminate this situation, only frown and mind.
Liang Shaoren's clause in the Qing Dynasty was first evaluated as "swallowing plums and chewing snow, not eating fireworks". In fact, it is very casual. " The sentences in Qiuyu Temple Essay, such as "Slightly understand Luo Shang, go to Lanzhou alone", "One kind of lovesickness, two leisure worries" and "Just frown, but lose your heart", are elegant and easy to understand. The whole word is about the lovesickness of young women after their husbands left home, which is very delicate, frank and sincere. The language is simple and clear, and the love expressed by the words "thinking fresh with common sayings" (Jin Su by Qing and Peng) is pure and soul-to-soul. It can be seen that Li Qingzhao's so-called elegance is actually to carry forward the tradition of folk ci and adhere to the healthy development of ci. Third, the muddy development of Yi 'an body.
In The Theory of Ci, it is said that Zhang Xian, Song Qi and others, though always witty, broke the pattern of any famous writer. Zhang Xian was called "Zhang Sanying", Song Qi called him "the cloud breaks the moon as a shadow doctor", and Song Qi called him "the branches of red apricots are full of beautiful sentences, but they are not complete and symmetrical, ignoring the overall perfection of the text. However, when the ancients talked about Yi 'an style, they often made intuitive affirmation with an eye to the overall situation, or made simple sighs based on individual sentences, which made people think that Li Qingzhao's ci only won with a few "shocking sentences". In fact, Li Qingzhao's ci is natural, both in content and form. "The sunset melts into gold, and the clouds merge at dusk." "It is better to listen to people laughing under the curtain." "Eternal joy" is unified, and so are "smoke clouds make you sad forever" and "curtain rolling west wind, people are thinner than yellow flowers" and "drunken shadows". Fresh spoken language and gorgeous rhetoric are unified in the hero's inner feelings and externalized artistic conception, and blended into beautiful music, which is intoxicating.
In "Hate the Prince and Sun", "Autumn is dusk, red is thin, and fragrance is thin." And "green dew washing, apple flowers and plants." It seems to be two different landscapes, but Li Qingzhao can live in harmony with them in one sentence. The lake is windy, autumn dusk, and red and fragrant. Water, mountains and mountains are close to each other, inexhaustible, and infinite. Lotus seeds become old lotus leaves, green dew washing, apple flowers and plants. The heron sleeping in Sha Ou didn't look back. It seemed annoying, but people came back early. Although it is late autumn, the poet is not sad because of "little red and little fragrance" Instead, he used "the water and mountains are close to each other and endless" to express his joy when he visited autumn scenery and his cheerful and optimistic inner world. The film "Lotus Seed has become an old lotus leaf" is performed on the lake in late autumn, which is not only related to the phrase "red is rare and fragrant is few", but also naturally leads to "clear dew and washed away, apple flowers and water plants", which makes readers feel full of vitality and panoramic views, and introduces readers into the clear and indifferent ecstasy of "beautiful". Coupled with the use of verbs such as "Lai" and "Xi", the overall picture is flexible and full of charm. Fourth, the description of Yi 'an style.
Most of Li Qingzhao's works are poems, and the contributions of her words such as Slow Voice, Song of Eternal Sorrow and Dolly to the development of slow words can not be ignored. Especially in "On Ci", she criticized Yan's "bitterness without words", and thus put forward the creative requirements of laying out the scenery and describing things.
I can't help mentioning Liu Yong here. He established long-tone words and slow-tone words, created new narrative artistic techniques, and strengthened the thickness of description. Mr. Liu said in On Li Qingzhao's Poems about Things: "If Liu Tuntian's narrative is characterized by multi-level structure and Chinese narrative is superior to emotion, then his narrative is good at grasping an essential feature of things and rendering them in many aspects, and is also good at euphemism and implication." Li Qingzhao's description developed Liu Yong's means, created a unique description method of Yi 'an style, and described images with unified colors. This narrative pays great attention to the mutual cooperation and dialectical relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, emotion and scenery, sadness and joy and reality, and coordinates the rhythm and perfectly combines them. Such as the long tune "Yong Yu Le"
The setting sun melts gold, and the clouds merge. Where are people? Dye willow smoke and play plum blossom flute. What do you know about spring? Is there no wind and rain when the weather is harmonious during the Lantern Festival? Come and meet each other, enjoy the BMW and thank the wine friends for their poems. Zhongzhou is in its prime, and the boudoir is full of leisure. Remember points three to five. Pave a green crown, draw golden snow willows, and compete with them. Now I am haggard, windy and frosty, and I dare not go out at night. It's better to listen to people laughing under the curtain.
There is a saying in the Book of Songs: "I passed away in the past, and the willows are reluctant to part." Comparing sadness with the music scene, "Never Meet Music" inherits and uses this technique. Every time Shang Kun writes two sentences of objective music, he follows an inner monologue. Xia Gan talked about the joy of the Lantern Festival on the Mid-Autumn Festival in six sentences, then wrote about the great changes in appearance and mental outlook in six sentences, and finally ended with the sentence "Listening to people laugh". Li Qingzhao tried to describe the pleasant spring scenery in front of her eyes, the happy Lantern Festival in the past, and the decoration and dressing of Ji Chu, which set off her desolate situation and disheartened, thus producing a stronger tragic effect.
Another example is "slow voice". The whole article is mainly about scenery, and the feeling always pops up in the image. I wrote that the evening breeze pointed to "how to be an enemy", I wrote that geese aroused "sadness", I wrote that yellow flowers asked "who can pick them", and I wrote that I looked at the window alone and sighed "how to be black". The atmosphere of the scenery described is in harmony with the lonely, cold and melancholy feelings expressed in the text. The combination of reality and reality expresses a unique emotion. This word firmly grasps the continuity of internal emotional development, which is not only rich in images, but also vividly expresses feelings. Fifth, the standard weight of Yi 'an style.
Canon is heavy, that is, elegant and solemn, implicit and euphemistic, and music also requires calm and elegance. On Ci criticized He Zhu's "less bitterness and more words" because his works, such as Love, are too specific and influenced by Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci style. In the Qing Dynasty, Chen Tingzhuo said in Bai Yuzhai's ci that the greeting was "the pen is flying".
So where is the canon of Li Qingzhao's ci?
First, be good at empathy. The objective scenery in Li Qingzhao's works has subjective feelings and becomes the carrier of feelings. The desolation of indus banana (who planted banana trees in front of the window of "adding words to pick mulberry seeds"? ), the sadness of Begonia and Pear Blossom (like a dream, it is said that Begonia is still like Huanxisha, and Pear Blossom is hard to ban), the nobleness of Chrysanthemum and Osmanthus fragrans (people in the drunken flower shade are thinner than yellow flowers, and Osmanthus fragrans borrows people all day) and the loneliness and firmness of Plum Blossom (Taoist priests languish at the bottom of the spring window in Yulou Spring, bored).
Second, be good at using comparative methods. For example, "curtain rolls west wind, people are thinner than yellow flowers" and "drunken flower songs" rise with curtain rolls west wind, paving the way for sentence conclusion; "Flowers floating in the water" and "a plum" symbolize the decline of life, and water symbolizes the passage of time. It is also the rise of "a kind of lovesickness, leisure sorrow between the two places", which expresses the value of youth, and the lovesickness between the two places is more intense.
Third, the extensive use of anthropomorphic techniques. Such as "It should be green, fat, red and thin" and "Like a Dream", it depicts the scene of falling leaves and less flowers after a night of wind and rain. "fondling willow flowers and eating cold food near" and "Niannujiao" vividly show the graceful and restrained beauty of willow, which can set off the poet's sadness.
The rest, such as Don't Laugh When Drunken, Butterfly Lovers, Leaves Tending and Touching, Adding Words and Picking Mulberry Seeds, Charming Half Face, Jade Man Bathing in New Makeup, Fisherman's Passion, Feeling as Brilliant as Yan Fu, Huanxi Paving Sand, etc., are all accurately captured.
Fourthly, music is graceful and elegant, which belongs to the category of music art and is not the research object of this paper.
Canon's emphasis on publicity is relative, and so is fashion. We might as well pay attention to it. For example, Drunken Flowers is a very classic work.
The mist is thick and the clouds are thick, and the days are sad. Kapoor is among the birds in the incense burner. Double Ninth Festival, lying in bed, in the middle of the night, the cold on my body has just been soaked. Dongli drinks until dusk, and faint chrysanthemum fragrance overflows his sleeves. Don't say clear autumn is not a person, the west wind rolls the flag and beads curtain, and the person in the curtain is thinner than that Huang Ju.
Indoor cigarettes are wrapped around, and the owner regards them as "mist and thick clouds"; On the Double Ninth Festival, the host feels that every day is like a year, which is regarded as an "eternal day". Autumn is crisp with an empty pillow, sipping chrysanthemums with mellow wine and thinking about the one you love. Obviously, I said acacia, but I didn't mention anything. Just hidden behind "sadness" and "thinness", it is "sadness and sadness, full of sound and emotion" (Spectrum by Qing and Xu Baoshan), which contains infinite content and affection, "making people sing again and again. Sixth, Yi's emotion.
Li Qingzhao's word "Emotion" created a distinct self-image, which was straightforward and touching. Hu Pinqing said: "She praises herself through love, not the object she loves. Love is not regarded as absolute and abstract, but as an expression of sensory or aesthetic feelings. " On Li Qingzhao's Ci "This is also the biggest difference between Yi 'an style and other famous works of Song Ci.
Li Qingzhao created a lyric hero image in her ci, which has a distinct personality consciousness, a rich inner world and a lofty independent personality. The works in different periods reflect the feelings and life of poets in different periods. "Fighting for crossing, fighting for crossing, waking up a pool of gulls and herons" is like a dream "is a girl's innocence and liveliness", fearing that Lang might guess that "Minzi Yulan" is a young woman's happiness, "and I can't help but frown, but I think" A Plum Branch "is a continuous yearning for women," lest the grasshopper ship in Shuangxi. Li Qingzhao is really writing an autobiography with superb artistic techniques and words.
Most of the previous generation's love stories were first-person narrators, and the so-called "men's boudoir" (Comrade Tian's "Poems of Two Gardens") sometimes became superficial and sometimes a graceful song, which became a coy gesture. Li Qingzhao, on the other hand, writes about love with a woman's unique tenderness and delicacy, and shows her inner world sincerely, enthusiastically and vividly with her own personal experience and unique feelings. However, through their own misfortunes, the Ci of later generations reflected the sufferings of the whole era, the sorrow of the nation and the turmoil of the society, which was more sincere, concrete and profound than the general "parting from sorrow". In the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Chenweng watched Song of Eternal Sorrow and cried for three years in a row. Every time I hear this word, he can't help it. "Xu Xi's Ci", he also wrote a song "Never Satisfied Music", which shows Yi An's powerful artistic influence.
Gorky said: "True poetry is always a poem from the heart, a song of my soul." In particular, the "artistic conception" literature of ci seems to be purer, narrower and more delicate than poetry. With the development of society and the enhancement of people's subjective consciousness, the literature of Song Dynasty began to develop from reflecting society to expressing individuality, and Ci became the best carrier of literary characteristics in this period. Li Qingzhao wrote about women's lives and feelings with women, and expressed graceful and delicate feelings with delicate pen and ink, creating a lyric hero with distinctive personality, vivid and rich image and full of pure and elegant female consciousness, which made great contributions to the development of Ci and even the whole literature.
"Like a dream, I always remember the sunset in the pavilion" is an early work of Li Qingzhao, and a healthy and carefree girl emerges from the paper:
I often remember the pavilion by the stream next to the pavilion until the sunset, intoxicated by the beautiful scenery and lingering. Always had a good time, but lost to the swimming pool deep in Zhu Feng. How to row a boat out, accidentally, but scared a group of Oulu.
As a talented and passionate poetess, Li Qingzhao pursues a richer spiritual life and yearns for a beautiful and open realm. She loves nature, lost in it, lost her way, strayed into the depths of the lotus, and even set up a pool of gulls and herons. The picture changed from static to static, and the poet was lost in the new Miri, Malaysia. The whole poem integrates scenery, events, people and feelings, and the characters are vivid, showing the poet's unique interest, unrestrained charm and lively and cheerful personality, which makes people far-sighted. Seventh, the reality of Yi 'an style.
It is the trend of the times to write rhymes with classics. In the theory of ci, Qin Guan is said to value emotion over reality. On the premise of affirming his "attaching importance to emotion", it may be too harsh to criticize his "no wealth in the end", but it is a higher level requirement for poets who understand ci. Of course, as Huang Tingjian did, some "good jade has flaws and the price is halved". The truth demanded by Li Qingzhao is that "salt is in water, and the taste of salt can be known by drinking water" (the quotation of "Poet's Jade Piece" by Song and Wei Qingzhi), and it is also a "Poet's Jade Piece", which not only carries the profound meaning of allusions, but also is natural and has no sense of copying them mechanically.
Li Qingzhao learned extensively and memorized, and drank books and tea with her husband Zhao Mingcheng, raising a glass and laughing. Therefore, the preface of The Story of the Stone was originally used unintentionally, but he learned to reveal it naturally in his poems. For example, "Flowers Drift and Water Drift" and "Pruning Plums" are translated from Li Houzhu's Preface to the Langtaosha and "Flowing Water Falling in Spring", but they are just like China's words; "Indus raining, at dusk, dribs and drabs" and "slow voice" originated from Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Raqqa-after the autumn rain, the leaves fell to the ground.
But knowing the family, it is smooth and natural. The first sentence "Drinking at Dongli after dusk" in Drunk Flowers uses the argot of "Picking chrysanthemums under Dongli" in Tao Yuanming's Drinking, and the next sentence "With scented sleeves" uses the argot of "Full of fragrant sleeves, the road is long and Xiu Yuan is Xi" in 19 ancient poems, which not only writes the real scene of enjoying chrysanthemums at dusk, but also euphemistically expresses what one thinks. Li Qingzhao's use of allusions really makes people feel that "the poet's jade scraps" are natural and profound. Even if it is not used as an allusion, it will not cause misunderstanding, but it constitutes an extremely infectious artistic realm, and it does bear the profound meaning of the allusion. For example, The Fisherman's Pride.
The sky meets clouds, and the Milky Way wants to turn to Qian Fan dance; It's as if the dream soul belongs to the emperor, and I smell the sky and ask where I belong. I report that the road is long and there are amazing sentences in learning poetry; 90,000 Li Fengpeng lifts, the wind stops, Pengzhou blows away the three mountains.
Xiu Yuan Xi is a long road, which was born out of Li Sao, with Xiu Yuan Xi as its long road and Xi as its Xiu Yuan. "This word garden" is this word. In the garden "Difficult Road to Shu", there is also the amazing sentence "The words from Du Fu's poems are not surprisingly endless", but the poems are from across. A sentence of ten sentences, but even Li He, Li Bai, Du Fu, Qu Yuan and Zhuangzi are all used, all of whom are the masters of classical romanticism in China. They are eloquent, appropriate and natural, and have a very strong artistic charm.
The truth in Li Qingzhao's ci is mostly hidden in ci, and there is no trace to be found. Literally, Li Qingzhao doesn't seem to like to use allusions, so many researchers say that her creation denies her loyalty to the truth. In fact, this is a misunderstanding caused by insufficient investigation of words.