Volume 1 Historical Knowledge Points 1 Grade 2
the opium war
Memory formula:1In the first half of the 9th century, Britain made huge profits from opium. After opium was imported into China, China was poor and weak, which made it worse. 1839 Lin zexu, Humen destroyed opium and sold more than 2 million Jin of cigarettes, which was remembered by the descendants of national heroes. The opening of five commercial ports marks the beginning of modern history.
First, Humen destroyed opium (time: 65438+June 0839)
1. background: Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution and became the world's number one capitalist power, with strengthened ships and guns, strong combat effectiveness and constant foreign aggression and expansion; At this time, China was feudal and autocratic, its self-sufficient economy was dominant, its armaments were backward, its military discipline was corrupt, and it was closed to the outside world.
2. Reasons: Reversing the trade deficit and opening the door to the China market.
3. Process: Lin Zexu wrote to Daoguang, demanding that smoking be banned-1June, 839, Lin Zexu ordered the destruction of opium in Humentan.
4. Significance: It shows the determination and courage of China people to resist foreign aggression, inspires the national spirit and safeguards national dignity.
Ii. Opium War (Time: 1840- 1842)
1. Reason:
① Direct: Destroy opium in Humen.
② Fundamentally: Open the door of China market.
Objective: China is backward.
2. Nature: the war of aggression launched by Britain
3. What happened:1June, 840, the British fleet invaded Guangdong and blocked the Pearl River Estuary-the British fleet invaded the Yangtze River and sailed straight for the Nanjing River-1August, 842, China and Britain reached an agreement and signed the treaty of nanking.
4. treaty of nanking content:
5. Harm of treaty of nanking: It was the first unequal treaty in modern China, which seriously affected China's sovereignty and territorial integrity; Increased the burden on the people and the financial difficulties of the government; Facilitating the dumping of foreign goods and plundering of raw materials, China's natural economy disintegrated; China's tariff sovereignty was destroyed, and China began to lose its independent status.
6. Impact: After the Opium War, China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history. (Changes in social nature)
7. Reasons for failure: The backward feudal system cannot defeat the advanced capitalist system.
8. Enlightenment:
(1) If you fall behind, you will be beaten, and development is the last word.
② Actively participate in international competition and improve comprehensive strength.
The second day of the first volume of history knowledge points
The Second Opium War (1856- 1860)
Memory formula: 1856 to 60, the second opium war, 1860 occupation of Tianjin, 10 invasion of Beijing, the allied forces burned Yuanmingyuan, burning and looting was inhuman. Tsarist Russia seized the opportunity with ulterior motives, a series of treaties were unequal, and the territory was ceded1500,000, which made the national disaster deeper.
Jintian uprising Taiping Army, 1853 occupied Nanjing, rose up against the foreign gun team and killed Hua 'er Kuairen.
I. The Second Opium War (Time: 1856- 1860)
1. Reason:
① Fundamentally: Further open the door to the China market.
② Direct: "Arrow" event
2. Course:1Guangzhou captured in August, 856-1Tianjin captured in June, 860, and Beijing advanced.
3. Invaders: British and French allied forces
4. Crime: 1860 10 In October, the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan.
Results: Beijing Treaty and Tianjin Treaty were signed with Britain and France respectively.
6. Impact: The degree of semi-colonization in China has greatly deepened.
Second, the background of Russian looting: before and after the Second Opium War.
65,438+0. Area: 65,438+500,000 square kilometers.
2. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement broke out: Hong Xiuquan and 185 1 launched an uprising in Guangxi to establish the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Set Tianjin as its capital and establish a regime against the Qing Dynasty.
3. Anti-foreign gun team of Taiping Army:
(1). 65438+ Shanghai Qingpu Shengli August, 0860;
②. 1862, Battle of Taicang, Shanghai.
(3) In the battle of Cixi, Zhejiang, the captain of the foreign gun team was killed.
The second day of the first volume of history knowledge points 3
Westernization movement (nature: self-help movement of feudal ruling class)
Memory formula: The new concept of Westernization Movement is "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". The central representative Prince Gong, local (former) governors Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and Zuo, set up factories, navies and schools in industry, and "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" seemed like a dream. Although the Westernization Movement failed, it did not make China rich and strong.
However, we must not forget the objective role of imported technology and experience.
1. Background of learning new ideas from the West: China's failure in the Opium War greatly stimulated a large number of patriotic intellectuals. They are eager to study the practical problems in China and actively think about ways to save the country and guard against the enemy.
2. Representative: Wei Yuan (the landlord class rebelled, and China was one of the pioneers who opened his eyes to see the world. His masterpiece: Atlas of the Sea.
3. Core proposition: learn from foreigners to control foreigners, and control foreigners with foreigners.
4. Purpose: In order to "control foreigners", that is, to resist foreign aggression and maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
5. Impact: Breaking through the Chinese and foreign concepts that have long imprisoned people's thoughts.
6. Background of Westernization Movement: After the Second Opium War, the Qing government was at home and abroad.
7. Purpose: To maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty
8. Time: 19, 1960s-1990s.
9. Representative figures: taking the heart as the center, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong are in place.
10. Class faction: Westernization School
1 1. advocates: learn from foreigners and strengthen yourself.
12. Slogan: early slogan: self-improvement, later slogan: seeking wealth.
13. Contents:
With the slogan of "constantly striving for self-improvement", a number of modern military enterprises such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan), Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang) and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau were established by adopting advanced western production technology.
(2) In the later period of Westernization Movement, some civilian industries were established under the slogan of "seeking wealth". There are mainly shipbuilders founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, and weaving layout in Hubei.
From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, three navies were established, namely Nanhai, Beiyang and Fujian.
(4) establish a new school. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1862, which is the first new school founded by Westernization School.
14. Sign of failure: beiyang fleet was completely annihilated.
15. Evaluation: It is the first step (position) of China's modernization. It introduced western science and technology, led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China, objectively promoted the emergence and development of capitalism in China, trained a number of scientific and technological talents, and played a certain role in promoting the development of capitalism in China.
16. the root cause of failure: only learn technology without changing the system.
17. Enlightenment:
A backward country should not only learn from foreign advanced technology, but also abolish the backward social system and gain national independence.
The Westernization School's opening to the world, the spirit of reform advancing with the times and the patriotic feelings of pursuing national self-improvement are all worth learning.
18. reasons for the emergence of new modes of transportation and communication: with the development of westernization movement and the rise of modern industry.
19. Situation:
(1) 65438+In the 1960s, small steamboats and armored ships propelled by steam appeared.
Since the 20th century, telegraph offices have been set up in large and medium-sized cities all over China.
The second day of the first volume history knowledge point 4
Siege the international legation
Memory formula: "The Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong, and became popular all over the country in less than March". Anti-imperialism loves national feats and fights against the Allies as heroes. 1900 remember that Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Peking, burned and looted, and lost the whole world. It is difficult for Hsinchu to write this charge.
190 1 Remember that the "Xin Chou Treaty" was humiliated and pay 4.5 million taels of silver. Anti-imperialist activities were imprisoned, Dongjiaominxiang was used as an embassy, and the battery was demolished to occupy the railway. "Semi-colonial and semi-closed" is fully formed, and people's lives are more painful.
1. Time: 1900- 190 1 year.
2. Reasons for the Boxer Rebellion: The ethnic contradiction between foreign powers and the Chinese nation intensified, arousing the resistance of China people.
3. Nature: Anti-imperialist struggle
4. Reasons for Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China:
(1) Fundamentally: further control the China government (completely carve up China).
② Direct: Suppress the resistance struggle of the people of China and safeguard their interests in China.
5. Results: 190 1 year, the Qing Dynasty signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with Britain, Russia, Germany, America, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain.
6. Contents of the Xin Chou Treaty:
7. Treaty hazards:
(1) increased the burden on the people and further controlled the economic lifeline of China;
Under the supervision of the embassy district, the internal affairs and diplomacy of the Qing government were completely controlled by foreigners;
(3) The people of China were jointly suppressed by Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, and the Qing government completely became a tool for foreign powers to rule China.
(4) China lost its military autonomy.
8. Impact: It has added a new heavy burden to the people of China and seriously damaged the sovereignty of China. The Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China. The national crisis in China has deepened in an all-round way, and it has completely turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
The second day of the first volume of history knowledge points 5
Sino-Japanese Wars
Memory formula: Japan dominated the ambitious wolf, and the Sino-Japanese War broke out in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Deng Shichang, a national hero, gained great fame in the Yellow Sea War and commanded Zhiyuan to crash into Yoshino, causing heavy losses to the Japanese fleet.
The Qing government was so incompetent that the treaty of shimonoseki was signed. "Liaotai Pengdao" gave Japan 220 million silver, allowing Japan to set up factories and trade, deepening the semi-colony.
I. The Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War (time: 1894- 1895)
1. Reason:
Fundamentals: Meiji Restoration and the development of Japan's national strength.
Objective: To clean up the corruption of the Qing government.
③ Direct: A popular uprising broke out in North Korea.
2. Course: Korean War in July,1894-Battle of the Yellow Sea in September,1894-beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in early June, 1895.
3. Important naval battles:
Battle of the Yellow Sea, Battle of Ahava, Battle of Liaodong (Lushun Massacre)
Characters: Deng Shichang, Ding
4. Ending symbol: Ahava Battle, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated.
5. Results: 1895, Li Hongzhang signed treaty of shimonoseki with Japan.
6. treaty of shimonoseki content:
7. Reason for failure:
① Subjectivity: The Qing government was corrupt, incompetent and compromised.
Objective: Japan has a strong national strength and has been planning for a long time.
8. The root cause: the backward feudal system cannot defeat the advanced capitalist system.
9. Treaty hazards:
(1) China lost a large territory and more sovereignty, which stimulated the ambition of western powers to carve up China.
(2) Increase the burden on the people of China and enhance Japanese military strength.
(3) The invading forces of the great powers went deep into the interior of China and plundered the rich Yangtze River basin.
(4) It facilitated the economic aggression of foreign powers and seriously hindered the development of China's national industry.
10. Impact:
① China: China lost more territory and sovereignty, China's semi-colonial degree was greatly deepened, and the national crisis was unprecedented. To promote the awakening of the Chinese nation and save the nation from extinction will reach another climax.
② Japan: It promoted the development of Japanese capitalism and greatly improved its international status.
(3) Great Powers: Stimulated the ambitions of great powers to carve up China.
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