Removal of obstacles. Obstacles in the articulatory part are eliminated, tension is eliminated, and articulation is completed.
1. Stop consonant Obstruction: the articulatory part is blocked, blocking the nasal passage; Obstruction: the vocal organ is tense and exerts force, and the airflow is blocked; Obstruction removal: the airflow breaks through the obstruction and bursts into a sound. b, p, d, t, ɡ, k.
2. The fricative becomes an obstruction: the pronunciation parts are close, leaving a narrow gap; the obstruction: the vocal organ is tense, the airflow is squeezed out from the narrow gap, and the friction becomes a sound; the obstruction is removed: the two parts of the vocal organ are completely Leave and return to your original position. There are 6 fricatives in Mandarin: f, h, x, sh, r, s.
3. Obstruent: the same as the stop consonant; sustained obstrusion: the stop consonant changes into a fricative; deobstrusion: the same as the fricative. There are six affricates in Mandarin: z, zh, c, ch, j, q.
4. Nasal obstruction: the articulation site is completely occluded, the soft palate droops, and the nasal passage is open; obstruction: the articulators are tense, and the sound-carrying airflow passes through the nasal cavity; obstruction removal: the two articulators separate and return to their original state In Mandarin, *** has two nasal initial consonants: m and n.
5. Side sound obstruction: the two articulators are in contact, the soft palate rises, and the nasal passage is closed; obstruction: the articulators are tense, and the sound-bearing airflow flows out from the gap next to the tongue; obstruction removal: the two articulators Leave and return to your original position. There is only one lateral initial consonant in Mandarin: l.
Divided into two categories according to whether the vocal cords vibrate or not
1. Voiceless vocal cords do not vibrate. There are 17 voiceless initial consonants in Mandarin: b, p, f, d, t, ɡ, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, z, c, s.
2. The vocal cords vibrate when voiced sounds are pronounced. In Mandarin, *** has four voiced initial consonants: m, n, l, r.
According to the strength of the airflow, it is divided into the following two categories
1. Aspirated sounds: The airflow is strong during pronunciation. There are 6 aspirated sounds in Mandarin: p, t, k, c, ch, q.
2. Aspirated sounds: The airflow in pronunciation is weak. There are 6 unaspirated sounds in Mandarin: b, d, ɡ, z, zh, j.
The following poem "Song of Mulberry Picking" contains all the initial consonants of Mandarin. You can read it repeatedly to pronounce the correct Mandarin initial consonants: Every morning in spring, the mulberry pickers startle the birds; The wind blows the nostrils, and the flowers bloom and fall. How many.
4. Correspondence of initial consonants between Mandarin and Weifang dialect
Shandong dialect has more initial consonants than Mandarin. The initial consonants of Mandarin are all in Shandong dialect, but there is not a one-to-one correspondence. There are more There are many initial consonants such as [η].
(1) Distinguish between aspirated sounds and unaspirated sounds
1. Mandarin has aspirated sounds, while dialects have unaspirated sounds: rough, touching, Kuo, Pa, Quai, Tu, Fu, etc.
2. There are no aspirated sounds in Mandarin, while the aspirated sounds in dialects are: cell, bump, die, di, feed, catch, annihilate, colonize, flag, canthus
(2) Distinguish between flat tongue sounds and raised tongue sounds
1. The pronunciation of the upturned tongue is pronounced as the flat pronunciation: zhao = make entanglement = silkworms less = sweep
2. The pronunciation of the upturned tongue is pronounced as the flat pronunciation: dispute in the political office
3. Wrong pronunciation of characters in Guru tone: Mori Soze Ze Ze Ze
(1) Memorize the characters with raised tongue pronunciation in Mandarin on one side much more than the characters with flat tongue pronunciation. You may wish to adopt the method of "remember less and leave more" : Remember a few words with a flat tongue pronunciation, and boldly pronounce the rest with a raised tongue pronunciation.
(2) Use the radical analogy of pictophonetic characters to infer the tongue-curling sound of "Zhu". Some of the words next to it, such as "Note", "Zhu", "Zhu", "Zhu", "Mo", etc., are generally the same. The raised-tongue sound "Cao" is a flat-tongue sound, and the words "cao", "cao", "hao", "suffering", etc. next to the sound are generally also flat-tongue sounds.
(3) Make use of the rules of Mandarin pronunciation and rhyme. uɑ, uai, and uanɡ only compete with the raised tongue sounds zh, ch, and sh, but not with the flat tongue sounds z, c, and s.
(4) Help memory through tongue twisters, jingles, songs, word lists, etc. Four is four, ten is ten, fourteen is fourteen, forty is forty, whoever said forty is fourteen, give it a try.
(3) Incorporation of sharp tuft sounds. In Mandarin, there are only tuft sounds and no sharp sounds. Shandong dialect is divided into sharp and round sounds. cordiality, request
Some characters with sharp pronunciation cannot be placed in characters with tuan pronunciation. Zong, Zong (total), Zu (group), Cong, Cong (onion), Susu, Su, millet (Su), pine, song (Song), damage, bamboo shoot (Sun)
( 4) Remove the nɡ initial consonant
Add nɡ in front of the opening vowel to form a syllable: 爱ài——nɡê 袄ǎo——nɡao Ouōu——nɡou
安ān—— nɡan 恩ēn——nɡen ANGánɡ——nɡan
The third verse of vowels
1. What is a vowel?
The vowel is the one after the initial consonant in a basic syllable. part. Mandarin has 39 finals. The finals are mainly composed of vowels. Some finals are composed of one vowel, which are called single vowels; some are composed of two or three vowels, which are called compound finals; and some finals are composed of vowels plus nasal consonants ( n or nɡ), it is called a nasal vowel.
2. The relationship between finals and vowels
1. Different angles of analysis. Finals are derived from analyzing the structure of syllables, while vowels are derived from analyzing the properties of phonemes. ;
2. Different conceptual scopes. Finals are mainly composed of vowels, but they are not limited to vowels.
3. Classification and pronunciation of finals
(1) Structural categories
1. Single finals Finals composed of single sounds are called single finals. The characteristics of single vowel pronunciation are: tongue position and mouth shape remain unchanged Appendix: "Tongue position diagram"
2. Finals composed of compound vowels and compound vowels, that is, composed of two or three vowels The vowels of.
The pronunciation characteristics of compound vowels
(1) Gradually slide from the tongue position of one vowel to the tongue position of another vowel;
(2) The vowels in pronunciation have different loudness, and one vowel sounds clearer and louder.
The structure of finals:
The vowel is the backbone of the final, which is the largest opening and the sound. The clearest and loudest vowel; the vowel in front of the rhyme is the rhyme (also known as the "medial sound"), the pronunciation is lighter and short, and often only indicates the starting point of pronunciation, and is played by the high vowels i, u, ü; rhyme Behind the abdomen is the rhyme ending, which is played by i and u (o). The sound value is ambiguous and not fixed, often indicating the direction of tongue sliding.
The compound vowels in the front are: ai, ei, ao, ou.
Back-sounding compound finals: ia, ie, ua, uo, üe
Middle-sounding compound finals: iao, iou, uai, uei
3. Nose A nasal final is a final composed of a vowel plus a nasal consonant.
The pronunciation characteristics of nasal finals
(1) Gradually transform from accent to nasal, and from the tongue position of vowels to nasal consonants;
(2) It must end with a nasal sound, and it must be a nasal sound that does not remove obstruction.
There are eight front nasal finals: ɑn, iɑn, uɑn, üɑn, en, in, uen, and ün
There are eight back nasal finals: ɑnɡ, iɑnɡ, uɑnɡ, enɡ, inɡ, uenɡ , onɡ, ionɡ eight.
(2) "Four Hu" Category
1. The vowel of the open call is not i, u, u or the finals that do not start with i, u or ü belong to the open call ɑ, o, e, ê, -i (front), -i (back), er, ɑi, ei, ɑo, ou, ɑn, en, ɑnɡ, enɡ.
2. The rhyme of the Qi-teeth call is i or the final rhyme starting with i, i, iɑ, ie, iɑo, iou, iɑn, in, iɑnɡ, inɡ
3. Hekou call The final rhyme is u or the final rhyme starting with u, u, uo, uɑ, uei, uen, uɑn, uɑnɡ, uenɡ, onɡ
4. The final rhyme in Zuokouhu is ü or the final ü starting with ü , üe, üɑn, ün, ionɡ
The following song "Fishing Song" contains all the finals in Mandarin. Read it aloud repeatedly in order to pronounce each final correctly.
People are far away on the river in the sky at night, and a boat is light on the waves; the net covers the moon in the heart of the waves, and the pole pierces the clouds on the water;
The children sing the tune of ai and yo, and the oars and oars make a harmonious sound; the fish The shrimps are left in the urn, and the four seasons of spring are happy.
4. Identification of correct vowels
(1) Distinguish between e and uo "Brother's song Ge Ke Ke Ke Ke Ke Ke Ke He He He He He He He He Moth Goose Hungry Russia" uses pictophonetic characters. Correction by radical analogy. Such as: Ke-he, He, He, Yan.
(2) Distinguish e and ɑɑɑ. Use the method of remembering the unilateral to correct the dialect ɑ spelling ɡ, k, h. In Mandarin, there are only a few words such as "Kagaha". After memorizing it, if the dialect is in If you have ɑ spelled with ɡ, k, or h, you can change ɑ to e.
(3) Pronunciation of ie and üe correctly. There are two ways to pronounce ie in Mandarin in Shandong dialect. One is pronounced as a special compound final iɑi, such as the finals of "Jie Jie Mechanical Shoes" and other words. iɑi; one type is pronounced as ie rhyme, such as "Jie Jie Jie borrows" and so on.
(4) Change the nasal rhyme. Nasal rhyme means that when the vowel is pronounced, the soft palate droops at the same time, the airflow comes out of the oral cavity and nasal cavity at the same time, and the mouth and nasal cavity sound together, which sounds like Nasal-colored vowel finals. When practicing, you might as well divide the nasal consonants into two sections to pronounce them. After pronouncing each section accurately and in place, make a sound to pronounce it. You can also pronounce the final n clearly and lengthen it to develop the habit of pronouncing the final n. habits.
(5) Distinguish onɡ, enɡ and other areas around Jiaozhou Bay in Dongwei District, Qingdao, Laoshan, Jimo, Jiaozhou, Gaomi, southern Changyi, southern Changle, Pingdu, Anqiu, Zhucheng, Jiaonan, Wu Lian and Rizhao mix the Mandarin enɡ—onɡ and inɡ—ionɡ into Anqiu, Zhucheng, Jiaonan, Wulian, and Rizhao. "Hero" is pronounced as yonɡxionɡ surging, application, the red light in the sky becomes redder, the hero eagle planet sky. There is a cave in the mountain, and there is a red light in the cave. The light illuminates the cave brightly.
5. The problem of rhyme and rhyme
Thirteen rhymes: The flower shuttle slope is slanting Gusu Yi Qihuailai is far away and the oil is asking for words from the predecessors Chen Jiangyang Middle East
< p> Eighteen rhymes: one hemp, two waves, three songs, four all, five branches, six children, seven qi, eight micro, nine open, ten aunts, eleven fishes, twelve lords, thirteen nobles, fourteen colds, fifteen marks, sixteen Tang, seventeen Geng, eighteen eastSection 4 Tone
1. The nature and function of tone
1. Definition Tone is the change in the pitch, pitch, pitch, length, or pitch of a syllable. In Chinese, a Chinese character basically represents a syllable, so the tone can also be called a character tone. Talking about changes in pitch, the pitch of a tone is different from the pitch of music. The way the pitch changes in a tone is sliding, while in music the way the pitch changes is mainly jumping; the tone mainly talks about changes in relative pitch. , and music mainly refers to changes in absolute pitch.
2. Different functions and meanings. For example: "wuli" can include "physics", "material power", "unreasonable", "powerless", "house", "five miles", "force", "unprofitable", etc.
3. Tone is different from intonation. Indo-European languages ??all pay attention to intonation, but rarely have tones; Chinese pays more attention to both intonation and tones, because Chinese intonation is based on the inherent tones of each syllable, which is a slight suppression or slightly raising of the original tones. . Compared with intonation, tone is of course more important. Some people analyze the composition of syllables into "head, neck, abdomen, tail, and spirit" and refer to tone as the "spirit" of syllables, which shows its importance.
2. Tone value, tone type and the relationship between the two
1. Tone value is the actual pronunciation of the tone, that is, the specific form of the change of the pitch, the rise and fall, the straightness and the length. The key values ??are expressed in fifths.
2. Tone category is the type of tone. It is a category summarized based on the tone value that can distinguish the meaning, that is, the category established by summarizing words with the same tone value.
3. The relationship between tone value and tone type
(1) In the same language or the same dialect, there is a simple correspondence between the two: if the tone type is the same, the tone value must The same; conversely, if the tonal value is the same, the tonal type must also be the same
(2) In different languages ????or different dialects, the relationship between the two is intricate. If the tonal type is the same, the tonal value is not necessarily the same; the tonal value is the same , and the tone categories are not necessarily the same. The reasons for this are also complicated. The naming of tone categories is mainly determined by referring to the ancient tone categories, while the tone value is the actual description of the pronunciation in the current language or dialect.
3. The four tones of Mandarin
Examples of tones, values, and tones
Medium to high, non-55, Yin level, starting with high pitch and all the way to flat level
Huayangchang 35 Yangping rises from middle to high
Language changes for the better 214 The upper tone first drops and then rises in a zigzag pattern
Tune down note 51 The tone rises sharply and drops to the bottom
p>
When the Yin level is high, don’t be low. The Yang level rises violently and strongly. The upper tone is low and the tail is high. The falling tone is slow and collected.
The general characteristics of the four tones of Mandarin
First, they are cadenced and difficult to mix, making them easy to learn and master; second, there are many high-pitched elements (only the upper tone does not reach the highest pitch, but it has reached it). half height), clear and loud.
Four tone exercises:
Class friendship, children of workers and peasants, China’s great mountains and rivers, beautiful body, strong body, bright and upright heart, bold heart, broad mind, heroic man, hardworking, pursuing change, active and hardworking
4. The corresponding tones of Shandong dialect and Mandarin
The four tones of Mandarin: aboveboard 55, 35, 214, 51
The tones of Shandong dialect: pursuit of improvement 213, 53, 55, 31
Corresponding rules: flat becomes curved, curve becomes flat, high falling becomes medium rising, medium falling becomes high falling.
According to this rule, more than 80% of dialects can be corrected.
There are exceptions for some ancient Chinese characters, such as "Xue", "Iron", "Zhu", etc.
Appendix
Tone conditions in various urban areas in Shandong
Regional yin and yang go up
Jinan 213 42 55 31
Qingdao 213 42 55 31
Dezhou 213 42 55 21
Tai'an 213 42 55 21
p>Binzhou 213 53 44 31
Dongying 213 53 44 31
Zibo 213 42 44 21
Jining 213 42 55 312
Linyi 324 53 55 312
Heze 113 42 55 312
Liaocheng 13 42 55 412
Yantai 31 (flat tone) 214 44
Weihai 42 (flat tone) 312 44
Weicheng 23 53 55 31
Qingzhou 24 53 44 31
Shouguang 24 53 44 31
Linqu 213 42 55 31
Changle 213 53 55 31
Anqiu 213 53 55 31
Gaomi 213 42 55 31
Changyi 213 42 55 31
The fifth syllable
1. Mandarin syllable structure and its characteristics
(1) Definition of syllables
Syllable is the basic unit of speech, and it is also the smallest speech segment that can be naturally felt in hearing. Mandarin syllables are composed of three parts: initial consonants, finals and tones. The interior of the finals is divided into three parts: the rhyme (medial sound), the rhyme belly (main vowel), and the rhyme coda (final sound).
(2) The causes of syllables
1. Tension theory
2. Loudness theory
3. Exhalation theory
p>
4. Vowel theory
(3) Analysis steps
1. Accurate pinyin
2. Restore the original appearance
Final rhyme
Tone
Rhyme head
Rhyme belly
Rhyme end
Quan< /p>
quán
(recovery)
qüán
q
ü
ɑ< /p>
n
／
伟wēi
uēi
u
e
p>i
￣
peach táo
táo
t
ɑ
o
／
花huā
huā
h
u
ɑ
￣
蕕ǒu
ǒu
o
u
< p> ∨叶yè
iè
i
ê
＼
马 mǎ
mǎ
m
ɑ
∨
goose
é
e
／
ANG ánɡ
ánɡ
ɑ
nɡ
／
(5) Characteristics of Mandarin syllable structure
1. Generally speaking, each syllable consists of at least two components: ventral and tone, and at most Composed of five parts.
2. Vowel phonemes have an advantage in the syllable, at least one and up to three, which serve as the beginning, abdomen and end of the final.
3. There may be no consonants in the syllable. If there are consonants, the consonant phonemes only appear at the beginning (as the initial consonant) or at the end (as the coda) of the syllable. There are no two consonants arranged continuously.
4. Only the high vowels i, u, and ü serve as the rhyme rhyme, and the rhyme ending is composed of the vowels i, o, u or nasal consonants n, nɡ. Each vowel can serve as a rhyme vowel.
(6) Analyzing syllable structure exercises
Weifang.Education.Education.Academy.Young.Pool.Liquor.Lou
( 7) Homework
Be open-minded about yourself and not be ashamed of others (extra-curricular practice)
Be open-minded and confident. They are all worthy of our promotion
2. The relationship and rules of the pronunciation and rhyme combination of Mandarin
1. The opening vowels can be combined with other types of initial consonants, except that they cannot be combined with the lingual sounds j, q, and x.
2. The vowel of "Qi Te Hu" does not overlap with the labiodental, root of tongue, front of tongue, and back of tip of tongue sounds.
3. The final consonant of Hekouhu is not combined with the lingual consonants j, q, and x, but can be combined with other types of initial consonants. However, when combined with bilabial and labiodental consonants, it is limited to the single final u.
4. The finals of Zhuukouhu are only combined with the tip of the tongue n and l and the tongue sounds j, q and x, but not with other types of initial consonants.
You should also pay attention to some other small rules
First, the rhyme "o" can only spell the labial initial consonant, but uo cannot be spelled with the labial initial consonant.
Secondly, "onɡ" does not have zero initial consonant syllables, so it can only be spelled with the initial consonant before it, and vice versa for "uenɡ".
Thirdly, the "-i (front)" rhyme only spells the three initial consonants "z, c, s", and the "-i (back)" rhyme only spells "zh, ch, sh, r" There are four initial consonants, and none have zero initial syllables.
Fourth, the rhyme "er" does not match any initial consonant, and has only zero initial consonant syllables.
A simplified list of Mandarin phonetic and rhyme combinations
Initial consonants
Final consonants
Open mouth call
Qijie call
Yes (u only)
No
Labiodental sounds
f
Yes
< p> NoneYes (u only)
None
Tip of the tongue
d t
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
n1
Yes
Yes
p>Yes
Yes
Glossal sound
ɡ k h
Yes
No
p>
Yes
No
Top of the tongue
z c s
Yes
No
p>
Yes
No
Post-tongue sound
zh ch sh r
Yes
None
Yes
None
Glossal sounds
j q x
None
Yes
No
Yes
3. The combination of syllables
(1) Pinyin essentials
1. The initial consonants must be read as the original sound
2. Read the compound finals and nasal finals correctly
3. Do not pause between the sounds
"The front sound is light and short, and the back sound is heavy. "The two sounds are connected and hit hard" (Qi Jianhua)
"The short sound and long rhyme are closely connected, tight at first and then relieved" (Xu Shirong)
(2) Pinyin method
p>1. Two-spelling method
2. Three-spelling method
3. Sound-introduction combination method
4. Direct address method
p>5. Scaffold Pinyin Method
IV. Spelling of Syllables
(1) The use of y and w
The spelling forms of y and w It serves to separate syllables. When the single finals i, u, or ü form a syllable by themselves or the finals starting with i, u, or ü form a syllable by themselves, y or w should be used at the beginning of the syllable.
(2) The use of soundproof symbols "'"
Zero initial syllables starting with ɑ, o, e are connected behind other syllables. In order to avoid confusing syllable boundaries, soundproof symbols are used Separated by "'". For example: Penguin qǐ'é file dànɡ'àn
(3) Ellipsis
Ellipsis includes the omission of phonemes and additional symbols in spelling. Omit.
1. The abbreviated writing of iou, uei and uen
2. üThe omission of the above two points
3. The omitted writing of ê
(4) Standardization method
1. The key signature should be marked on the main vowel (abdomen) of the syllable.
2. In syllables with abbreviated finals (iu, ui), the key signature should be marked on the following vowel u or i.
3. If the key signature is marked on i, the small dot on i is omitted
4. Speak softly without marking the key signature.
5. Syllables are always marked in the original key, not in modified keys. (Except for special requirements)
(5) Usage of capital letters
1. Capitalize letters at the beginning of sentences and at the beginning of each line of poetry.
2. In proper nouns or proper phrases (names of countries, places, books and periodicals, article titles, or proper names of institutions, groups, shops, etc.), the first letter of each word is capitalized or all capitalized. When written in all caps, the key signature is not required.
3. Chinese names are divided into surnames and given names, and the first letter of each part is capitalized
(6) Participles and line transitions
Pǔtōnɡhuà shì jiàoshī de zhíyè yǔyán.
Mandarin is the professional language of teachers.
5. Characteristics of the pronunciation and rhyme of Weifang dialect
(1) n, l spell uei
(2) b, p, m, f spell uo, e
(3) d, t, z, c, s are spelled with ei
(4) f is spelled with ei, not i
(5) b, p, m, l spell en